be interred without ostentation or parade of any kind." On July 22, a numerous meeting was held at Willis's Rooms to consider of means to perpetuate his memory.

On the 10th a meeting had been held at Bury to promote the erection of a monument to his memory at his native place; and, on the 15th, one in the city of London for a national testimonial.

July 4. A protocol, signed in London, on the part of Great Britain, France, Prussia, and Sweden, guaranteeing the integrity of the territories of Denmark. A peace had been concluded between Denmark and Prussia on the 2nd respecting the duchies, but the Schleswig-Holsteiners refused to submit. On the 25th, the Danish army totally defeated the insurgents at Idsted, and entered the town of Schleswig.

July 22. Lord John Russell withdrew in the House of Commons the Jews' Oath of Abjuration Bill. On the 26th the Baron de Rothschild presented himself at the table of the House to take the oaths as member for the City of London, but on saying that he desired to be sworn on the Old Testament, a stormy debate arose, which was adjourned. It was resumed on the 29th, and on the motion of Mr. Hume that the clerk be directed to swear the baron on the Old Testament, the House divided after a debate-for the motion 113, against it 59.

Aug. 18. The parliament was prorogued by her Majesty in person.

Aug. 28. The submarine telegraph wire was sunk between Dover and Cape Grisnez, near Calais.

Aug. 30. Prince Albert laid the foundation stone of the National Gallery at Edinburgh. In his address on the occasion he said-"Let us hope that the impulse given to the culture of the Fine Arts in this country, and the daily increasing attention bestowed upon it by the people at large, will not only tend to refine and elevate the national tastes, but will also tend to the production of works, which, if left behind us as the memorials of the age, will give to after generations an adequate idea of our advanced state of civilization."

Sept. 1. The Elector of Hesse Cassel declares his dominions in a state of siege in consequence of the Chamber requiring to have a regular budget laid before them, in concordance with the constitution of 1831. An insurrection takes place, and on the 13th the Elector fled to Hanover. He is restored by Austrian and Bavarian troops, although Prussia declared her intention of supporting the constitution against the Elector, advanced troops, and even took possession of Cassel, but ultimately withdrew them on Dec. 5; and on Dec. 10 an order was issued by the prime-minister of Hesse, for the immediate payment of the taxes refused by the Chamber under pain of fine and imprisonment.

Sept. 10. The Roman Catholic Synod, which bad met at Thurles in Ireland on Aug. 22, closed its labours by condemning the establish

ment of the Queen's Colleges, and proposing a Roman Catholic university.

Oct. 25. A return banquet for the purpose of promoting the great International Exhibition of 1851, was given by the Lord Mayor of York to the Lord Mayor of London and the mayors of the principal cities and boroughs of the United Kingdom, at which prince Albert was present. On his health being drunk, he pronounced a warm eulogium on the late sir Robert Peel. In the course of it he said, "If he has had so great an influence over this country, it was from the nation recognizing in his qualities the true type of the English character, which is essentially practical. Warmly attached to his institutions, and revering the bequests left to him by the industry, wisdom, and piety of his forefathers, the Englishman attaches little value to any theoretical scheme. It will attract his attention only after having been for some time placed before him; it must have been thoroughly investigated and discussed before he will entertain it. Should it be an empty theory, it will fall to the ground during this time of probation; should it survive this trial, it will be on account of the practical qualities contained in it; but its adoption in the end will entirely depend upon its harmonizing with the national feeling, the historical development of the country, and the peculiar nature of its institutions."

Dec. 6. Cardinal Wiseman was enthroned as an archbishop. The act caused an extreme agitation throughout the country. On the 10th various addresses were presented to her Majesty on the subject of this aggression. LEGISLATION. SESSION 13 & 14 VICTORIÆ. Cap. 2. An Act to restrain Party Processions in Ireland.

Cap. 33. To make more effectual Provision for regulating the Police of Towns and populous Places in Scotland, and for paving, draining, cleansing, lighting, and improving the same. This is the first general and comprehensive Act for the management of towns in Scotland.

Cap. 52. To make better Provision for the Interment of the Dead in and near the Metropolis. This gives power for the formation of extra-mural cemeteries, and forbids, after certain orders have been issued, the burial in any of the parish churches or churchyards within the metropolitan district.

Cap. 59. For the better Government of her Majesty's Australian Colonies, forming the colony of Victoria, giving a representative constitution, and empowering the legislative body to levy customs, duties, and other taxes.

Cap. 65. For enabling Town Councils to establish Public Libraries and Museums.

Cap. 93. For improving the Conditions of Masters, Mates, and Seamen, and maintaining Discipline in the Merchant SerFor the better assessing and

vice.

Cap. 99.

collecting the Poor Rates and Highway Rates in respect of small Tenements. The Act gives power to vestries to determine whether tenements of a rateable value of not more than 6, shall be rated to the owners or the occupiers.

Revenue, 52,810,6807.; ExpenditureArmy and Ordnance, 8,955, 0611.; Navy, 6,437,8831.; for all objects, 50,231,8741.; Debt, 787,029,162.

Exports of British and Irish Produce and Manufactures, 71,359, 1847.

Emigration-to North American Colonies, 32,961; to the United States, 223,078; to the Australian Colonies and New Zealand, 16,037; to all other places, 8773: total, 280,849.

Railway Traffic: Miles open, 6221; number of passengers 72,854,422; traffic receipts, 13,204,668/.

Number of Paupers, 761,087.

1851.

Jan. 2. The French ministry resigned; on the 10th the Moniteur contained the official list of the new ministry appointed by the Prince President. The new ministers were on the evening of the 10th defeated in the Legis. lative Assembly on a point of minor importance by 330 to 258. On the 18th the assem bly passed a vote of want of confidence in the ministry, by 417 to 278. On the 24th a message from the Prince President was received, communicating the formation of a Cabinet composed of persons not members of the assembly.

Jan. 10. General Changarnier deprived of his offices as commander of the National Guards and of a division of the army.

Jan. 27. Earl Grey, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, in a despatch to the Governor of Canada, relinquished to the provincial legislature the right of disposing absolutely of the clergy reserves in Canada.

Feb. 4. Parliament opened by the Queen in person, who in the royal speech intimated that a bill in reference to ecclesiastical titles would be introduced to Parliament in consequence of the bull recently issued by the Pope, appointing certain dioceses in England.

Feb. 20. Mr. Locke King obtained leave to bring in a Bill to extend the 10. franchise to counties. This was carried against the government by a majority of 100 to 52, which circumstance, coupled with the smallness of the majority (281 to 267) in favour of government against a protectionist motion of Mr. Disraeli on the 13th, led to the resignation of the ministry on the 22nd. Lord Stanley and the earl of Aberdeen were each requested to form a government, but neither being able to do so, the former ministers were, by the advice of the duke of Wellington, reinstated in office, and resumed their places on the 3rd of March.

Mar. 10. Public meetings of English

583

Roman Catholics held in Freemasons' Hall, London, to petition Parliament against the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill. A meeting of Irish Roman Catholics for the same object was held in Dublin on the 20th of April.

Mar. 13. Opening of Owen's College, Manchester, an educational institution founded in accordance with the will of Mr. John Owen, who bequeathed 100,000l. for the purpose, with the condition that no religious test should be applied in the admission of students.

Mar. 31. The decennial census of Great Britain and Ireland taken this day.

May 1. The Great Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations opened in Hyde Park by the Queen. On the 9th of July a grand entertainment was given at the Guildhall in celebration of the Great Exhibition, when the Queen and prince Albert attended. The Exhibition was closed to the public on the 11th of October. On the 15th the awards of the Juries were announced, and the closing ceremony took place. The total number of admissions to the Exhibition was 6,007,944, being a daily average of upwards of 43,500. The largest attendance was on Tuesday the 7th of October, when 109,915 persons were admitted. The gross receipts were about 506,0007.; the expenses about 330,000. The number of exhibitors was about 15,000.

May 3. Prince Albert, at the Royal Academy dinner on this day, in responding to the toast proposed by the president, remarked that "We have now on the one hand the eager competition of a vast array of artists of every degree of talent and skill, and on the other as judge, a great public, for the greater part wholly uneducated in art, and thus led by professional writers, who often strive to impress the public with a great idea of their own artistic knowledge by the merciless manner in which they treat works, which cost those who produced them the highest efforts of mind and feeling."

May 22. Proclamation issued by the government of New South Wales, claiming the royalty of the newly discovered gold-fields for the Crown. The amount of gold exported from New South Wales to the end of 1851 was 468,3361.

June 17. Mr. Cobden moved an address to the Crown, praying her majesty to direct the foreign secretary to enter into communication with the French Government to promote a mutual reduction of armaments. Lord Palmerston objected to the adoption of the address, while he expressed the general concurrence of the government in its principle and object. The motion was withdrawn.

Aug. 1. The Lord Mayor of London, the Commissioners of the Great Exhibition, and many other distinguished persons, visited Paris by invitation, and were entertained for several days by the Municipality.

Aug. 18. Death of the king of Hanover in his 81st year. He was succeeded by his son George V.

Aug. 27. Submersion of the Great Cable Telegraph between England and France. It was opened for public use on the 13th of November.

Nov. 4. Opening of the session of the French Legislative Assembly, when the Prince President in his message recommended the restoration of universal suffrage. On the 13th the Assembly (by 353 votes against 347) threw out the bill, which had been proposed by the Ministry in accordance with the President's message, for the repeal of the existing electoral law and the substitution of universal suffrage.

Dec. 2. The Prince President of the French Republic issued a decree dissolving the Legislative Assembly, establishing universal suffrage, proposing the election of a president for ten years and the establishment of a second Chamber; also declaring Paris in a state of siege. MM. Thiers, Changarnier, Bedeau, Cavaignac, Lamoricière, and Charras, were arrested, and placed in confinement in the Castle of Vincennes. About 180 members who attempted to constitute a meeting of the Assembly, with M. Berryer at their head, were likewise arrested.

Dec. 18. At this date thirty-four departments of France were under martial law.

Dec. 21. On this and the preceding day the votes of the people were taken, on the principle of universal suffrage, on the question of the election of a President of the republic for ten years.

Dec. 22. Viscount Palmerston quitted office. [See parliamentary explanation, February 3, 1852.]

LEGISLATION. SESSION 14 & 15 VICTORIE.

Cap. 19. An Act for the better Prevention of Offences, inflicting punishments for attempts at crime, and authorizing the apprehension of persons found in possession of house-breaking instruments at night, and of suspected persons.

Cap. 28. For the well-ordering of Common Lodging-houses, regulating the number of lodgers, and all other matters conducing to cleanliness and health.

Cap. 61. For providing a Metropolitan Market and Conveniences connected therewith in lieu of the Cattle Market at Smithfield. The market is now held in the Caledonian-road, Islington.

Cap. 79. To consolidate and amend the Laws relating to the Regulation of Steam Navigation, and to Boats and Lights to be carried by Seagoing Vessels.

Cap. 83. To improve the Administration of Justice in the Court of Chancery and in the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. This is the Act by which the Court of Appeal in Chancery was established.

Cap. 99. To amend the Law of Evidence. Parties to a suit enabled to give testimony, and documents to be produced in Courts of Common Law.

Cap. 100. For further improving the Administration of Criminal Justice. Enabling

the judges to correct errors in the indictment not material to the merits of the cause; removing certain minute details from indictments, and giving juries the power of convicting for a crime though not precisely the one proved, as in case of a charge for misdemeanor or embezzlement which may turn out to be a larceny, the criminal may be found guilty in the form charged.

Revenue, 52, 233, 0067.; Expenditure-Army and Ordnance, 8,723,9401.; Navy, 5, 849, 9177.; for all objects, 49,506,6107.; Debt, 782,869,3821.

Exports of British and Irish Produce, 74,448, 7227.

Emigration to North American Colonies, 42,605; to the United States, 267,357; to the Australian Colonies and New Zealand, 21,532; to all other places, 4,472: total, 335,966.

Railway Traffic: Miles open, 6,890; number of passengers, 85,391,095; traffic receipts, 14,997,4597.

Number of Paupers in England and Wales, 1,146,986.

1852.

Jan. 1. Installation of prince Louis Napoleon as President of the French Republic for ten years. On the 10th eighty three members of the late Legislative Assembly were banished from France, and 575 persons, arrested for resistance to the coup d'état of December 2nd, were conveyed to Havre to be transported to the penal settlement of Cayenne, in Guiana.

Jan. 9. The principal engineering firms of London and Lancashire discharged their workmen, and closed their works, rather than submit to the demands of the Amalgamated Society of Operative Engineers for the abolition of piece-work and overtime. This unhappy dispute lasted several months, at great cost both to masters and operatives, and occasioned much distress among the families of the workmen.

Feb. 3. Parliament opened by the Queen. The royal speech recommended the reconsideration of the Reform Act of the late reign, with a view to its amendment on some points. In the House of Commons, in the debate on the address lord John Russell, in answer to a question, explained the circumstances under which lord Palmerston had quitted office. Lord Palmerston, as foreign secretary, had sent a despatch of importance in which his colleagues had not concurred, and he had hastily expressed his approbation of the proceedings of the Prince President of the French Republic in the coup d'état of December 2nd.

Feb. 9. New Reform Bill introduced into the House of Commons by lord John Russell, by which the franchise was proposed to be 51. rated yearly value in boroughs, and 201. occupation, or 107. copyhold rated yearly value in counties.

Number of Paupers, 1,080,953.

1853.

Jan. 30. The emperor Napoleon III. married to Mulle. de Montijo, duchess of Teba.

Feb. 17. The duke of Newcastle stated in the House of Lords that the transportation of convicts to the Australian Colonies would no longer be resorted to, except in the case of Western Australia.-Termination of the Kafir War by the submission of the Chiefs Macomo, Sandilli, and Kreili.

Mar. 4. Inauguration of general Pierce as President of the United States of North America.

Mar. 22. A Treasury Minute issued authorizing the establishment of mints in Australia.

April 1. Manchester constituted a city by royal charter.

April 8. The Chancellor of the Exchequer brought forward his plans for a modification of the form of the National Debt, the object being to lay the foundation of a permanent irredeemable 24 per cent. stock. The resolutions embodying this plan were adopted by the House of Commons.

April 18. The Chancellor of the Exchequer introduced his budget, in which he proposed to repeal the duties leviable on 105 articles, of which the principal item was soap; and to make important reductions in the duties leviable on 126 articles, including the stamp duties on receipts and life assurance policies, and the duties on advertisements and on tea. He proposed also to extend the income-tax to Ireland, and to widen its range, so as to include incomes between 100l. and 1507., and to bring real property within the operation of the legacy duty.

May 12. The Great Exhibition of Industry of Ireland opened in Dublin by the lord-lieu

tenant.

June 20. Peace with Birmah proclaimed by the governor-general of India.

Nov. 7. Thirty-three persons tried at Paris

for life; the others were sentenced to varicus terms of imprisonment.

Nov. 15. Death of Donna Maria II., queen of Portugal. She was succeeded by her eldest son, Don Pedro VIII.

Dec. 31. The amount of gold exported from New South Wales in 1853 was 1,781,1724

The following events are preliminary to the War with Russia in 1854-5:

On the 3rd of May prince Menzikoff, the Russian ambassador to the Porte, presented the ultimatum of the Russian government on certain matters in dispute between the Czar and the Sultan. On the 22nd prince Menzikoff left Constantinople. On the 4th of June orders were transmitted by the English and French governments to the commanders of their Mediterranean fleets to approach the Dardanelles without delay. On the 16th of June the Porte finally rejected the Russian ultimatum. On the 26th the emperor of Russia issued a manifesto against the Porte, in which he announced the marching of Russian armies upon the Danubian provinces of Turkey. On the 2nd of July the Russian army crossed the Pruth, thus invading the Turkish territory. On the 27th of September the Porte declared war against Russia; and on the 1st of October, appealed to France and Eugland for material aid in the war. The English and French fleets entered the Bosphorus on the 22nd October. On the 3rd of November the Russians placed Moldavia and Wallachia under martial law. On the 4th the Turks were attacked at Oltenitza by general Dannenberg, with 9000 Russians, when the Russians were repulsed with a loss of 1200 On the 30th the Turkish fleet lying in the harbour of Sinope, with the citadel and town of Sinope, were destroyed by the Russian admiral, Nachimoff. On the 3rd of December the combined fleets of England and France entered the Black Sea, on the demand of the Porte, on which the Russian fleet retired within the harbour of Sebastopol. On the 5th a protocol was signed at Vienna by the representatives of France, England, Austria, and Prussia, for the re-establishment of peace between Russia and Turkey, and for the maintenance of the integrity of the Ottoman empire as an essential condition of the balance of European power.

men.

Ten received sentence of transportation

Cap. 73. For the Establishment of a Body