their brethren in Italy or France, and it is | Satan," by the appointment of a French almost equally notorious that the clergy of Ambassador to the Italian Court. We are North Italy are more respectable and more aware that this perverse estimate of the respected than those trained under the relative value of secular and spiritual rights orthodox Governments of Rome and Na- is not confined to the members of any one ples. There is abundant Roman Catholic, communion. Lord Eldon was looked up and even Ultramontane, testimony to these to by a large party in England as one of facts; yet the Pope and his advisers would the main "pillars of the Church," though gladly throw Germany into a conflagra- it was ill-naturedly observed that he should tion, and compel German Catholics to rather be called one of the buttresses, as choose between treason and apostasy, in he seldom entered its doors. But the printhe forlorn hope of restoring the corrupt ciple has never been embodied on so giganrégime which made Rome the scandal as tic a scale, or carried out with such unwell as the centre of Christendom. There flinching consistency, as in what German is nothing new in this, nor is there anything writers call the "Curialistic system" of new in the school being employed as one the Papacy. And the system has invariof the main instruments of political pro-ably shown itself too strong for individual pagandism. From the first it was the chosen stronghold of the Jesuits, and the present tone of Catholic society on the Continent, both clerical and lay, is in great measure due to their long ascendancy in the education of Catholic Europe. History testifies that even in the middle ages the terrible weapons of excommunication and interdict were far oftener invoked to crush a revolted city or enforce a disputed tax than for the preservation of piety or faith. After the reformation other and less direct methods of influence had of course to be discovered, but the spirit remained unchanged. It is a curious fact that the Index Expurgatorius, which was a real power in Latin countries, has been worked at least as much in the civil as in the religious interests of Rome, and it protected them by killing all literary energy and taste, till Latin theology and French novels became the staple and almost sole commodity of Roman booksellers. Not unfrequently ecclesiastical have been deliberately sacrificed to political considerations, as when Clement VII. aided the Smalkaldic League against Charles V. The zealous champion of Catholicism and Urban VIII. found i: convenient to support the Protestant schemes of Gustavus Adolphus. In later The chief instruments of this tortuous, days Pius VI. and Pius VII. did not deny but rigidly consistent, policy for the last that "they regarded the quality of a terri- three centuries, as we observed just now, torial prince more highly than that of head have been the Jesuits, who are the real of the Church, and felt bound to act ac-administrators rather than the servants cordingly." Those who guide the coun- of the Papacy. When the reigning Pope sels of the Vatican at the present hour was, so to speak, in opposition, they evidently share that view. To embroil the had no hesitation in resisting him. Continent, already exhausted by two de- Innocent XI. requested their General, structive wars, in a fresh and deadlier con- Gonzalez, to write against the casuistical flict, for the possible chance of rebuilding doctrine of " "probabilism then taught the Papal throne out of the ruins, even by the Order, whereupon they held an exwere the plot to prove successful, would traordinary Chapter for the purpose of do little to advance the religious interests deposing him. They further displayed of the Church, which the Univers declared their hostility to Innocent by supporting the other day had been "handed over to Gallican principles in France, and Jesuits

Popes who might themselves be differently minded. When, for instance, "the good Pope Innocent XI.," as Dr. Döllinger justly calls him, endeavoured to restrain the immoral teaching of the Jesuits, they won an easy victory; and, what is more immediately to our purpose, when he resolved to respond through Bishop Spinola to the overtures of the German Protestants, he was obliged to let the Bishop act ostensibly in his own name only, "because the French cardinals in Rome opposed the scheme on the ground that a reunion of Protestant Germany with the Church would prove very awkward for French policy," and France was too important a Power for the Papacy to offend. In other words, it was against the political interests of the Vatican to convert to the true faith heretics whom it solemnly consigned to eternal perdition once every year for rejecting it. In our own day Rome has on similar ground discountenanced the conversion of Mohametans. Renaudot says truly enough that the principal obstacle to the reunion of the Eastern and Western Churches is the demand of the former that some limits should be placed on Papal autocracy.

than partial and precarious successes in their internecine struggle with the culture and social life of the modern world is

actually had a hand in drawing up the
Declaration of Gallican Liberties. In their
foreign missions, and notably in China,
they have owed much of their apparent not to be anticipated. But it is well to re-
success to very strange compromises with member how considerable even yet are
native superstition, for which the sanction their resources, and how inflexible is their
of the Holy See has been either extorted resolution in directing them to a single
or dispensed with. But, as a rule, the end. The perfection of piety consists, ac-
black Pope and the white Pope, as they cording to their code, in the absolute and
are called in Rome, have pulled harmon- entire surrender of the intellect and the
iously together. And the maintenance will to superior authority. As the Jesuit
and extension of Roman prerogative has obeys his General, so every Christian
been the supreme aim of their labours. should obey the Pope, blindly and with au
It was for asserting the deposing power, abject sacrifice of his own judgment.
and not for their religious belief, that Every restriction on that supreme author-
Campian and his fellow-sufferers died at ity is an abomination, every national law
Tyburn. In these days the principle is no or constitution which asserts itself against
longer openly enforced, but it is quietly the sole rightful Sovereign is a sacrilege
acted on by seeking to undermine Gov- and a treason. As Cardinal Pallavicini
ernments considered hostile to Papal in- formulated the idea, the collective Church
terests. Infallibility is one of the weap-is a body inanimate without the Pope, but
ons forged for carrying on this warfare, infused by him with a living soul; to him
for it simplifies and strengthens the action therefore belongs dominion over the whole
of a centralized bureaucracy, and infalli- Christian world as its head and master,
bility is the work of the Jesuits. In a whose authority is the sole foundation and
pamphlet published last November on the uniting bond of all government, for he
Infallibilists and the Modern State, Dr. alone represents on earth de jure divino
Reinkens observes, and subsequent exper- the sovereignty of God. And Gregory
ience has strikingly confirmed his state- XIV. expressly recognized, in a Bull is-
ment, that in Germany, and especially in sued in 1591, the pre-eminent fitness of
Prussia, the spirit of the infallibilist Ro- the Jesuit Order for ministering to the
man Church is simply the spirit of Jesuit- dominion of Rome, because, from its des-
ism, which is destroying the German Em-potic military organization, it can the
pire from within," and he shows that the
leaven has been secretly fermenting for
the last half-century, and was noticed as
long ago as that by Niebuhr, though re-
cent events have served to precipitate the
crisis. The school, the pulpit, and the
confessional have all alike at various times
been pressed into the service; but the
Jesuits have always relied chiefly on their
educational machinery, and the training
of the people has become more important
to them since they have lost the ear of
kings. That they should ever obtain more

ed

Ch

Fre

more easily be applied by the Pope to what purpose he will. Not one iota has been abandoned of the claims then made, nor are the disciples of Loyola one whit less ready to enforce them. The sudden collapse of the two great Catholic Powers is not so much a menace as a challenge to renewed energy in reconquering by force or fraud, or by a judicious combination of both, what the public opinion of a degenerate age is no longer willing to concede.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CONIFERÆ. — Dr. Robert Brown has communicated to Petermann's Mittheilungen an important paper on the geographical distribution of Coniferee and Gnetacere. Separating the regions which contain a number of species, the greater part of which are peculiar to these areas, he distinguishes twenty-six "provinces" of distribution over the globe. Each of these, with its characteristic species, is described in detail in the paper. Among the conclusions drawn by Dr. Brown are the following:- That the Conifere VOL. XXV. 1153

LIVING AGE.

are found over the whole globe, preferring, however, the colder regions; when a northerly species spreads southward beyond the region in which it has attained its greatest development, it climbs to a height which has a mean temperature similar to that of its original locality. Every species expands in the direction of lenst meteorological and physical change, and has probably its own limiting isotherms, though temperature is not by any means so important a condition as moisture. Every species has a region within which it attains the climax of

...

development, and beyond this it decreases in "Gondomar: I doe heerby verrie willinglie numbers of individuals as well as in strength. establis. you according to the desyer of Every natural genus appears to have originated your letter, in that honnorable office, of my in the centre of the area within which the great-principall Alcahuete, & for proofe therof I must est number of its species are found; it can scarcely be doubted, however, that these centres of origin have been subjected to great geological changes, and thus many of the apparent irregularities in the distribution of plants may be accounted for. It is erroneous to maintain that in every case climate and elevation exert an influence upon the distribution of plants and animals; the geological constitution of a region has an appreciative power in limiting the expansion of species. Academy.

TWO LETTERS OF CHARLES THE FIRST.

27, Queen's Road, Feb. 19, 1872.

A KIND friend, who for some months has been patiently ransacking the numerous volumes of "Gondomar Correspondence," in the private library of the ex-Queen of Spain, with the hope of finding something that might relate to the drama or the dramatists living at the periods when Gondomar was Spanish Ambassador in London, has so far unearthed nothing bearing upon Shakspeare or his works; but amongst many historical odds and ends he has found two holograph letters of Charles Prince of Wales, written during his stay in the Spanish capital, to Count Gondomar, whom he calls in one letter his principal alcahuete (go-between).

now pray you in earnest to retorne my humble & hartie thankes to my Mistres for her kynde & louing message sent me by Cottington who I hope shall proue a faithfull servant to us both, I leue it to this bearer my seruant to informe you how thankefullie both the Kinge my father & I takes you honnest & diligent endeuoirs in this greate busin which praing God to

prosper I bed you hartilie farwell & rest.
"Your constant frende
"CHARLES P.
"In the adress: To the Count of Gondomar
my principall Alcahuete.”

"Gondomar my frend: I have seene Buckinghams Letter to you all in English, I know no reason why I should not use the same freedome since I loue you as will Wee ar forced to take our ease by wryting short letters in regard of the great pains we take in howrlie fyghting for you, for my Mistres sake whom if I shall be so happie as to obtaine, I shall thinke my selfe largelie rewarded for all my labors which I wryt not for formalities sake, but doe indede fynd my selfe ingaged both in honnor & affection; but if you wonder how I can loue before I see; the troth is, I have both seen her picture and hard the report of her verteus by a number whom I trust, so as her Idea is ingrauen in my hart wher I hope to preserue it till I enjoie the principall: all particulars I refer to the King my Fathers directions, & to the trust of the bearer my seruant, onlie I pray you not to looke now so much to the bonum publicum which the Pope so earnestlie prcases to be added but rather to looke backe & consider how much we have alredie granted and to remember that ye euer promised that the King my father should be no farder preaced in matters of religion, than his owen weal & good reason might perswad him though ther wer no matche & upon the other side to consider what malum publicum must of nesessitic enferr upon our Roman Catholiques if my matche should be broken ofe (which God forbid) upon thease now nyce points. And so God blesse you and all your labours

Gondomar was an eager collector of all sorts of manuscripts and books, and it is an historical fact the Cottonian collection very nearly fell into his hands. How keen the mania was is shown in the letter of his librarian at Valladolid, Enrique Teller, who, writing on receipt of a batch of books and manuscripts, from London, says: I will follow your instructiens implicitly with respect to the manuscripts, which are many and very rare, including some Spanish, French, and Portuguese; but as for the English, they are the best I have ever seen in my life, as well historical as on other matters, and it is a pity no one understands them: the same I say of a multitude of papers in the same idiom, very curious, and which merit to be "Your faithful frend placed where they might be understood." I "CHARLES P." still hope that some of these papers may turn "Cartas y Provisiones Reales," in-fol. Bibl. up somewhere in Spain: they can scarcely be de Palacio-Madrid; Sal. 2a; Est. C.pl - 8. those bound up in the many volumes of the private correspondence. It is known that a portion of Gondomar's books, &c., were removed from the Casa del Sol, and deposited in the private library of Charles the Fourth, now forming part of that in the Royal Palace at Madrid, and a careful search may yet produce some result. In the meantime here are Prince Charles's two letters, which may be of interest to some of your wide circle of readers.

F. W. COSENS.

A FAMILIAR QUOTATION. - A short time ago a correspondent of the Daily Advertiser called for information in regard to the origin of the proverb, "Cleanliness is next to godliness." By consulting Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, says the Advertiser, we found it attributed to John Wesley, but as he used it as a quotation, we

From The Cornhill Magazine.

STORY OF THE PLEBISCITE.

suggested that the question of its origin might
still be deemed an open one. And now we find
a note in the Richmond Dispatch from the
learned rabbi, the Rev. Dr. Bettelheim, of that TOLD BY ONE OF THE SEVEN MILLION FIVE HUN-

city, which shows just where it originated, and
how in a regular gradation of virtues it is
placed next to godliness. Dr. Bettelheim's note
is as follows:-

DRED THOUSAND WHO VOTED 66

*

IX.

YES."

ON the 29th September a Prussian RICHMOND, Aug. 7, 1871. vaguemestre brought me some proclaIn your issue of Saturday last was a para-mations with orders to make them public. graph from the Boston Daily Advertiser in- These proclamations declared that we quiring as to the origin of the proverb, "Clean- were now part of the department of La liness is next to godliness." Let me state that Moselle, and that we were under a Prusthis maxim appears first in a Beraitha as the sian préfect, the Count Henkel de Bonnerlast Mishna of Sota, chapter IX.; Talmud jerus., Shakalim, chapter III., page 6; Tal-mark, who was himself under the orders of mud babl., Ab: sarah, page 20, b.; Julkut, the Governor-General of Alsace and LorSh. Isaiah, No. 263; and Alfassi Ab: sarah, raine, the Count Bismarck-Bohlen, proibid. loc. Here it reads as follows: "Phine-visionally residing at Haguenau.

has ben Yair says: The doctrines of religion I cannot tell what evil spirit then laid are resolved into (or are next to) carefulness. hold of me; the landwehr had brought us Carefulness into vigorousness. Vigorousness in- the day before the news of the capitulation to guiltlessness. Guiltlessness into abstemious- of Strasbourg; I had been worried past Abstemiousness into cleanliness. Clean- all endurance by all the requisitions which I liness into godliness [equal to holiness]," etc., was ordered to call for, and I boldly deetc. Literally next to godliness.

Yours, etc., DR. A. S. BETTELHEIM, Rabbi.
In his Advancement of Learning, first pub-

lished in 1605, Book 2d, Article X" of arts
concerning the body," Lord Bacon says:
"Cleanliness of body was ever esteemed to pro-
ceed from a due reverence to God, to society,
and to ourselves."

T.

AN interesting anecdote about Mazzini appears in a new book just published in Paris under the title of "Le Dernier des Napoléons." Sir James Hudson, then British Ambassador at

clared my refusal to post that proclamation; that it was against my conscience; that I looked upon myself as a Frenchman still, and they need not expect an honest man to perform such an errand as that.

The vaguemestre seemed astonished to hear me. He was a stout man, with thick brown moustaches and prominent eyes.

"Will you be good enough to write that down, M. le Maire?" he said.

66

66

Then, without another thought, I opened my desk and wrote that Christian Weber, Mayor of Rothalp, considered it against his conscience to proclaim Bismarck-Bohlen Governor of a French province, and that he refused absolutely.

Why not? I am tired out with all Turin, once requested Cavour to give an audi- these vexatious acts. Let my place be ence to an English traveller who had just ar- given to your friend, M. Placiard: I should rived. The Minister received his visitor very be thankful. Let him order these requisiearly in the morning, as was his custom. After tions. I look upon them as mere robbery." the usual courtesies had been exchanged, the Well, write that down," said he. "I "Englishman" described to Cavour a deep-laid obey orders: I have nothing to do with plan which he had conceived for the restoration the rest." of Italian independence. Cavour was astonished at the boldness and thoughtful foresight shown by his interlocutor, and expressed his regret at not being sufficiently conversant with the English language to enter fully into all de tails of the scheme. The stranger then went over the whole plan in the purest and most elegant Italian. As he was taking his leave, CaYour said to him-"You talk politics like Machiavel, and Italian like Manzoni. If I had a countryman like yourself, I would gladly give up to him my place as President of the Ministry. The vaguemestre took the paper, put it Pray tell me what I can do for you." "If such in his pocket, and went away. Two or a man as I were your countryman," was the three hours after, when I had thought it reply, "you would sentence him to death. If over a little, I began to repent, and I you wish to show your appreciation of my ad-wished I could have the paper back again. vice, carry it out, aud liberate Italy. So far, at least, the protection of Sir James Hudson will suffice for me." The stranger then left the

I signed my name to it, with the date, 29th September, 1870; and it was the greatest folly I ever committed in my life: it has cost me dear.

That evening, after supper, I went to

The officer in command of a wagon-train. Also

room, first handing his card to Cavour, who an army letter-carrier.
read on it with amazement the name of Mazzini.

tell George the whole affair; he was quite | in the morning. We shall return before pleased.