II. Success being hopeless, preparations were made for

a retreat.

12. To bear is to conquer our fate. - CAMPBELL.

LESSON LXI.

THE COMPLEX SENTENCE.

A complex sentence is a sentence consisting of one principal clause and of one or more subordinate clauses; as,

He who would search for pearls must dive below.

The principal clause expresses the leading or principal thought of a sentence, but it does not express the complete thought.

The subordinate clause performs the office of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb, and is usually introduced by a conjunction or by a relative pronoun.

A clause that performs the office of a noun is called a noun clause or a substantive clause.

A substantive clause may be used

1. As the subject of a verb; as,

That you have wronged me doth appear in this.

2. As a predicate nominative; as,

The result was that the treaty was signed.

3. As the object of a transitive verb; as,

He knows who wrote the letter.

4. As the logical subject, defining a foregoing introductory, or grammatical subject; as,

It was a fortunate thing that we met him.

5. As the object of a preposition; as,

The leader encouraged his men by what he said and by what he did.

Substantive clauses are introduced by the conjunction that, and by the words how, when, who, what, etc.

The conjunction that is often omitted when the noun clause follows the principal verb; as,

I hope [that] he will succeed.

II. --- ADJECTIVE CLAUSES.

A clause that performs the office of an adjective is called an adjective clause; as,

Sweet are the thoughts that savor of content.

I remember, I remember

The house where I was born.

Adjective clauses are introduced by the relative pronouns who, which, that, what, and by the adverbs when, where, whence, etc.

A clause that performs the office of an adverb is called an adverbial clause.

An adverbial clause may denote

1. Time, introduced by after, before, since, till, when, while; as,Let us live while we live.

2. Place, introduced by where, whence, whither; as,

I shall remain where I am.

The days of man are but as grass [is].

4. Degree, introduced by than, as; as,

5.

My days are swifter than a weaver's shuttle [is swift].
Enough is as good as a feast [is good].

Cause or Reason, introduced by because, for, since, as, that; as,

Freely we serve, because we freely love.
Since you desire it, I will remain.

6. Purpose, introduced by that, lest; as,

Open the door that they may enter.
Take heed lest ye fall.

7. Condition, introduced by if, unless, except, but; as,—

I will go if you are ready.

The house will be sold unless the money is paid.
Except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish.
It never rains but it pours.

8. Concession, introduced by though, although; as,-
Though he works hard, he does not succeed.
Although he spoke, he said nothing.

EXERCISE I.-SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES.

Mention the substantive clauses in the following sentences, and tell how each is used:

1. We can prove that the earth is round.

2. What he said was not understood.

3. That the work is well done is not to be denied.

4. The consequence was that the army gained a victory. 5. It is generally admitted that they acted with energy and foresight.

6. He did not know what the message meant.
7. The fact that he was absent is significant.
8. But that I am forbid, I could a tale unfold.

EXERCISE II.-ADJECTIVE CLAUSES.

Point out the adjective clauses in the following sentences, and tell what each modifies:

1. He that is giddy thinks the world turns round.

2. In the evening we reached a village where I had determined to pass the night.

3. It was the time when lilies blow.

4. The evil that men do lives after them.

5. I had a dream which was not all a dream.

6. He serves all who dares be true.

7. Nature never did betray the heart that loved her.

8. One by one we miss the voices which we loved so well to hear.

Mention the adverbial clauses in the following sentences, and state what each denotes:

1. My punishment is greater than I can bear.

2. Make hay while the sun shines.

3. Since my country calls me, I obey.

4. He sleeps wherever night overtakes him.

5. Forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors.
6. Love not sleep, lest thou come to poverty.

7. He flourisheth as a flower of the field.

8. Whither thou goest, I will go.

9.

Not as the conqueror comes

They, the true-hearted, came.

10. It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven.

II. Though I be rude in speech, yet not in knowledge. 12. Your people are as cheerless as your clime [is cheerless].

LESSON LXII.

ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX SENTENCES.

To analyze a complex sentence

1. Tell the kind of sentence.

2. Name the subject and the predicate of the sentence.

3. Tell what the subject consists of.

4. Tell what the predicate consists of.

5. Analyze the subordinate clause or clauses.

Example I.— That man is formed for social life is acknowledged by all.

ORAL ANALYSIS.

1. This is a complex declarative sentence.

2. The subject is the noun clause, that man is formed for social life; the predicate, is acknowledged by all.

3. The predicate consists of the verb is acknowledged, modified by the adverbial phrase by all.