SHARK small, with radiating curved points, so that the skin feels rough; the eyes are very small. The great basking shark (S. maximus, Cuv.) is the largest of this class of fishes, attaining a length of 30 or 40 ft., and even over 50 ft., if the shark stranded at Stronsay in 1808, and 829 the sea fox, swingle-tail, or thresher shark; it attains a length of 15 ft., but is generally much smaller than this; the body is fusiform, bluish lead-colored above, white below, with light blue blotches on the outer edge of the abdomen. It attacks its prey and enemies and defends itself by blows of the tail; the food consists principally of herring, mackerel, and other surface and shoal fish. It is found in the European seas from the Mediterranean to the coast of England, and also on the American side from the British provinces to the middle states; it has been known to attack fishing boats in the bay of Fundy. In the family cestraciontide the nostrils are slit to within the mouth, which is at the fore end of the snout; the spiracles are rather behind the eyes; the gill openings small, the last one above the pectorals; a spine forming the front of each dorsal; tail short and wide, strongly notched below; teeth pavement-like, in rounded oblique scrolls; the body short and stout, head large, and eyes prominent. The genus cestracion (Cuv.) furnishes the only living representative of a family numerous in the secondary geological epoch; the C. Phillipsii (Cuv.) is 2 or 3 ft. long, brownish above and whitish below; it inhabits the Pacific from Australia to Japan; it is called nurse in Australia, and cat or kitten shark in China; the young are often seen in Canton insect boxes. Great Basking Shark (Selachus maximus). described as the sea serpent, belonged to this species. It descends in summer from the neighborhood of Greenland and Spitzbergen to the English channel and the middle United States. Notwithstanding its size and strength, it is the least ferocious of the sharks; it does not appear to feed on fishes, but on cuttle | fishes, crustaceans, medusæ, and echini, and, according to Pennant, also on sea weeds. It is sluggish, and fond of reposing at the surface in the sun with the dorsal raised in the air, and hence called sun fish, sail fish, and basking shark; under these circumstances it is easily approached and harpooned; this is often done for the sake of the oil of the liver, which-In the family scymnida the dorsals are withamounts to several barrels in a full-grown fish; from its speed and strength it is apt to pull a boat under water or overturn it; it has been known to drag a vessel of 70 tons against a fresh gale, and requires often 24 hours to fatigue and kill it. It is dark slate-colored above, and lighter below. The S. elephas (Lesueur) is probably the same species; it has been taken in the bay of Fundy 40 ft. long; on the New England coast it is called the bone shark by fishermen.-In the family alopeciida the snout is short and conical, the spiracles and nostrils very small, the gill openings small, the last one over the pectorals; mouth comparatively small, the teeth not serrated, triangular, sharp, and alike in both jaws; no tooth on the mesial line, and a crescentic fold of skin behind the upper teeth; the second dorsal Sea Fox (Alopias vulpes). opposite the anal and very small; pectorals large and triangular; upper lobe of tail as long as the body, with a pit at the root; scales small and three-pronged, and intestinal valve spiral. It contains the single genus alopias (Raf.), and the single species A. vulpes (Raf.), out spines, and there is no anal nor nictitating membrane; the upper teeth are pointed, the lower broader and cutting and not denticulated; no tail pits; intestinal valve spiral. In the genus scymnus (Cuv.) the spiracles are far behind the eyes, the gill openings small, the body short and thick, and the lobes of the tail not very unequal. The Greenland shark (S. borealis, Flem.) attains a length of about 14 ft., and is ashy gray; it inhabits the arctic seas, sometimes visiting the northern shores of Europe and America. It attacks whales fiercely, and scoops out at every bite a piece as large as a man's head, the mouth being 20 to 24 in. wide. According to Scoresby, they generally attend the cutting up of whales, helping themselves freely to blubber; the men often fall into the water among them, but are not attacked; they are so tenacious of life, and so insensible to wounds, that they will return to their prey after receiving lance stabs which would kill any other shark; the muscles, especially those of the jaws, retain their irritability for several hours after death; the heart is said to be very small, and its pulsations only six or eight in a minute, which would explain their tenacity of life and the difficulty of reaching any vital organ. They also eat small fishes and crustaceans. They are liable to the attacks of a parasitic crustacean (lernaa elongata, Grant), 2 or 3 in. long, which fixes itself so often to the cornea of the eyes, that it was formerly supposed to be a natural appendage; this sometimes makes them apparently blind. The nurse or sleeper shark (S. brevipinna, De Kay; somniosus, Lesueur) attains a length of 8 ft.; the color is leaden gray, darkest on the back, with a black lateral line; the fins are so small that it must be rather slow in its movements, and it is generally regarded as a ground shark; the skin is rough and prickly; a few specimens have been caught on the coast of Massachusetts.-In the family squatinida, the only genus, squatina, has been treated under the title ANGEL FISH.-In the family zyganida there is a nictitating membrane, no spiracles, and two spineless dorsals; the head is flat, with the orbits extended laterally in a most extraordinary manner, flexible and doubled on themselves in the foetus, but standing out at right angles and to a greater distance as age advances; on the end of these lateral processes are the large eyes. This strange form of head is found in no other vertebrate, and only in some dipterous insects (diopsis, &c.), and in many decapod crustaceans whose eyes are at the end of long pedicels. The snout is truncated, so that the head resembles a double hammer; the nostrils are on the front border, and have a small nasal flap; the teeth are alike above and below, compressed pyramids, sometimes with a serrated external basal ridge, and a mesial tooth in both jaws; tail pits distinct, and oviduct villous. Such are the characters of the only genus, zygana (Cuv.) or sphyra (Van der Hoeven), of which the best known species is the hammer-headed shark (Z. [S.] malleus, Cuv.); it attains a length of 12 ft. or more, and is grayish above with head nearly black, and whitish below; the iris is yellow; Hammer-headed Shark (Zygæna malleus). the first dorsal is high, triangular, falcate, and toward the upper part of the back, the second smaller and near the tail. It is found in the Mediterranean and in the warm seas of most parts of the globe, especially of the East Indies, and generally in deep water. It is so ferocious as to attack persons bathing, and is very voracious, feeding chiefly on rays and flat fishes; great numbers of them are sometimes seen together; the flesh is leathery and unfit to eat, but the liver yields considerable oil; a female opened at Penang was found to contain over 35 living young. The common species of America, between Massachusetts and Brazil, once considered the Z. malleus, has been described by Dr. Storer ("Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History," vol. iii., 1848) as the Z. arcuata; it attains a length of 11 or 12 ft., and is much dreaded by fishermen.-Large sharks abounded in former geological epochs, especially during the secondary and primary periods. In some of the tertiary formations, as at Malta, teeth of sharks have been found 7 in. long and 4 in. wide at the base. The principal shark fisheries are on the N. and N. W. coasts of Iceland, in Norway, and on the arctic shores of Russia W. of the White sea, where they are pursued chiefly for the oil, and on the W. coast of Hindostan in the vicinity of Bombay, where they are pursued chiefly for the fins. These are sent to China, the annual exports from Bombay amounting to £15,000 or £20,000. The fins are also collected in the Indian archipelago. SHARON, a borough of Mercer co., Pennsylvania, on the Shenango river, here spanned by two iron bridges, and on the Erie and Pittsburgh railroad, 60 m. N. N. W. of the latter and 64 m. S. S. W. of the former city; pop. in 1870, 4,221. The Mahoning division of the Atlantic and Great Western railroad affords a direct route to Cleveland and the west. There are large coal fields in the vicinity. Iron manufacturing is the chief business, the borough containing two large rolling mills with nail factories of more than 40 machines each, two extensive founderies and machine shops, and about half a dozen blast furnaces. There are two large planing mills, several smaller manufactories, two national banks, a savings bank, and a private bank, four hotels, three large brick school houses, a masonic hall, three weekly newspapers, and nine churches. SHARON SPRINGS, a village of Schoharie co., New York, on a branch of the Albany and Susquehanna railroad, 45 m. W. by N. of Albany; pop. in 1870, 520. It is in a narrow valley surrounded by high hills, and is a favorite summer resort. It is chiefly noted for its mineral springs, of which there are four, chalybeate, magnesia, white sulphur, and blue sulphur. These, together with a spring of pure water, are near each other and near the base of a wooded bluff W. of the village, and flow into a small stream below. The village contains several hotels, and is visited by more than 10,000 persons annually. SHARP, Granville, an English philanthropist, born in Durham in 1734, died in London, July 6, 1813. He was the son of Dr. Thomas Sharp, archdeacon of Northumberland, author of several philological, antiquarian, and religious SHARP works, and grandson of Dr. John Sharp, archbishop of York. He quitted the study of law for a place in the ordnance office, which he resigned at the commencement of the American war, from disapprobation of the course pursued by the government. In 1769 he befriended | a negro slave named Somerset, who had been brought to England, and on falling ill had been turned into the streets by his master. When two years later the negro's master claimed him, and had him arrested and imprisoned, Sharp summoned them both before the lord mayor, who discharged the slave; but the master refusing to give him up, Sharp brought the case before the court of king's bench, the 12 judges of which, in May, 1772, decided that a slave could not be held in or transported from England. From this time Mr. Sharp devoted his powers to the overthrow of slavery and the slave trade. He wrote numerous pamphlets on the subject, and was chairman of the meeting held in London, May 22, 1787, which formed the "Association for the Abolition of Negro Slavery." He was one of the founders of the British colony of Sierra Leone, drew up a plan for its temporary government, and sent many negroes there at his own expense. He also opposed the impressment of seamen, and advocated parliamentary reform and the extension of privileges to Ireland. Besides pamphlets, he published Representation of the Injustice and dangerous Tendency of Tolerating Slavery in England" (8vo, London, 1772); "Declaration of the People's Natural Right to a Share in the Legislature" (1774); "The Law of Retribution (1776); Remarks on the Uses of the Definitive Article in the Greek 66 Testament" (1798); "Account of the Ancient Division of the English Nation into Hundreds and Tithings, and View of Frank pledge" (1784); and "Three Tracts on the Syntax and Pronunciation of the Hebrew Tongue" (1804). His biography was written by Prince Hoare (4to, London, 1810). SHARP, James, a Scottish prelate, born in the castle of Banff in May, 1618, assassinated on Magus Muir, near St. Andrews, May 3, 1679. He was educated for the church in the university of Aberdeen, and was one of its students who in 1638 declared themselves against the "Solemn League and Covenant." In 1640 he was chosen professor of philosophy in St. Leonard's college, St. Andrews, and shortly after became minister of the parish of Crail. In 1656 he was chosen to plead for the Presbyterians before the protector; and in 1660, when Monk marched upon London, he was regularly accredited to that general as their representative, and was sent over to Charles II. at Breda to procure the establishment of presbytery. He was received very favorably by the king, and obtained the royal word "to protect and preserve the government of the church of Scotland, as it is settled by law, without violation." The next Scottish parliament however repealed all acts passed 737 VOL. XIV.-53 since 1633, the church "settled by law" thus becoming the old Episcopal church; and it was asserted that Sharp was an accomplice in this scheme. While in London he had been elected professor of divinity in St. Mary's college, St. Andrews, and also appointed the king's chaplain for Scotland with a salary of £200. In December, 1661, he was consecrated archbishop of St. Andrews, an appointment which rendered him excessively odious. The wanton cruelty with which the Covenanters were persecuted was attributed to him, and it is certain that, after the rout at Pentland hills, when he had received the king's order to stop the executions, he kept it for some time private. A creature of Sharp's named Carmichael had made himself particularly obnoxious to the Presbyterians, and nine men formed a plan to waylay and murder him. While they were waiting for this person, the archbishop passed by with his daughter and a few attendants; shouting, "The Lord has delivered him into our hands," they dragged him from his coach and despatched him. SHARP, John, an English prelate, grandfather of Granville Sharp, born in Bradford, Yorkshire, Feb. 16, 1644, died in Bath, Feb. 2, 1714. He entered Christ's college, Cambridge, in 1660, was ordained in 1667, was made archdeacon of Berkshire in 1672, prebendary of Norwich in 1675, rector of St. Bartholomew's, London, in 1676, of St. Giles-in-the-fields in 1677, and dean of Norwich in 1681. He was chaplain to Charles II., and attended as court chaplain at the coronation of James II. For a sermon in 1686 against the claim of the Roman church to be called "the only visible Catholic church," the king suspended him, but he was reinstated in 1687. In 1689 he was made dean of Canterbury, and in 1691 archbishop of York. His sermons have appeared in several editions (7 vols., 1729-35; 5 vols., 1829).-His son THOMAS (1693-1758), archdeacon of Northumberland, wrote his life (edited by Dr. Newcome, 2 vols., 1825), and published works against Hutchinsonianism, on Rubric and Canons of the Church of England," "Antiquity of the Hebrew Tongue and Character," &c. (collected, 5 vols. 8vo, 1763). "The SHARPE, a N. E. county of Arkansas, bordering on Missouri, and intersected by Spring and Strawberry rivers, tributaries of Black river; area, about 600 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 5,400, of whom 114 were colored. The surface is a plateau, divided into a series of ridges by numerous clear streams, with much good soil. Iron, lead, and zinc occur, and the last is mined. The chief productions in 1870 were 13,443 bushels of wheat, 200,090 of Indian corn, 13,447 of oats, 56,600 lbs. of butter, and 1,046 bales of cotton. There were 1,704 horses, 2,004 milch cows, 3,376 other cattle, 4,837 sheep, and 9,581 swine. Capital, Evening Shade. SHASTA, a N. county of California, bounded W. by the Coast mountains, and intersected by the Sacramento river; area, 4,500 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 4,173, of whom 574 were Chi- | nese. The surface is greatly diversified. Lassen's peak is 10,557 ft. high. The climate of the valleys is warm in summer, but mild and equable during the rest of the year, and many of them have a fertile soil. The N. and W. portions are covered with forests of conifers, while the E. part abounds in hot and boiling springs. The county contains gold, silver, and copper. It is traversed by the Oregon division of the Central Pacific railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 29,569 bushels of wheat, 54,636 of barley, 9,748 of potatoes, 19,287 gallons of wine, 15,820 lbs. of wool, 30,150 of butter, and 5,034 tons of hay. There were 1,473 horses, 1,207 milch cows, 2,545 other cattle, 3,520 sheep, and 11,155 swine; 2 flour mills, 7 saw mills, and 3 quartz mills. Capital, Shasta. SHASTA, Mount. See GLACIER, ROCKY MOUNTAINS, and SISKIYOU. adines, made of silk of a peculiar twist; chenilles, of silk, often combined with cotton; chiné, made with a warp printed before weaving; barege, of wool, in imitation of shawls made by the peasantry at Baréges in the Pyrenees; woollen shawls of various kinds; and tartan plaids, made for centuries in Scotland. A description of the colors of tartans worn by the different clans in 1570 is extant. Their use was prohibited by act of parliament from 1747 to 1782; and they became fashionable from about 1828, and have so continued to some extent. The printing of shawl figures is done with blocks as in calico printing, and with the same elaborateness, as many as 100 blocks and 1,600 printings or applications being sometimes necessary for the production of a single pattern. The manufacture of Cashmere shawls was introduced from India in 1784 at Norwich, England, with the imported Thibet wool, and afterward with Piedmont silk warp and fine worsted shoot, the designs being worked in by hand. In 1805 the shawls were there first completed entirely upon the loom. About the same time the manufacture was introduced in Paisley and Edinburgh, and is still continued at the former place of the Indian pattern with real Cashmere wool. In Paris the manufacture was begun in 1802, and led Jacquard to the invention of his loom. In England the principal shawl-printing establishment is at Crayford in Kent. In the United States, the business was begun at Lowell, Mass., but has since been established at several other places, and has been very greatly extended. (For statistics on the India shawl trade and other information, see CASHMERE.) SHASTRA, or Shaster. See VEDA. SHAT-EL-ARAB. See EUPHRATES. SHATTUCK, Aaron D. See supplement. SHAW, Henry W. See supplement. SHAW, Lemuel, an American jurist, born in Barnstable, Mass., Jan. 9, 1781, died in Boston, March 30, 1861. He graduated at Harvard college in 1800, became a teacher and journalist, was admitted to the bar in September, 1804, and was a representative to the state legislature from 1811 to 1815, and again in 1819. In 1820 he was a member of the convention for revising the constitution of the state. In 1821 and 1822 he was a member of the senate, and again in 1828 and 1829. The charter of the city of Boston was drafted by him. He was appointed chief justice Aug. 23, 1830, and resigned Aug. 31, 1860. His reported decisions are found in the last 16 volumes of Picker-pop. in 1870, 13,121. It is traversed by the ing's reports, and in those of Metcalf, Cushing, and Gray; in all, upward of 50 volumes. He received the honorary degree of LL. D. from Harvard university in 1831, and from Brown university in 1850. He was a member of the corporation of Harvard college for 27 years. SHAWANO, a N. E. county of Wisconsin, intersected by the Oconto, Wolf, Embarras, and Red rivers; area, about 1,500 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 3,166. The surface is generally level and the soil fertile. Lake Shawano is in the central part, and fine streams of water abound. The chief productions in 1870 were 27,272 bushels of wheat, 3,144 of rye, 7,996 of Indian corn, 27,631 of oats, 20,273 of potatoes, and 1,964 lbs. of wool. Capital, Shawano. SHAWL, a garment worn upon the shoulders or about the waist, and formed of wool, silk, hair, or cotton. The following are the principal varieties of shawls: those of Cashmere, woven in India or imitated in Europe, with the designs either embroidered upon the fabric, or by the more costly method worked into the web in the process of weaving, thus making both sides alike; crape shawls, made of silk in imitation of the Chinese fabrics; gren SHAWNEE, a N. E. county of Kansas, intersected by the Kansas river; area, 546 sq. m.; Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé, and the Kansas Pacific railroads. The surface is undulating or level, and the soil fertile. Coal and limestone abound. The chief productions in 1870 were 46,726 bushels of wheat, 602,475 of Indian corn, 60,853 of oats, 84,656 of potatoes, 238,005 lbs. of butter, and 19,122 tons of hay. There were 3,461 horses, 3,562 milch cows, 6,556 other cattle, 1,832 sheep, and 4,904 swine; 1 bookbindery, 2 flour mills, 2 saw mills, 3 manufactories of carriages and wagons, 4 of furniture, 1 of machinery, and 7 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware. Capital, Topeka, which is also the capital of the state. SHAWNEES, an erratic tribe of the Algonquin family. A tradition of recent origin makes them primarily one with the Kickapoo nation; but they moved eastward, and a part are said to have remained in 1648 along the Fox river, while the main body, met south of Lake Erie by the Iroquois, were driven to the banks of the Cumberland. Some passed thence into Carolina, and others into Florida. Toward the close of the 17th century one band went north, and was among the tribes occupying Pennsylvania when it was granted to Penn, SHAYS who made treaties with them in 1682 and 1701. In 1693 and in 1722 they made treaties at Albany with the Iroquois of New York and Virginia. The portion in Florida maintained friendly relations with the Spaniards for a time, but finally joined the English in Carolina, and were known as Savannahs or Yemassees. After their war they retired to the Creeks, and finally joined the northern Shawnees. The Iroquois claimed sovereignty over the Shawnees, and drove them to the west. In 1731, rejecting the English missionaries, they negotiated with the French, and gave early aid to them in the final struggle; but in 1758 they were won over by Post, and by the appearance of Gen. Forbes. After the fall of Canada they joined Pontiac, and were active in hostilities till subdued by Bouquet. In 1774, enraged at Cresap's attack, they roused most of the western tribes, and in October defeated the Virginians at Pleasant Point, but made peace the next year. In 1779 Col. Bowman marched against the Shawnee towns, but was twice defeated. They joined in the peace of 1786, but, under English influence, took part in the Miami war, in the campaigns against Harmar and St. Clair, till they were finally reduced by Gen. Wayne, and they submitted under the treaty of Greenville (1795). The main party were at this time on the Scioto; but some had crossed into Missouri, where the Spaniards gave them land. Another band moved south. In the war of 1812 some of the bands were won by the English. Urged by Tecumseh and his brother the prophet, they endeavored to unite all the Indians of the west against the Americans, but those in Ohio remained faithful. The Missouri band ceded their lands to the government in 1825, and the Ohio band in 1831. In 1854 the band of Shawnees proper, in that part of the Indian territory now included in Kansas, numbered 900 on a reservation of 1,600,000 acres; but by treaty the tribal relation was ended and the lands were divided in severalty. Besides these, there were in 1872 90 in the Quapaw agency, and 663 in the Sac and Fox agency. The Methodists, Baptists, and Friends have all labored among this tribe. SHAYS, Daniel, leader in 1786-'7 of the rebellion in Massachusetts which bears his name, born in Hopkinton, Mass., in 1747, died in Sparta, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1825. He served as a sergeant at Bunker Hill, and became a captain during the revolution. Although not prominent in the first movements of the rebellion, Shays was chosen commander. The insurgents complained that the governor's salary was too high, the senate aristocratic, the lawyers extortionate, and taxes too burdensome to bear; and they demanded an issue of paper money and the removal of the legislature (general court) from Boston. An effort was made to allay the discontent by the passage of an act to diminish costs in the collection of debts and allow certain back taxes and debts to be paid | in produce, but the mob was not satisfied. Bodies of armed men interrupted the sessions of the courts in several counties, and in December, 1786, Shays appeared with a large force at Worcester and Springfield, and prevented the holding of the courts at those places. In January following, at the head of nearly 2,000 men, he marched to capture the arsenal at Springfield, but was opposed by the militia under Gen. Shepherd, and the insurgents were fired upon and fled, leaving three killed and one wounded on the field. Next day they were pursued by a large force under Gen. Lincoln, and at Petersham 150 were taken prisoners, the remainder dispersed, and the leaders made their escape into New Hampshire. A free pardon offered to all who would lay down their arms was generally accepted; 14 were tried and sentenced to death, but were pardoned. Shays sought safety for about a year in Vermont, and at his petition was afterward pardoned, and settled at Sparta, N. Y. แ SHEA, John D. Gilmary, an American author, born in New York, July 22, 1824. He was educated at the grammar school of Columbia college, and was admitted to the bar, but devoted himself to literature. He is chiefly known for works on American history, the most important of which are: "The Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley" (New York, 1853); "History of the Catholic Missions among the Indian Tribes of the United States" (1854; German translation, Würzburg, 1856); "The Fallen Brave" (1861); Early Voyages up and down the Mississippi " (AIbany, 1862); "Novum Belgium, an Account of New Netherland in 1643-'4" (New York, 1862); "The Operations of the French Fleet under Count de Grasse" (1864); "The Lincoln Memorial" (1865); and a translation of Charlevoix's "History and General Description of New France," with extensive notes (6 vols. 8vo, 1866-'72). He is also the joint author and the translator of De Courcy's "Catholic Church in the United States" (1856). He has edited the Cramoisy series of "Relations" and documents bearing on the early history of the French American colonies (24 vols., 1857'68); "Washington's Private Diary" (1861); Colden's "History of the Five Indian Nations," edition of 1727 (1866); Alsop's "Maryland" (1869); and a series of grammars and dictionaries of the Indian languages (15 vols. 8vo, 1860-'74). He has also published "Bibliography of American Catholic Bibles and Testaments" (1859), corrected several of the very erroneous Catholic Bibles, and revised by the Vulgate Challoner's original Bible of 1750 (1871; 2d ed., with a translation of Allioli's commentary, 1875); and has issued several prayer books, school histories, and translations. He edited for eight years the "Historical Magazine," and has contributed largely to periodicals and publications of historical societies. SHEARWATER, a web-footed bird of the petrel family, and genus puffinus (Briss.). The |