The old castle, where Griseldis is said to have been imprisoned, has been converted into a penitentiary. Wine, grain, cattle, and ice are dealt in, and there are silk looms, tanneries, and hat manufactories. In the middle ages Saluzzo formed a margraviate, which in the latter part of the 14th century became dependent upon Savoy. In the 16th century its possession was disputed by France and Savoy, but in 1601 Henry IV. gave it up to the latter, receiving a compensation in other territories. SALVADOR, Joseph, a French historian of Spanish-Jewish extraction, born in Montpellier in 1796. He studied medicine, but did not practise. His principal works are: Loi de Moise, ou Système religieux et politique des Hébreux (1822), a prelude to the Histoire des institutions de Moïse et du peuple hébreu (3 vols., 1828); Jésus-Christ et sa doctrine (2 vols., 1838); Histoire de la domination romaine en Judée et de la ruine de Jérusalem (2 vols., 1846); and Paris, Rome, Jérusalem, ou la question religieuse au XIX siècle (2 vols., 1859).

SALVAGE, in admiralty, and generally in the law merchant, the compensation earned by persons who voluntarily assist in saving a ship or her cargo from a maritime peril. This compensation is not a mere payment on the principle of a quantum meruit, or a remuneration pro opere et labore, but a reward for bravely encountering the perils of the seas, given in order that the general interests of navigation and the commerce of the country may be advanced. As to the amount of salvage which shall be decreed, or the proportion in which it shall be given to salvors, there is no fixed rule or practice in admiralty. In respect to derelict or abandoned property, the ancient rule gave one half to the salvor; but now the position seems to be well established that the reward in derelict cases should be governed by the same principles as in other salvage cases, namely, that it shall depend upon the danger to property, value, risk of life, skill, labor, and the duration of the service. The court has no power to decree salvage for saving life merely; but if the saving of life can be connected with the saving of property, then the court will take notice of it. Nevertheless, efforts to save life do not command a compensation so much higher than is given for the saving of property as might perhaps be expected. The reason is, that it is not a deviation when the vessel goes out of her way to save life, and therefore the insurance is not forfeited; whereas it is a deviation to vary from the course for the purpose of saving property, and compensation must be made for forfeiture of the insurance.-It is a cardinal rule that salvage services can be performed only by persons not bound by their legal duty to render them. A crew cannot claim as salvors of their own ship or cargo, not only because it is their duty to save her if possible, but because it would be most unwise to tempt them to let the ship and cargo get into

a position of extreme danger, that then, by extreme exertions, they might claim salvage. But to this general rule there is the exception that, where the contract of the seamen is at an end, or the service rendered is so entirely out of the line of their ordinary duty that it may be considered as not done under their contract, there may be a valid claim for compensation. A crew are bound to suppress a mutiny on board their own ship at all events and at every hazard, and cannot claim salvage therefor. If the crew of one ship suppress mutiny or revolt in another, or retake a captured ship from mutineers or revolters, this may well found a claim for salvage. If part of the crew leave their ship and go to save another, and thereby acquire a claim for salvage, the rest who remain share in the claim, yet not equally, for their right rests mainly on the increased labor, exposure, or peril which falls on them. For ordinary services rendered to the ship in time of distress, no salvage is due to a passenger; but in his case, as in that of a seaman, extraordinary services may give a salvage claim. A pilot, like a passenger, may become a salvor when his peculiar relation to the ship is dissolved; but most of our state pilotage laws make it part of the duty of a pilot to assist veesels in distress, and either give the rate of extra compensation to be awarded, or point out the tribunal which shall determine the amount due. Extra services are, therefore, generally considered in this country as such, and not as salvage services. The officers and crews of our national vessels are so far bound to rescue a vessel from mutineers that they are not entitled to claim any compensation in such a case, unless perhaps when they incur great personal danger, and use great exertions in the performance of the service. For an ordinary salvage service they are entitled to compensation. As a general rule, none can claim salvage who do not directly participate and aid in the salvage services, or at least promote those services by doing the work of those who render them. But an exception, and a liberal one, is usually made in favor of the owners of the saving vessel, who are not only entitled to claim compensation for stores and other supplies and outlays, but salvage compensation in addition.—A salvage service is possible when the peril encountered is something distinctly beyond ordinary danger, something which exposes the property to destruction unless extraordinary assistance be rendered. But if the master can, by proper use of the means in his possession, save the property, the law presumes that he will, and that the salvor's interference was unnecessary; yet even if the master could save the ship, the salvors may show that he would not have done It is not necessary that the distress should be actual or immediate, or that the danger should be imminent and absolute; it will be sufficient if, at the time the assistance is rendered, the ship has encountered any damage or

So.

SALVAGE

misfortune which might possibly expose her to destruction if the services were not rendered. That the property must be actually saved, and saved by those claiming to be salvors, in order to lay the foundation for salvage claims in admiralty, is quite certain; but if the party encounters the danger, and does all he can to save the vessel, and his services tend in some degree to preserve the vessel, compensation will be awarded to him, although the vessel is mainly preserved by other means. It is equally a salvage service, whether the service be rendered at sea or where the vessel is wrecked on the coast, and whether it be performed by seamen or landsmen. If a vessel at sea is short-handed by reason of sickness, and is navigated into port by a part of the crew of another vessel, that is to be treated as a salvage service. So compensation has been granted for keeping near a vessel in distress at the earnest request of her master and crew, although but little aid was rendered.Salvage is generally decreed on all the property saved, whether ship, cargo, or freight. It is allowed on public property, and all goods of the government pay the same rate as if they were owned by individuals. The general rule is that our courts have jurisdiction over all property, to whomsoever it belongs, which comes within their territorial jurisdiction; but vessels of war belonging to a foreign neutral power cannot be arrested in our ports into which they have lawfully come, and the same is true of a private armed vessel sailing under a commission from a foreign government. The private property of a foreign sovereign, or the prize property which a vessel of war brings into our ports, comes within the general rule, and not within the exception.-If assistance is rendered to a vessel under circumstances which would generally constitute it a salvage service, it may yet not be such; as where the service is rendered under a custom to give assistance gratuitously in similar instances, or where the aid is given under a special contract. If two vessels sail as consorts and under an agreement to assist each other, neither can claim salvage for assistance rendered to the other. Even when vessels sailing together are not consorts, nor owned by the same party, it is possible that there may be a usage of mutual help which would defeat a claim of salvage. Thus it is said that if a steamer be stranded on a sand bank in the Mississippi, and another steamer draws her off, usage prohibits any salvage compensation. But a custom of one port that vessels shall assist each other gratuitously is not binding on vessels of other ports rendering assistance to vessels of the port where the custom exists. If, at the time of the service, the salvors make a bargain with the owners of the property in peril, or their servants, as to the amount of salvage, this is enforced by the court against the owners only so far as it seems equitable and conformable to the merits of the case. Any gross misconduct on the part of the

salvors, and especially any embezzlement of the property saved, forfeits their whole claim. The responsibility of the salvors, respecting the preservation and protection of the property, continues as long as the property is subject to the decree of the court. Salvors in possession have a qualified property in the thing saved, whether ship or cargo, or both, and they cannot be divested of this interest until it is taken from them by adjudication. Yet it is not necessary that they should remain in actual possession, in order to maintain their rights or preserve their qualified property; nor should they do so to the detriment of the property or the inconvenience of the master and crew.Military salvage is that which is earned by rescuing vessels or cargoes from pirates or the public enemy. In cases of recapture, it follows as an incident of prize. The amount of salvage is fixed by statute for most of these cases, and when not so determined must be governed by the general principles of law.

SALVANDY, Narcisse Achille de, count, a French author, born at Condom, June 11, 1795, died in Normandy, Dec. 15, 1856. He enlisted in the imperial guard in 1813, was wounded at the battle of Brienne, and rose to the rank of adjutant major. In 1819-'21 he was master of requests. In 1824 he became connected with the Journal des Débats, and assisted Chateaubriand in combating the ultra royalists. In 1835 he was admitted to the academy. He was minister of public instruction in 1837-'9, and again in 1845. In 1843 he was made count and ambassador to Turin. After the coup d'état of Dec. 2, 1851, he withdrew to private life. He published Alonzo, ou l'Espagne (4 vols., Paris, 1823-'4); Islaor, ou le Barde chrétien (1824); and Histoire de Pologne avant et sous le roi Jean Sobieski (3 vols., 1827-'9). SALVATOR ROSA. See ROSA.

SALVI, Giambattista. See Sassoferrato.
SALVIA. See SAGE.

SALVINI, Tommaso, an Italian actor, born in Milan, Jan. 1, 1833. At the age of 14 he became a pupil of the actor Gustavo Modena, made his first appearance a year later at the royal theatre in Naples, and subsequently accompanied Ristori in a theatrical tour through Italy. In 1849 he served as a volunteer under Avezzana, and afterward went to Paris, where he appeared in the characters of Orosmane in Zaïre, Oreste, Saul, and Othello. On his return to Italy, Giacometti wrote for him the drama La morte civile. In 1865 he took part in the celebration at Florence of Dante's 600th birthday, reciting portions of the Divina Com media. After another tour through Italy, he played in the chief cities of Spain and Portu gal, and in April, 1871, went to South America, filling engagements in Montevideo, Buenos Ayres, and Rio de Janeiro, whence he returned to Italy. In 1873 he came to the United States, making his first appearance Sept. 16, as Othello, in the academy of music in New York, and gave 128 representations, including

SAMARIA

Bokhara, about lat. 39° 40' N., lon. 67° 18' E.; pop. from 15,000 to 20,000, mostly Uzbecks. It is situated in the fertile valley of the Zerafshan, 4 m. S. of that river, and in site and surroundings is said to be the most beautiful city in Turkistan; but much of its interior aspect is miserable. It contains a citadel and a large public market place, and a considerable trade is carried on at the bazaars, especially in the products of leather manufacture. Samarcand stands on higher ground than Bokhara, and before the Russian conquest was a summer resort of the emir in consequence of its lower temperature. The principal buildings are the summer palace of Tamerlane, his mosque surmounted by a melon-shaped dome, his reception hall containing the celebrated köktash, or blue stone, on which his throne was placed, and his sepulchre in a domed chapel without the city. Three sacred colleges (medreses) border the market place.-Samarcand was known to the Chinese as Tshin prior to the times of Alexander the Great. In classical geography it appears as Maracanda, the capital of Sogdiana. Alexander, who occupied it in 328 B. C., slew there his friend Clitus. The Nestorian Christians early made their way thither, and according to Col. H. Yule the see of a Christian bishop was established there early in the 6th century. About the time of the Arab invasion of Turkistan, the city and territory appear to have been ruled by a Turkish prince bearing the title of tarkhan. About 710 they fell under the dominion of the Arabs, and subsequently became subject to the dynasty of the Samanides, after the fall of which the city was ruled by various contending chieftains until its capture and the destruction of its fortress by Genghis Khan about 1220. A century and a half later it reappears prominently in history as the capital of Tamerlane, who made it the most famous, luxurious, and magnificent city of central Asia, adorned with imperial palaces and surrounded by extensive and splendid gardens. Vámbéry declares that the reputed magnificence of the buildings is fully borne out by the existing ruins. At that time the city contained 150,000 inhabitants, and was not only the centre of important manufactures and a vast emporium of trade, but also a prominent seat of Mohammedan learning. It maintained 40 colleges, one of which accommodated 1,000 students, and is still even in ruins remarkable for the handsome specimens of fine earth mosaic work in its walls. With the fall of the Timour dynasty Samarcand began permanently to decline, and it is now politically and commercially inferior to Bokhara. It was captured by the Russians in May, 1868, in the course of the war against Bokhara, and was ceded to Russia a few months later. A Russian garrison occupies the citadel, and Samarcand is now the capital of the military district of Zerafshan in the Russian province of Turkistan.

SAMARIA (Heb. Shomeron), an ancient city in middle Palestine, in the tribe of Ephraim, so

called after the hill of Shomeron, upon which it was founded about 925 B. C. by Omri, the sixth king of Israel. Omri made Samaria the royal residence, and it remained so until the captivity of the ten tribes. In 721 it was conquered by the Assyrian king Shalmaneser, and peopled with colonists from the Assyrian provinces. In 109 it was besieged, conquered, and razed to the ground by the Asmonean John Hyrcanus; but it must have been soon rebuilt, for in 104 it is mentioned as a town belonging to the Jewish territory. Augustus gave it to Herod the Great, who embellished it with a temple of Augustus and other buildings, strongly fortified it, and called it, in honor of the emperor, Sebaste (the Greek word corresponding to Augusta). The ancient name of the city was also retained, and is mentioned in the New Testament. The later history of the town is unknown, but a little village, Sebustieh, with some ruins, still exists on its site, and contains about 60 houses, substantially built of old materials, which exhibit here and there traces of the splendor of ancient Sebaste. Under the Romans a whole division of Palestine was also called Samaria, forming a separate province between Judea and Galilee.

SAMARITANS (Heb. Shomeronim, later Kuthim, Cuthæans), a people commonly supposed to have sprung, after the conquest of Samaria by Shalmaneser, from the mixture of the natives with foreign colonists from Babylon, Cuthah, Ava, Hamath, and Sepharvaim. As they were a mixed race, their religion was also mixed. More strictly following the Biblical narrative (2 Kings xvii.), Hengstenberg (who has been followed by Hävernick, Robinson, and others) argues that the entire Hebrew population of Samaria had been carried away, that the Samaritan people were wholly of heathen origin, and that the Israelitish worship was established when the colonists obtained from the Assyrian king an Israelite priest, in order to appease the supposed wrath of the national deity by restoring his worship. After the return of the Jews from the Babylonish captivity the Samaritans asked permission to participate in the restoration of the temple, but it was refused; and from this event (535 B. C.) dates the hostility between Jews and Samaritans. It increased in the latter part of the 5th century B. C., when the Persian governor Sanballat erected for the Samaritans on Mt. Gerizim, near Shechem, a temple of Jehovah, and gave them an independent high priesthood, which was bestowed by him upon his son-in-law Manasses, son of the Jewish high priest. Alexander the Great took a Samaritan army with him to Egypt, and many settled in the Thebaid. The colony received reënforcements from Samaria under Ptolemy Soter, and again at the time of John Hyrcanus, who destroyed that city, crushing the power of the Samaritans in Palestine. Remnants of the Egyptian colony are extant, and form a congregation at Cairo. In Palestine a few families are found