spective, the Gorokhovaya Ulitza or Peas street, | the citadel, with a tall, slender, richly gilt and the Voskresenski Prospekt or Resurrec- spire, 208 ft. high, which can be seen from all tion perspective. The Neva perspective, 130 parts of the city or its suburbs, contains the ft. broad and about 4 m. long, is one of the finest streets in Europe. It contains the cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan, profusely adorned with silver, gold, and gems, but without much architectural merit, and another Greek church, both with their blue domes decorated with stars; a Dutch church, a Protestant German church, a Catholic and an Armenian church, all costly and some of them very beautiful. Here too are the military headquarters, the palace of the archduke Michael, the great bazaar with its 10,000 merchants, the

Winter Palace.

remains of all the Russian monarchs since Peter the Great. The Isaac church, S. W. of the admiralty, in one of the largest open spaces of the capital, is celebrated for its simple but

grand architecture, its noble proportions, and its imposing porches. Like the Greek churches generally, it is in the form of a Greek cross, and has four grand entrances, each approached by three broad flights of steps, each entire flight composed of a single piece of granite. Each entrance has a superb peristyle composed of monolithic columns of polished granite, each 60 ft. high and 7 ft. in diameter, and the whole surmounted by a cupola 120 ft. above the peristyles, covered with copper and richly gilt, and resting on 30 granite pillars. The foundation of this church, formed of several successive tiers of piles, is said to have cost $4,000,000. The church of the Smolnoi convent, in the N. E. part of the peninsula, is of white marble, and is surmounted by five blue domes spangled with golden stars. The Preobrazhenskaya church belongs to one of the oldest regiments of the guards, and is profusely decorated with

SAINT PIERRE

SAINT PIERRE, a fortified seaport of the island of Martinique, on the N. W. coast; pop. about 30,000. It was settled by the French in 1635, is the largest town in the French West Indies, and is well built. There is an old Catholic college and a botanic garden. The harbor is much exposed. A railway to Fort Royal or Fort de France, the capital, was in progress of construction in 1875.

SAINT PIERRE AND MIQUELON, a French colony, comprising the islands of St. Pierre and Great and Little Miquelon, off the S. coast of Newfoundland, and opposite the gulf of St. Lawrence; area, 81 sq. m.; permanent pop. in 1870, 4,750. It is of importance as a fishing rendezvous. The imports in 1870 were valued at 17,800,000 fr., the exports at 17,700,000 fr. The movement of shipping comprised 1,549 entrances and 1,539 clearances. Capital, St. Pierre; pop. 800. (See FISHERIES, vol. vii., p. 225.)

SAINT-PIERRE, Charles Irénée Castel, abbé de, a French philanthropist, born near Barfleur, Normandy, Feb. 18, 1658, died in Paris, April 29, 1743. He was educated by the Jesuits at Caen and joined the priesthood. In 1686 he went to Paris with the geometrician Varignon, and in 1695 succeeded Bergeret in the academy. In 1702 he became chaplain of the bishop of Orleans, who obtained for him the abbey of Tiron. In 1712 he attended the congress of Utrecht with Cardinal Polignac. His Projet de paix perpétuelle (3 vols., Utrecht, 1713-'17) was followed in 1718 by Discours sur la polysynodie, in which he severely judged Louis XIV., and advocated constitutional government. He was consequently expelled from the academy, but an association known as club de l'entresol gave him opportunities to expound his humanitarian schemes, and became the nucleus of the future academy of moral and political sciences. The club was closed in 1731 by Cardinal Fleury, after seven years' existence. Most of his writings are included in his Ouvrages de politique et de morale (18 vols., Rotterdam, 1738-'41).

Poles; but another romantic adventure drove him from Dresden, and failing to receive em-ployment from Frederick the Great, he returned in November, 1766, to France, whence he sailed as an engineer to Madagascar. On discovering that the real object of the expedition was the slave trade, he left it and remained at the isle of France as an engineer till 1771, when he returned to Paris. Here he associated with Rousseau and other celebrities, and was noted for his eccentricities and love of solitude. In 1792-'3 he was director of the botanical garden; in 1794 he became professor of morals at the normal school, and in 1795 a member of the academy. Under the empire he had a pension of 2,000 francs. By his first wife, Mlle. Didot, he had two children, Paul and Virginia. He married a second time in his 63d year. His principal works are: Voyage à l'ile de France, &c. (2 vols., Paris, 1773; new ed., 1835); L'Arcadie (Angers, 1781; new ed., 2 vols., Paris, 1796); Études de la nature (5 vols., Paris, 1784; new ed., 6 vols., 1835-6; English translation by H. Hunter, 5 vols., 1796); Paul et Virginie (1788), his most celebrated work, which has been translated into many languages; La chaumière indienne (1790; new ed., including Le café de Surate, 1828); and Harmonies de la nature (3 vols., 1815; new ed., 4 vols., 1818). Aimé Martin, who married his widow, published his complete works with a biographical notice (12 vols., 1818-20; new ed., 9 vols., 1835), his posthumous works (2 vols., 1833-'6), and his Romans, contes et opuscules (2 vols., 1834).

SAINT-QUENTIN, a town of France, in the department of Aisne, on the Somme, 80 m. N. E. of Paris; pop. in 1872, 34,811. It is well built, the principal streets converging into the Grande Place, which contains the Gothic town hall supported by eight columns. A still more celebrated Gothic building is the cathedral. The town is a great centre of the cotton manufacture, and many other articles are made here, including woollens, machinery, and beetroot sugar. There is a brisk trade in grain, SAINT-PIERRE, Jacques Henri Bernardin de, a flax, hemp, cattle, &c. The canal of St. QuenFrench author, born in Havre, Jan. 19, 1737, tin, which connects the basins of the Oise and died at Eragny-sur-Oise, Jan. 21, 1814. He Somme with that of the Scheldt, upward of was educated by a priest at Caen, and went 50 m. long, is of great commercial importance. with his uncle to Martinique as a sailor, but re- -Under the Romans the town was known as sumed his studies at Caen, and subsequently at Augusta Vermanduorum. In the middle ages the college and school of engineers at Rouen. it was the capital of the duchy of Vermandois He next served in the army as an engineer, till 1215, when it was annexed to the crown. and after various vicissitudes entered the Rus- The Spaniards captured it in 1557 after a memsian army. He submitted to the empress Cath- orable battle (Aug. 10), and two years afterarine II. his scheme for establishing on the ward it was restored to France. During the shores of the Caspian a republic after the mod- Franco-German war, Jan. 19, 1871, it was el of that of Plato, which fell to the ground again the scene of a great battle, resulting in like most of his visionary conceptions. He the disbandment of the French northern army next joined Radziwill in Poland, and in 1765 under Faidherbe. was repeatedly under arrest. A love affair with a Polish princess diverted his attention from the political affairs of Poland, and on her deserting him he went to Saxony, determined to have his revenge by fighting against the

SAINT SEBASTIAN (Sp. San Sebastian), a seaport of Spain, capital of Guipúzcoa, on the bay of Biscay, 39 m. N. N. W. of Pamplona; pop. about 14,000. It occupies a low isthmus uniting Mt. Urgull, on which is the citadel, to

the mainland, and is walled and strongly fortified. The harbor is small. The city contains several churches and convents, civil and military hospitals, and public squares. It was captured by the French in 1719, 1794, and 1808, and by the English with great loss on Aug. 31, 1813, when most of it was burned.

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et ses travaux, by Hubbart (Paris, 1857). Enfantin published some of his posthumous writings, which are also included in Œuvres choisies de Saint-Simon (3 vols., Brussels, 1859; new ed., Paris, 1861). Of the complete edition proposed by Rodrigues, only two volumes appeared in 1832; but the members of the council appointed by Enfantin as the literary executors of Saint-Simon prepared a complete and joint edition of both Saint-Simon and Enfantin's works (20 vols., 1865-'9).

SAINT-SIMON, Louis de Rouvroi, duke de, a French writer of memoirs, born Jan. 16, 1675, died in Paris, March 2, 1755. Under the direction of his mother, Charlotte de l'Aubespine, he became proficient in Latin, German, and history. He served at the siege of Namur in 1691, and subsequently distinguished himself in various campaigns. In 1695 he married Gabrielle de Durfort, daughter of the marshal de Lorges. In 1702, failing to be promoted, he retired from the army. He was prominent at the French court, and was a strenuous opponent of the Jesuits. In 1704 he proposed to end the Spanish war of succession by giving the Spanish Low Countries to Austria and a portion of the Spanish possessions in Italy to a prince of the house of Savoy with the title of king; and his suggestion was to some extent adopted as a basis for the treaty of peace of Utrecht. After the death of Louis XIV. (1715) he aided the duke of Orleans in ob

SAINT-SIMON, Claude Henri, count de, a French socialist, born in Paris, Oct. 17, 1760, died there, May 19, 1825. In 1777 he entered the army, and in 1779 went to America, where he distinguished himself at the siege of Yorktown. On his home voyage he was captured by the English with the count de Grasse and detained at Jamaica till the peace of 1783. He then went to Mexico, vainly urging the construction of a Pacific-Atlantic canal, and in 1785 to Spain, where he was not more successful in his scheme for converting Madrid into a seaport. On the outbreak of the revolution he and M. de Redern bought real estate at very low rates. The latter, being the principal, gained by the speculation, while Saint-Simon, after his release from 11 months' imprisonment during the reign of terror, was said to have made only 150,000 francs. In 1801 he married Mlle. de Champgrand, from whom, in the vain hope of becoming the husband of the widowed Mme. de Staël, he was divorced in July, 1802. In 1807 he published his celebrated Introduction aux travaux scientifiques du dix-neuvième siècle, in which he expounded the basis of his theories for the reorganiza-taining the regency, and was a member of the tion of science and the reconstruction of so- council. In 1721 he negotiated at Madrid the ciety. Regarding the great Encyclopédie as marriage between the infanta of Spain and merely a dictionary, he published in 1810 his Louis XV. On his return to Paris he found Prospectus d'une nouvelle Encyclopédie; but the cardinal Dubois, whom he had always Napoleon, to whom he had appealed, took no opposed, more powerful than ever, and the notice of him, and he was reduced to the most legitimated bastards of Louis XIV. partly reabject poverty. His friend Diard, who had invested with royal dignities. Consequently often aided him, died in 1810; subsequent- he broke off his relations with the government ly his relatives secured him a small pension. until after the death of Dubois, shortly before In conjunction with Augustin Thierry, his that of the regent, upon which he retired to most devoted disciple, he published De la ré- his estates. His Mémoires, which subsequentorganisation de la société européenne (1814), ly attained unusual celebrity on account of and Opinions sur les mesures à prendre contre their boldness of expression and pungent sala coalition de 1815 (1815). In L'Industrie, tire, were removed to the public archives, and ou Discussions politiques, morales et philoso- only Voltaire, Marmontel, Mme. du Deffand, phiques (4 vols., 1817-'18), Thierry, Saint-Au- and a few others were permitted to read them. bin, and others assisted him. In 1819 he was Garbled extracts and editions were published indicted for asserting in a pamphlet (Parabole) in 1788 and 1791; the first authentic and comthat the death of men of science, artists, and plete series appeared in 1829-'30, and a greatartisans was a greater national calamity than ly improved edition was published by Cheruel that of kings and bishops and other people of (20 vols., 1856-'9; abridged English translamere rank and wealth. He was acquitted in tion by Bayle St. John, 4 vols., London, 1857; March, 1820, and continued thereafter to de- new ed., 3 vols., 1875). Among his posthuvote all his means to defray the cost of pub-mous papers were found hundreds of letters lishing his writings. At length in March, 1823, he was driven to despair by the exhaustion of his resources, and shot himself; but the shot only destroyed one eye, and he survived to finish his Catéchisme industriel (1824) and his Nouveau Christianisme (1825), the crowning work of his life.-For his socialistic doctrines, which became known as St. Simonism, see SOCIALISM. See also Saint-Simon, sa vie

of the duke of Orleans, unpublished essays of Montaigne, and other valuable manuscripts, of which a full catalogue was obtained from the public archives by Armand Baschet, who published in 1874 Le duc de Saint-Simon, son cabinet et l'histoire de ses manuscrits.

SAINT STEPHEN, a town and port of entry of Charlotte co., New Brunswick, on the St. Croix river, opposite Calais, Me., and at the

SAINT TAMMANY

SAINT VITUS'S DANCE

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terminus of a branch of the New Brunswick | 20,000, mostly blacks. In its centre the peak and Canada railway, 70 m. S. W. of Frederic- of St. Anna rises to the height of 7,020 ft. ton; pop. in 1871, 6,515. It is connected with The valleys are fertile. The climate of the Calais by bridges, and is lighted with gas from lowlands is unhealthy, but the southern part is that town. The lumber trade and the fisheries salubrious. Cotton, sugar, indigo, cocoanuts, are the chief industries. There are two banks, canella bark, sweet potatoes, manioc, dates, and two weekly newspapers, and six churches. maize are produced. The principal article of The value of imports for the year ending June export is coffee. A Portuguese bishop resides 30, 1874, was $261,289; of exports, $101,818. at the capital, St. Thomas, which has about SAINT TAMMANY, a S. E. parish of Louisiana, 4,000 inhabitants. The island was discovered lying on Lake Pontchartrain, bounded E. by on St. Thomas's day, 1471, by Vasconcellos. Pearl river and drained by its tributaries; area, SAINT THOMAS, Christians of. See CHRISTIANS about 1,200 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 5,586, of OF ST. THOMAS. whom 2,175 were colored. The surface is uneven, partly pine barrens, and the soil not very fertile. The New Orleans, Mobile, and Texas railroad touches the S. E. corner. The chief productions in 1870 were 8,795 bushels of Indian corn, 13,266 of sweet potatoes, 26,225 lbs. of rice, 3,186 of wool, 34 bales of cotton, 36 hogsheads of sugar, and 660 gallons of molasses. There were 192 horses, 918 milch cows, 2,109 other cattle, 1,499 sheep, and 2,289 swine; 10 manufactories of brick, 8 ship yards, and 6 saw mills. Capital, Covington.

SAINT VINCENT, an island of the British West Indies, in the Windward group, about 25 m. S. of St. Lucia; area, 131 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 35,688, comprising 32,000 colored and 430 aborigines. The surface is divided in the middle by a ridge, culminating in the volcano Morne Garou, about 5,000 ft. high, which contains a crater half a mile in diameter and 500 ft. deep; the most recent eruption was on April 30, 1812. The soil is fertile; the mountains are clothed with valuable forests; the valleys are well watered and cultivated, yielding sugar cane, arrow root, cotton, and cacao. The average annual value of exports is $1,206,000; imports, $760,000. The climate of the low lands is warm but healthful; the mountainous districts are cool. The chief town, Kingston, is on the shore of a fine bay on the S. W. coast.-St. Vincent was discovered by Columbus, Jan. 22, 1498, was first settled by African slaves shipwrecked on the island in 1675, and was subsequently taken possession of by the French, who in 1763 ceded it to Great Britain.

SAINT VINCENT, Cape. See CAPE ST. VINCENT.

SAINT VINCENT, Earl of. See JERVIS, Sir JOHN.

SAINT THOMAS, an island of the West Indies, in the Virgin group, 30 m. E. of Porto Rico, belonging to Denmark; area, about 35 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 14,007, one tenth white, two thirds black, and the remainder mixed. The island is formed by a mountain ridge extending the whole length and attaining an elevation of 1,480 ft. The shores are deeply indented, and the adjacent waters are studded with islets and rocks. The climate is warm, the thermometer ranging from 70° to 90° F. Hurricanes pass over the island about once in 20 years, and do great damage. Earthquakes are very frequent, but serious shocks do not occur oftener than once in 50 years. There is no running stream, and only one small spring; rain water is collected, and droughts are frequent. The soil is SAINT VITUS'S DANCE, or Chorea, a disorder not fertile, and the products of the island are of innervation, characterized by an irregular insufficient for one twentieth of its inhabitants. action of the voluntary muscles, occurring usuIn 1873 there were 571 deaths, the chief cause ally in young persons from the age of 10 to 20 of which, among resident adults, was consump-years, and more frequently in females. Its tion. Charlotte Amalie, the only town, contains 11,380 inhabitants, and is built along the shore of an excellent bay on the S. side, in lat. 18° 20′ N., lon. 64° 56' W. It is a free port. The streets are paved and generally clean; the houses are supplied with gas, and, although low and poorly built, are comfortable and healthy. The average annual value of imports is $5,000,000, besides coal. Eight regular steam lines touch here, the total steam tonnage averaging 600,000 tons per annum, and the total entries of all classes of vessels 4,300 per annum. Negotiations for the transfer of the island to the United States having been commenced, a vote was taken in 1867, which resulted in 1,244 for and 22 against; but the project fell through in the United States senate. SAINT THOMAS, an island of the gulf of Guinea, belonging to Portugal, in lat. 0° 20' N., lon. 6° 40′ E.; area, 145 sq. m.; pop. about

approach is heralded by languor and lassitude, slight dragging of one of the limbs, a furred tongue, general disorder of the stomach and bowels, occasionally pain in the occipital portion of the head, frequently a sense of awkwardness leading the patient to avoid the presence of strangers, and sudden muscular contortions, apparently involuntary. Gradually the muscles cease to be under the full control of the will; the head shakes upon the occurrence of the slightest excitement, and the patient cannot control its motion except by a violent and painful exercise of volition. If he attempts to carry food or drink to his mouth, the hand approaches part way and then moves off suddenly in another direction. The hands and feet will not keep still; the face is distorted by the spasmodic action of the muscles; the motions of the body in walking are very uncertain, and one leg and the opposite