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RICHLAND

Columbia, which is also the capital of the state. II. AN. E. parish of Louisiana, drained by Bayou Bœuf and other streams; area, about 550 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 5,110, of whom 2,705 were colored. The surface is low and level and the soil highly productive. It is traversed by the North Louisiana and Texas railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 95,225 bushels of Indian corn, 3,235 of peas and beans, 19,839 of sweet potatoes, and 6,051 bales of cotton. There were 958 horses, 653 mules and asses, 2,829 milch cows, 2,968 other cattle, 1,843 sheep, and 11,094 swine. Capital, Rayville. III. A N. county of Ohio, drained by the head waters of the Walhonding river; area, about 450 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 32,516. It has an undulating surface and a fertile soil. Several railroads centre at the county seat. The chief productions in 1870 were 588,575 bushels of wheat, 621,381 of Indian corn, 700,830 of oats, 113,877 of potatoes, 86,740 tons of hay, 269,981 lbs. of wool, 833,005 of butter, and 58,543 of maple sugar. There were 8,580 horses, 8,979 milch cows, 10,091 other cattle, 71,093 sheep, and 25,116 swine; 5 manufactories of agricultural implements, 6 of brick, 24 of carriages and wagons, 12 of men's clothing, 12 of furniture, 3 of machinery, 4 of sash, doors, and blinds, 10 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 9 of woollen goods, 8 iron founderies, 14 tanneries, 3 breweries, 22 flour mills, and 11 saw mills. Capital, Mansfield. IV. A S. E. county of Illinois, drained by tributaries of the Wabash river; area, about 375 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 12,803. It has a nearly level surface and a fertile soil. It is intersected by the Ohio and Mississippi railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 150,268 bushels of wheat, 482,594 of Indian corn, 204,634 of oats, 11,422 tons of hay, 2,000 lbs. of tobacco, 31,612 of wool, 87,166 of butter, and 8,080 gallons of sorghum molasses. There were 3,254 horses, 2,723 milch cows, 4,054 other cattle, 12,447 sheep, and 12,256 swine; 3 manufactories of furniture, 2 of sash, doors, and blinds, 4 saw mills, and 2 flour mills. Capital, Olney. V. A S. W. county of Wisconsin, bordered S. by Wisconsin river and drained by Pine river and Knapp's and Mill creeks; area, 576 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 15,731. It has a generally level surface and a fertile soil. The Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul railroad skirts the S. border. The chief productions in 1870 were 189,900 bushels of wheat, 345,787 of Indian corn, 183,952 of oats, 108,926 of potatoes, 17,349 tons of hay, 9,126 lbs. of tobacco, 68,573 of wool, 316,734 of butter, 25,544 of cheese, and 350,436 of hops. There were 3,719 horses, 4,668 milch cows, 1,117 working oxen, 5,715 other cattle, 21,014 sheep, and 13,113 swine; 2 manufactories of furniture, 6 of carriages and wagons, 5 flour mills, and 8 saw mills. Capital, Richland Centre. VI. An E. county of Dakota, recently formed and not included in the census of 1870; area, about 1,400 sq. m. It is separated from MinVOL. XIV.-21

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nesota by Red river, and is watered by its affluents. The river bottoms are fertile; the rest of the county consists of rolling prairies.

RICHMOND, the name of counties in four of the United States. I. The southernmost county of New York, comprising Staten island, Shooter's island at the entrance of Newark bay, and the islands in Staten Island sound; area, 58 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 33,029. The chief productions in 1870 were 35,083 bushels of Indian corn, 12,001 of oats, 34,863 of potatoes, and 7,610 tons of hay. There were 2 bleaching and dyeing establishments, 4 manufactories of brick, 7 of carriages and wagons, 1 of machinery, 1 of linseed oil, 1 of lead and zinc, 5 of sash, doors, and blinds, 4 ship yards, 2 flour mills, and 5 distilleries. Capital, Richmond. (See STATEN ISLAND.) II. An E. county of Virginia, bordered S. W. by the Rappahannock river; area, about 175 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 6,503, of whom 3,028 were colored. It has a nearly level surface and fertile soil. There are extensive forests of pine, and the waters abound with oysters. The chief productions in 1870 were 29,769 bushels of wheat, 121,680 of Indian corn, 9,781 of oats, 1,736 bales of cotton, and 1,913 lbs. of wool. There were 552 horses, 993 milch cows, 1,063 working oxen, 1,274 other cattle, 1,100 sheep, and 4,032 swine; 3 flour mills, and 2 saw mills. Capital, Warsaw. III. A S. county of North Carolina, bordering on South Carolina, and bounded N. E. by Lumber river and W. by the Yadkin; area, about 730 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 12,882, of whom 6,598 were colored. The surface is undulating and the soil productive. It is traversed by the Carolina Central railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 19,604 bushels of wheat, 131,855 of Indian corn, 21,350 of oats, 11,970 of peas and beans, 43,364 of sweet potatoes, and 5,130 bales of cotton. There were 871 horses, 768 mules and asses, 2,346 milch cows, 3,295 other cattle, 2,247 sheep, and 19,088 swine. Capital, Rockingham. IV. An E. county of Georgia, separated from South Carolina by the Savannah river; area, about 350 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 25,724, of whom 12,565 were colored. It has an uneven surface, and the soil is fertile near the streams. It is intersected by several railroads terminating in Augusta. The chief productions in 1870 were 3,610 bushels of wheat, 77,895 of Indian corn, 18,544 of sweet potatoes, 4,286 lbs. of rice, and 2,017 bales of cotton. There were 342 horses, 507 mules and asses, 739 milch cows, 1,334 other cattle, 378 sheep, and 3,718 swine; 2 manufactories of cotton goods, 4 of iron castings, 8 of machinery, 2 of marble and stone work, 2 of saddlery and harness, 1 of woollen goods, 5 flour mills, and 5 saw mills. Capital, Augusta.

RICHMOND. I. A S. county of Quebec, Canada, drained by the St. Francis river, an affluent of the St. Lawrence; area, 525 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 11,213, of whom 3,718 were of French, 2,935 of English, 2,463 of Irish, and

1,872 of Scotch origin or descent. It is trav- | ersed by the Grand Trunk railway. Capital, Richmond East. II. A county of Nova Scotia, Canada, occupying the S. portion of Cape Breton island, with Madame and smaller islands adjacent; area, 623 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 14,268, of whom 6,965 were of French, 4,902 of Scotch, 1,437 of Irish, and 746 of English origin or descent. Capital, Arichat, on Madame island.

RICHMOND, a city, port of entry, and the capital of Virginia and of Henrico co., the largest city in the state, on the N. bank of James river, here crossed by five bridges, at the head of tide water, and at the lower falls, about 150 m. from its mouth, and 95 m. S. S. W. of Washington; lat. 37° 32' 17" N., lon. 77° 27' 28" W.; pop. in 1790, 3,761; in 1800, 5,737; in 1810, 9,785; in 1820, 12,067; in 1830, 16,060; in 1840, 20,153; in 1850, 27,570; in 1860, 37,910; in 1870, 51,038, of whom 3,778 were foreigners and 23,110 colored; in 1874, 60,705. The city is built on Richmond and Shockoe hills, which are separated by Shockoe creek, and is surrounded by beautiful scenery. It is regularly laid out and well built; the streets, which are lighted with gas, cross each other at right angles. There is a line of horse cars. On Shockoe hill are the state capitol and other public buildings. The capitol, in the centre of a park of eight acres, is a large and im

mense water power. Vessels drawing 16 ft. can ascend to within a mile of the centre of the city, at a place called Rockets, and those of 18 ft. draught to Warwick, 3 m. below. A canal has been built around the falls, and above them there is navigation for over 200 m. Improvements are in progress in the river, which are expected to render the docks accessible by vessels drawing 19 ft. The James River and Kanawha canal extends to Buchanan, 1963 m. Richmond is the point of intersection of five lines of railroad, viz.: Chesapeake and Ohio; Richmond, Danville, and Piedmont; Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac; Richmond and Petersburg; and Richmond, York River, and Chesapeake. The value of its foreign commerce for the year ending June 30, 1874, was as follows: imports, $156,260; exports, $3,463,626. The number of entrances was 33, tonnage 9,032; clearances 74, tonnage 36,305; number of vessels belonging in the district, 31,

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State Capitol of Virginia.

posing edifice, having at one end a handsome tonnage 2,528. The chief articles of export portico; it contains in its central hall Hou- are tobacco and flour. The latter is noted for don's celebrated statue of Washington, and its excellent quality, and is mostly shipped to near by a marble bust of Lafayette. On Brazil. Great quantities of tobacco are shipped the east of the capitol square is the gover- to the north. The number of entrances in the nor's mansion. On the esplanade leading coastwise trade for the year ending Sept. 30, from the mansion toward the W. gate of the 1873, was 719, tonnage 512,613; clearances, square stands a monument by Crawford, con- 579, tonnage 487,004. Regular lines of steamsisting of a bronze equestrian statue of Wash- ers run to Norfolk, Baltimore, Philadelphia, ington rising from a pedestal of granite sur- and New York. The manufactures give emrounded by bronze figures of Patrick Henry, ployment to more than 4,000 men. The prinThomas Jefferson, John Marshall, George Ma- cipal establishments are 13 iron works, mason, Thomas Nelson, and Andrew Lewis. The chine shops, and founderies, producing all square also contains a marble statue of Hen- kinds of wrought- and cast-iron work, steam ry Clay. Among the principal public build- engines, agricultural implements, tobacco maings, in different parts of the city, are the state chinery, &c.; one sugar refinery, one tannery, penitentiary, state armory, court house, jail, four manufactories of plug and smoking tocustom house (also occupied by the post office), bacco, four of cigars, three of coaches and theatre, and two markets. There are several wagons, one each of saws, files, &c., of sash, cemeteries, the handsomest of which is Holly- doors, and blinds, of sheetings and shirtings, wood. The falls of James river afford im- of stoneware, sumach, cedar ware, bedding and

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corn husks, furniture, and paper boxes; a type foundery, a stone-cutting establishment, and five flouring mills, capable of producing 2,000,000 barrels annually. The Tredegar company has a capital of $1,000,000 and employs 1,200 hands, producing spikes, axles, bar iron, freight cars, &c., to the annual value of $3,250,000. There are several granite quarries in the vicinity. The city contains four national banks, with an aggregate capital of $1,400,000, six state banks and savings institutions, with $1,000,000 capital, and ten insurance companies. It is divided into six wards, and is governed by a mayor and council. The police force on Feb. 1, 1875, consisted of 82 men. The fire department comprises five steam engine companies, two hook and ladder companies, and one hose company, with a total of 100 men, and has a telegraphic alarm. The city is supplied with water from two reservoirs, with an aggregate capacity of 50,000,000, gallons, which are filled from the river by force pumps. The assessed value of real estate in 1874 was $41,600,000. The receipts during the year ending Feb. 1, 1875, amounted to $1,574,355 37, including $68,670 84 on hand at the beginning of the period; disbursements, $1,495,717 56; balance, $78,637 81. The bonded debt on Feb. 1, 1875, amounted to $4,239,727 97; floating debt, $82,379 18; total, $4,322,107 15. The whole number of persons admitted to the city almshouse during the year ending on that date was 812; average number of inmates, 245. One of the state insane asylums is situated here. There are several orphan asylums and other charitable institutions. The public schools are under the charge of a board of nine members, besides the mayor, who is president ex officio. There are seven school houses for white children, with an aggregate seating capacity of 3,093, and five for colored children, with a seating capacity of 1,758. The number of schools in operation during the year ending June 30, 1874, was 92, of which 59 (1 high, 21 grammar, and 37 primary) were white, and 33 (5 grammar and 28 primary) were colored; whole number of teachers, 105, of whom 10 were colored; pupils enrolled, 4,959 (3,041 white and 1,918 colored); average daily attendance, 3,595 (2,228 white and 1,367 colored). The expenditure for school purposes during the year ending Aug. 1, 1874, amounted to $80,932 52, of which $50,542 90 were for teachers' wages and $19,108 26 for construction and furniture; value of school property on the above date, $207,537 75. There are numerous private schools. Richmond college, under the control of the Baptists, founded in 1840, has a library of 6,000 volumes and a law department organized in 1868. The Richmond institute (Baptist), for theological instruction, was founded in 1868; it has a library of 1,200 volumes. The medical college of Virginia was established in 1851. Seven daily (two German), four semi-weekly, and ten weekly newspapers, and two semi-monthly and seven monthly periodicals are published. There

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are 49 churches, viz.: 15 Baptist (7 colored), 1 Disciples', 6 Episcopal, 1 Friends', 4 Jewish, 3 Lutheran, 11 Methodist (1 colored), 4 Presbyterian, 3 Roman Catholic, and 1 Unitarian. Richmond was founded by William Byrd in 1737. It was incorporated in 1742, and became the state capital in 1779, at which period it was a small village. On the night of Dec. 26, 1811, the theatre took fire while crowded with spectators, of whom upward of 70 perished, among them the governor of the state. A church, known as the "Monumental" church, has been erected on the site. In May, 1861, Richmond was made the seat of government of the "Confederate States of America," and it so continued until their overthrow in April, 1865. Although geographically near the N. E. frontier, it was practically the military centre of the confederacy. If the railroads meeting here, and extending to every part of the south and southwest, had been planned for military purposes, they could not have been better placed. The defensive position of the city is excellent. On two sides it is covered by the James; on the other sides the Chickahominy and swamps form a natural line of exterior defence. Here also were mills, manufactories, and founderies. When McClellan landed on the peninsula in the spring of 1862, the immediate capture of Richmond was apprehended; and even while he was held in check at Yorktown a panic arose. On April 21 the confederate congress hastily adjourned; the government archives were packed up, and the railroads were crowded with fugitives. The panic increased when Yorktown was abandoned, Norfolk seized, and the Merrimack destroyed. But the state legislature resolved that the city should be defended to the last extremity; the governor ordered that all business except the filling of government contracts should be suspended at 2 o'clock; the militia was to assemble at 3 and drill till sunset. this time there were no fortifications, and no attempt was made to obstruct the passage of the Chickahominy; and a determined attack at any time during the campaign would have had good chances of success. From August, 1862, to June, 1864, while the war was carried on in northern Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, Richmond was held only by a few thousand militia; and several expeditions, mostly of cavalry, were undertaken rather with the design of liberating the Union prisoners and destroying the public works than of permanently holding the city, which might have been easily retaken by the confederates, who were in force between it and the Union army of the Potomac. In March, 1864, Kilpatrick, with 4,000 cavalry, came on the north within 4 m. of the city, penetrating two lines of defences, but was stopped at the third, and abandoned the enterprise. At the same time Dahlgren with a few hundreds reached the inner line from the south, but was repulsed, himself killed in the retreat, and his command dis

At

Fort Wayne, and the Cincinnati, Eaton, and Richmond railroads, as well as several divisions of the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and St. Louis railroad, centring here. There is good water power. The number of manufacturing estab lishments in 1874 was 127; number of hands employed, 1,507; capital invested, $1,807,785; value of raw materials used, $795,784; of products, $2,729,346. The chief articles of manufacture are threshing machines, portable engines, ploughs, flour and saw mill works, school and church furniture, and burial caskets of wood. The slaughtering of hogs is extensively carried on, the number slaughtered in 1874 being 27,700. There are three banks, with an aggregate capital of $900,000. The taxable value of property in 1875 was $8,383,767. The principal charitable institutions are the orphans' home and the home for friendless women. There are nine public school houses, with a high school and inferior grades, having 37 teachers and an enrollment of 1,900 pupils. There are also two Lutheran and two Roman Catholic schools and a business college. The Friends' academy is an important institution. Earlham college, also under the auspices of the Friends, was founded in 1859. It has preparatory and collegiate departments, and admits both sexes. In 1874-5 it had 14 instructors, 221 students, and a library of 3,500 volumes. The buildings are about half a mile W. of the city. Richmond has two theatres, two daily and six weekly (two German) newspapers, a public library of 10,000 volumes, and 20 churches: 2 Baptist, 1 Christian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Evangelical Association, 3 Friends', 2 Lutheran, 4 Methodist, 1 New Jerusalem, 2 Presbyterian, 2 Roman Catholic, and 1 Wesleyan.

persed. Meantime the defences of Richmond | Little Miami, the Cincinnati, Richmond, and had been made too strong to be assailed in front, and the operations of Grant, although really directed against that city, took the form of the siege of Petersburg. (See PETERSBURG, SIEGE OF.) Although several strong demonstrations were made against Richmond during the siege, the 'exterior lines were never carried, the interior lines were never even seen, and in the city itself there was nothing to show that it was beleaguered. The only garrison was the militia of the city, under Ewell, and little was known of what was passing in the army. When, on the morning of April 2, 1865, Gen. Lee informed Jefferson Davis that the army would abandon Petersburg and Richmond that night, there was a universal panic. The government archives were hastily packed up and taken to the station of the Danville railroad, by which the president and cabinet set off in a special train, and every possible effort was made by the people to escape. As night fell the disorder rose to tumult, riot, and general pillage. Toward midnight the last of the troops had crossed the James, and Ewell, who commanded the rear guard, ordered the bridges to be burned, the ironclads in the river blown up, and everything destroyed which could be of use to the enemy. In the very heart of the city were four great government warehouses filled with tobacco, which, in spite of the remonstrances of the mayor, Ewell ordered to be set on fire. Close by were the Gallego flour mills, said to be the largest in the world, and the arsenals filled with loaded shells. The flames spread from street to street, covering acres of the business part of the city, and the tumult and pillage continued all night. Early the next morning the federal general Weitzel entered the city with 20 horsemen, finding before the abatis in his front a line of torpedoes, still marked by flags, followed by three lines of works, each of the inner ones commanding that exterior to it. The whole Union army soon marched in. Gen. Shepley, who had filled the same post at New Orleans, was made military governor. The conflagration was still spreading, and every effort to suppress it was unavailing till toward evening, when the wind veered, and the flames died out. Fully one third of Richmond had been burned, comprising nearly all its business portion.

RICHMOND, a city and the county seat of Wayne co., Indiana, on the E. side of the east branch of Whitewater river, 68 m. E. of Indianapolis; pop. in 1850, 1,443; in 1860, 6,603; in 1870, 9,445; in 1875, 11,579, of whom 1,581 were Germans and 422 Irish. It is built on rolling ground 700 ft. above tide water, and is surrounded by a fertile agricultural district, with which it has an important trade. There is a good fire department. Horse cars traverse the principal streets. In the N. E. corner of the city are fair grounds 33 acres in extent. Richmond is an important railroad centre, the

RICHMOND, a town of Surrey, England, 10 m. W. S. W. of St. Paul's, London; pop. in 1871, 15,113. It is built on the side and summit of an eminence on the Thames, and is famous for its scenery. It is well paved, lighted with gas, accessible by rail and steamboats hourly from the capital, and connected by bridge with Twickenham. It has a theatre, lecture hall, and numerous places of worship; and near by are Pembroke lodge, the seat of Earl Russell, within the park, and many other splendid residences. The Wesleyan theological seminary, on the hill, is a fine specimen of the Tudor style. The parish church contains monuments to Thomson, Edmund Kean, Dr. John Moore, Gilbert Wakefield, and other noted men who are buried here. The Star and Garter hotel, near the park, is celebrated alike for its dinners and for the unrivalled prospect it commands. Originally built in 1738, it has been repeatedly enlarged, was partially destroyed by fire in 1870, and was rebuilt in 1872. Here the annual dinners of the bank of England directors and of many of the great commercial companies of London are given.-Richmond was originally called Schene or Scheen, afterward Sheen, and was a royal residence under

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Edward I. and II. Edward III. died here in 1377. Chaucer was surveyor of the works of the palace in 1389. Anne, queen of Richard II., died here in 1394. In 1414 Henry V. founded a Carthusian priory, which was appropriated by Henry VIII. in 1540, restored by Mary in 1557, and suppressed by Elizabeth in 1559. The palace was burned down in 1498, but was rebuilt immediately after by Henry VII., who changed the name of Sheen to Richmond, from his title of earl of Richmond in Yorkshire before his coronation, and he died here in 1509. Mary temporarily imprisoned here Elizabeth, who afterward made it her favorite residence, and died here in 1603. Richmond park, originally New park, comprising 2,253 acres, surrounded by a brick wall 8 m. in circumference, was enclosed by Charles I. about 1636, and was thrown open to the public in 1752. The palace was partially destroyed under the commonwealth, and was pulled down in the next century. George III. joined the old palace park to Kew gardens. Sir W. Chambers built the Richmond observatory in 1769. RICHMOND, Countess of. See BEAUFORT, MAR

GARET.

RICHMOND, Legh, an English clergyman, born in Liverpool, Jan. 29, 1772, died at Turvey, Bedfordshire, May 8, 1827. He graduated at Trinity college, Cambridge, in 1794, was ordained in 1797, became a curate in the Isle of Wight, and in 1805 chaplain of the Lock hospital, London, and in the same year was presented to the rectory of Turvey. He wrote "Annals of the Poor," including the celebrated story of the "Dairyman's Daughter," of which separately more than 4,000,000 copies in 19 different languages have been circulated. He also published "The Fathers of the English Church, or a Selection from the Writings of the Reformers and Early Protestant Divines of the Church of England" (8 vols. 8vo, 1807'11), and "Domestic Portraitures," consisting of memoirs of his three children.

RICHTER, Johann Paul Friedrich, popularly known as JEAN PAUL, a German author, born at Wunsiedel, near Baireuth, March 21, 1763, died in Baireuth, Nov. 14, 1825. He studied in the gymnasium at Hof and in the university of Leipsic, and published his first work in 1783-'4. Poverty drove him from Leipsic, and during ten years he taught in private families. Subsequently he resided at Hof until his mother's death in 1797, when he returned to Leipsic, and in 1798 joined Herder at Weimar. In 1801 he married Karoline Mayer in Berlin, and removed to Meiningen, and next to Coburg, and in 1804 to Baireuth, where he spent the rest of his life in the enjoyment of a pension of 1,000 florins. The death in 1820 of his only son gave a blow to his health from which he never recovered. His writings abound in a bewildering variety of playful, witty, pathetic, childlike, and sublime thoughts, and are pervaded by a high moral tone; but his style is so incongruous and intri

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323 cate that Reinhold published in 1810 a special work to unravel his meaning. His principal works are: Die unsichtbare Loge, a novel (2 vols., Berlin, 1793); Hesperus (4 vols., 1794; translated into English by Charles T. Brooks, Boston, 1865); Blumen-, Frucht- und Dornenstücke (4 vols., 1796-27; translated into English by E. H. Noel, with a memoir of the author by Carlyle, 2 vols., Boston, 1863); Das Kampanerthal (Erfurt, 1797; English translation, "The Campaner Thal and other Writings," Boston, 1863); Titan (Berlin, 1800-1803; translated by C. T. Brooks, 2 vols. 12mo, Boston, 1862); Flegeljahre (4 vols., Tübingen, 1804-'5); Vorschule der Aesthetik (3 vols., Hamburg, 1804); and Levana, oder Erziehungslehre (Brunswick, 1807; 4th ed., enlarged from his posthumous papers, Stuttgart, 1861; English translation, Boston, 1863). The last two express his views on philosophy, in which he sympathized with Herder and Jacobi, and opposed Fichte. His complete works comprise 65 vols. (Berlin, 1826-'38). E. Förster and Christian Otto published Wahrheit aus Jean Paul's Leben, partly founded upon his autobiography (8 vols., Breslau, 1826-33), and Förster was the sole author of Denkwürdigkeiten aus Jean Paul's Leben (7 vols., Munich, 1863). Among the published correspondence of Jean Paul are his Briefe an eine Jugendfreundinn (Brandenburg, 1858). Carlyle was the first in 1827 to familiarize the English with Jean Paul's genius. In the United States appeared biographical sketch after the German, and extracts from Flegeljahre, translated by Eliza Buckminster Lee (Boston, 1842; new ed., 1864).

RICINUS. See CASTOR OIL.

RICKAREES, or Ricarees, called also Aricaras, Rees, and Black Pawnees, a tribe of Indians of the Pawnee family, living on the Upper Missouri. They are said to call themselves Starrahhé and also Pauani. They are an offshoot of the Pawnees of Platte valley, Nebraska, from whom they separated about a century ago. They were originally ten large tribes, but were reduced by smallpox in 1791 and by the hostility and oppression of the Tetons and other Sioux. They were warlike, the men generally going naked, their heads adorned with feathers. They came into collision with the whites before 1810. Twelve years after they were near Cannon Ball river, in two palisaded villages of 141 lodges. On June 2, 1823, they attacked Gen. Ashley's party of traders, killing and wounding 23. Col. Leavenworth was sent against them, and defeated them in a severe battle, Aug. 9. They made peace, but fled during the night of the 13th, and their towns were fired by the traders. The Rickarees went to the Platte, and as the Sioux seized their country became wanderers. By 1825 they were again on the Missouri, where a treaty was made with them, July 11. As they still remained hostile, all trade with them was closed in 1831, when they again became wanderers.. Some years later they returned from

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