and the Canada military asylum for the widows and orphans of British soldiers, are maintained at the public expense.-The most important educational institution is the "Seminary of Quebec," with its offshoot and dependent the Laval university. The seminary was founded in 1663 by François de Montmorency-Laval, first bishop of Quebec, who bestowed upon it at his death in 1708 all the personal property in Canada which he had purchased by the sale of his patrimonial estates in France. The grand séminaire or theological school was opened in 1666, and the petit séminaire or collegiate school in 1668. The first building for the special use of these schools, of stone, on the site of the present middle seminary building, was erected in 1678; it was burned in 1701, rebuilt, and again burned in 1705, when it was built larger. It was originally designed only for clerical students; but when the Jesuit college, founded in 1637, was closed after the conquest, the seminary courses were thrown open to all classes. The whole community of professors and pupils numbered 54 persons in 1704, and 110 in 1800. Within the present century two new wings have been added to the original building, each far exceeding it in size and costliness. The institution was raised to the rank of a university by a charter signed by Queen Victoria Dec. 8, 1852, the power of conferring the canonical degrees in theology being granted by Pius IX., March 6, 1853. The corner stone of the principal university building was laid Sept. 20, 1854. The three buildings erected are 576 ft. long (the main building being 286 ft.), five stories high, and of cut stone; the whole has been completed at a cost of $238,787, without counting the sums expended for museums, library, apparatus, and picture gallery, amounting to about $500,000. In 1865 the whole of the new wing of the theological seminary and a portion of the old were burned down; but the directors rebuilt and enlarged these portions, giving a total length of 684 ft. for the seminary buildings alone. The buildings connected with the main university edifice are a separate school of medicine and a boarders' hall for students in law and medicine. In thus founding the university and providing it with all that was needful, the directors declined all aid from the government or the city. The large hall of convocation has seats for 1,200 persons, besides galleries for ladies; the chemical laboratory is spacious, fire-proof, and provided with complete apparatus. The mineralogical and geological collections were first prepared under the direction of the Rev. John Holmes, and afterward, with several large subsequent additions, arranged systematically by Prof. T. Sterry Hunt. The museum of botany is equally complete. That of zoology contains upward of 1,300 different birds and over 7,000 insects. The ethnological collection is chiefly made up of the remains of Canadian Indians, and is mainly due to the labors of Dr. J. C. Taché. The museum of the medical de partment is especially complete. The gallery of paintings, lately thrown open to the public, contains 150 originals, duplicates, and copies, sent from France after the revolution of 1791, and repurchased from various owners in Canada, by the Hon. Joseph Légaré. The university library contains upward of 55,000 volumes, independently of the libraries belonging to the theological and preparatory departments, amounting to about 20,000 volumes more. The nine directors of the seminary are by right members of the university council, the superior of the seminary being ex officio rector of the university. The other members of the council are the three senior professors in each of the faculties of divinity, law, medicine, and arts. The Roman Catholic archbishop of Quebec is ex officio visitor of the university; to him belongs the appointment of the professors of divinity and canon law, and the conferring of all degrees in the same. In 1875 there were five titular professors in divinity and its kindred sciences, six in law, nine in medicine, and five titular and six associate professors in arts, and one honorary professor and three tutors or professors chargés de cours. The divinity course embraces four years, the law course three years, and the medical course four years. There are six affiliated colleges: the college or preparatory seminary of Quebec, the college of Nicolet, the college of Ste. Anne de la Pocatière, the college of Ste. Thérèse de Blainville, the college of St. Joseph, Three Rivers, and that of St. Germain, Rimouski. The_affiliated theological seminaries are those of Quebec, Ste. Anne de la Pocatière, and St. Germain de Rimouski. About 40 priests and theological students are employed in various capacities: of these the board of directors, or the corporation of the seminary, receive no salary, being provided with all necessaries at an annual expense of about $250 for each. The auxiliary priests receive, besides their board, a salary of $100; the tutors or disciplinarians who are theological students have each a yearly salary of $55; and the whole amount of salaries is considerably less than $2,000. In 1874 there were in all 290 university students, of whom 55 were in the divinity school, 36 in the law school, 93 in the medical school, and 106 in the junior and senior classes of philosophy.-Besides the university, Quebec has the Laval normal and model school, founded in January, 1857, under the superintendence of the Hon. Pierre J. O. Chauveau; the Morrin college, the only nonepiscopal Protestant one in the province; and the Quebec high school. Morrin college occupies the old prison in the centre of the upper town; it has 10 professors, but is inadequately patronized. The high school has been always very successful, and has 200 students, with a large staff of professors and a handsome library. The other principal schools are: the Ursuline convent, founded in 1639, having in 1875 89 nuns, and educating 260 boarders, 140 QUEBEC (CITY) QUEDLINBURG 143 Louis XV. ceded the whole of New France to the English. Quebec, ruined by Wolfe's bombardment, rose slowly from its ashes, though its commerce increased. In 1764 the first newspaper, the "Quebec Gazette," published in two languages, made its appearance. In 1775 the city had only 5,000 inhabitants. In December, 1775, a small American force under Gen. Montgomery attempted its capture, but failed, with the loss of about 700 men and their commander (Dec. 31). In 1792, the year after the inauguration of the representative system in Canada, the first Lower Canadian parliament was convoked at Quebec, and the city remained the seat of government for the lower province till the union of the Canadas in 1841. During this period its growth was steady and moderately rapid; in 1844 its population was 32,876, besides 2,797 in the suburbs. Two terrible fires occurred in 1845, at a month's interval, in the faubourgs of St. Roch and St. John; nearly 3,000 houses were burned, and property to the amount of more than $8,000,000 was destroyed. Large conflagrations also occurred in 1862 and 1866; and great improvements have since been made in the fire department and a more secure style of building adopted. In 1851 Quebec again became the capital for four years under the arrangement for alternating capitals adopted in 1849, and kept up till 1858, when Ottawa became the seat of government. After the erecintion of the Dominion of Canada in 1867, Quebec became the capital of the province of Quebec. half boarders, and 400 day scholars, together | 694 QUEDLINBURG, a town of Prussia, in the province of Saxony, beautifully situated near the lower Hartz mountains, on the Bode, a tributary of the Saale, 31 m. S. W. of Magdeburg; pop. in 1871, 16,402. Two arms of the Bode divide the old from the new town, and there are four suburbs, one laid out in 1862. The castle, on a rocky eminence, once the residence of the local abbesses, is in decay, and is partly used as a school. The Schlosskirche, with remarkable art treasures, was made in 1838 the theme of a special work by Ranke and Kugler. There are seven Protestant churches, and one Catholic. A gymnasium was established here by Luther and Melanchthon. The ruined convent of St. Wipertus is now a barn. In the Brühl garden are monuments of Klopstock and Carl Ritter, who were born here. Quedlinburg is a market for seeds, agricultural and garden products, cattle, books, and woollen goods. The see of Quedlinburg was celebrated from the 10th to the 18th century for its abbesses, who had a seat in the diet as princesses of the German empire. The first abbess was Matilda, daughter of Otho I. (963999). In 1539 the abbesses joined the reformation. Conspicuous among those of the 18th century were Anne Amalia, a sister of Frederick the Great, and Sophia Albertina, a daughter of King Adolphus Frederick of Sweden, who was the last, retiring in 1802, but retaining the title till her death. QUEEN (Goth. queins, quens, a woman, a wife; Icelandic, kvan; A. S. cwên, wife, queen; Gr. yovh, a woman), the wife of a king, or a woman who is the sovereign of a kingdom. In the former capacity she is regarded in most countries as a person of dignity only inferior to that of her husband, and possesses all the privileges enjoyed by a feme sole. Thus in England she can receive grants from or make them to her husband, can purchase or convey land without his concurrence, can sue and be sued alone, and dispose of her property by will. She has a separate household and separate courts and officers, is exempted from paying tolls and amercements, and has other extraordinary privileges; and to compass or imagine her death, or to violate or defile her person, even with her consent, is treason. If accused of treason herself, she is tried by the peers of parliament. She is also entitled to be crowned with full regal solemnities. In other respects she is on a footing of equality with the subjects of her husband, in accordance with the maxim of the Roman law: Augusta legibus soluta non est. As a sovereign princess, a signification not originally comprehended in the term queen, she possesses all the attributes of a king; and her husband, if she is married, is her subject. In France, where by the Salic law a female could not succeed to the throne, the mother of a sovereign sometimes exercised royal authority during the minority of her son, in which case she was called the queen regent. The queen dowager is the widow of a king, and as such enjoys most of the privileges accorded to her during the lifetime of her husband. In England she does not lose her rank, although she marry with a commoner; but no one can contract a marriage with her without a special license from the sovereign. When the queen dowager is mother of the sovereign, she is commonly called the queen mother. QUEEN ANNE, an E. county of Maryland, bordered E. by Delaware, W. by Chesapeake bay, and N. W. by Chester river, and drained by several creeks; area, 400 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 16,171, of whom 6,592 were colored. It has a rolling surface and fertile soil. The chief productions in 1870 were 326,828 bushels of wheat, 605,975 of Indian corn, 59,167 of oats, 26,845 of Irish and 9,467 of sweet potatoes, 22,581 lbs. of wool, and 107,422 of butter. There were 3,703 horses, 586 mules and asses, 3,121 milch cows, 1,201 working oxen, 3,050 other cattle, 5,373 sheep, and 9,942 swine; 1 fruit-canning establishment, 1 woollen mill, and 3 saw mills. Capital, Centreville. QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS, a group in the N. Pacific ocean, about 130 m. N. W. of Vancouver island, and about 80 m. from the coast of British Columbia, to which they belong. They consist of four principal islands, with numerous adjacent islets, extending N. N. W. and S. S. E. about 180 m., and separated by narrow channels; aggregate area about 5,000 sq. m. The largest islands are Prevost at the southern extremity of the group, Moresby, Graham, and North at the northern. Moresby island is about 80 m. long and from 10 to 30 m. wide, with an area of 1,500 sq. m. Graham island is about 80 m. long and from 20 to 60 m. wide, with an area of 3,000 sq. m. Prevost and North islands are much smaller. The surface is hilly, but not mountainous. The interior is clothed with magnificent forests of pine, cedar, and similar trees. Copper and iron ores and anthracite coal have been found. Various kinds of berries are abundant, and potatoes are cultivated by the natives. There is thought to be much arable land. The climate is equable, the winters being mild and the summers cool. The harbors are numerous. The surrounding waters swarm with fish. The natives, divided into several tribes, number 4,000 or 5,000. QUEEN CHARLOTTE SOUND. See VANCOUVER ISLAND. QUEENS, a S. E. county of New York, in the W. part of Long Island, bordered N. by Long Island sound and S. by the Atlantic ocean; area, 410 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 73,803. Its surface is somewhat hilly; much of the soil is fertile, and nearly all is highly cultivated. The shores are much indented by bays and inlets, and on the S. beach are many small islands. It is intersected by the Long Island and several other railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 83,258 bushels of wheat, 58,576 of rye, 535,796 of Indian corn, 164,599 of oats, 7,063 of barley, 24,685 of buckwheat, 49,145 of peas and beans, 734,549 of potatoes, 48,325 tons of hay, 11,254 lbs. of wool, and 362,250 of butter. There were 7,733 horses, 8,627 milch cows, 569 working oxen, 2,294 other cattle, 3,838 sheep, and 8,229 swine; 4 manufactories of brick, 28 of carriages and wagons, 7 of cordage and twine, two of explosives and fireworks, 1 of fertilizers, 1 of India-rubber and elastic goods, 3 of liquors, 4 of machinery, 8 of brick and stone, 4 of oil, 5 of paper, 11 of saddlery and harness, 4 of sash, doors, and blinds, 2 of starch, 3 of stone and earthen ware, 14 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron, 4 flour mills, 5 lumber mills, and 4 ship yards. The court house is in the town of North Hempstead, about a mile from Mineola station on the Long Island railroad. The county clerk's office is in the village of Jamaica. A new court house is in course of erection in Long Island City. QUEEN'S. I. A S. central county of New Brunswick, Canada, intersected by the St. John river; area, 1,480 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 13,847, of whom 5,469 were of Irish, 4,842 of English, 2,142 of Scotch, and 918 of Dutch origin or descent. Around Grand lake considerable quantities of bituminous coal are mined. The county is traversed by the European and North American railway. Capital, Gagetown. II. A S. W. county of Nova Scotia, Canada, bordering on the Atlantic ocean; area, 1,065 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 10,554, of whom 5,270 QUEEN'S were of English, 2,245 of German, 1,150 of Scotch, and 1,110 of Irish origin or descent. The coast is deeply indented, and bordered by a rugged ridge extending many miles inland. The interior is beautifully diversified with valleys, rivers, and lakes. The soil along the streams is fertile. Capital, Liverpool. III. The central county of Prince Edward Island, Canada; area, 771 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 42,651. It is traversed by the Prince Edward Island railway. The surface is diversified and the soil fertile. Capital, Charlottetown, which is also the capital of the province. | QUEEN'S, a S. E. county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster; area, 664 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 77,071. The Slieve-Bloom mountains divide it from King's county. The principal rivers are the Barrow and its tributary the Nore. Lough Annagh, on the N. boundary, the only lake of any importance, is not more than a mile long. Iron and copper ore and potter's clay are found; and anthracite coal mines are worked. Excepting in the centre of the county, where there are extensive bogs, the soil is generally fertile. The principal towns are Mountmellick, Mountrath, and Mary-sea. borough. QUEENSLAND, a British colony in Australia, comprising the N. E. part of the island, lying between lat. 10° 43′ and 29° S., and lon. 138° and 153° E., bounded N. by Torres strait, N. E. by the Coral sea, E. by the South Pacific, S. by New South Wales and South Australia, W. by South Australia and the Northern Territory, and N. W. by the gulf of Carpentaria; area, including the coast islands, 678,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1871 (revised), 120,104; in 1873, estimated at 146,690. Of the population in 1871, 71,767 were males and 48,337 females; 47,343 were born in Australia and New Zealand, 26,296 in England and Wales, 8,564 in Scotland, 20,972 in Ireland, 8,317 in Germany, 3,305 in China, 215 in the United States, and 188 in France. The religious division of the inhabitants in 1871 was as follows: Anglicans, 43,764; Roman Catholics, 31,822; Presbyterians, 15,373; Wesleyans, 7,206; Congregationalists, 2,647; other Protestant denominations, 11,485; Jews, 291. No trustworthy information can be obtained concerning the number of aborigines.-The coast line, from Point Danger, the S. E. extremity, to Cape York, the most northerly point, has a general N. W. direction; it runs thence nearly due S. to the southernmost part of the gulf of Carpentaria, forming the York peninsula, when it turns W. and then nearly N. W. to the boundary line of the Northern Territory. Its entire length is about 2,500 m. Off the E. coast, at an average distance of 20 to 30 m. from the shore, though in some places 60 m., lies the coral reef called the Great Barrier, which extends from Cape York to lat. 24°, about 1,250 m. Within this reef, through which there are frequent though dangerous passages, is a navigable sea, with an ordinary depth of 10 to 25 fathoms; but at the S. end, where the channel is widest, the depth exceeds 60 fathoms. The coast, both within this sea and S. of it, is indented by numerous fine bays, with capacious natural harbors, many of which form the outlets of navigable rivers. The principal of these are Moreton bay, at the head of which stands Brisbane, the capital of the colony, Hervey bay, Port Curtis, Keppel bay, Port Bowen, Port Denison, and Halifax, Rockingham, Trinity, Princess Charlotte, Weymouth, and Shelburne bays. The whole E. coast is strewn with islands, chiefly small. The largest, Frazer or Great Sandy island, in lat. 25°, is about 80 m. long by 20 m. wide. In Torres strait are Mulgrave's, Banks, and Prince of Wales islands, and in Carpentaria bay is a group called the Wellesley islands, the largest of which is Mornington. Along the gulf of Carpentaria the coast is low and sandy, with the exception of the S. part, where mountain ranges approach the sea. The E. coast is generally mountainous. From 50 to 100 m. from the shore, and parallel to it, is a mountain chain forming several distinct ranges, from which numerous spurs run to the The principal of these are the Gilbert range in the north, the Expedition range in the middle, and the Denham range in the south. The general height of the mountains is not more than 2,000 ft., but some of the peaks are much higher. Mt. Mitchell, S. of Brisbane, is 4,120 ft. high; Mt. Eliot, near Halifax bay, 4,122 ft.; and two of the peaks of the Bellenden Kerr range, on the coast S. of Trinity bay, are respectively 5,158 ft. and 5,438 ft. high. Beyond the mountains, table lands covered with herbage and well supplied with water, but without trees, stretch across the country to the gulf of Carpentaria, broken occasionally by mountain ranges. Within certain distances of the principal mountains the rains fall regularly, and the plains are covered with light timber. The mountains themselves are heavily wooded. Queensland is drained by many rivers, several of which are navigable. In the S. part most of the streams flow into New South Wales. The chief rivers that find an outlet on the E. coast are the Brisbane, which, together with the Arrowsmith, Logan, Pine, and Caboolture, empties into Moreton bay, and it is navigable for 75 m. by steamers; the Mary and the Burnett, which flow into Hervey bay; the Fitzroy, which, with its affluents, the Dawson, Mackenzie, and Isaacs, drains several hundred miles of country, and is navigable for 60 m. above its mouth in Keppel bay; and the Burdekin, which is fed by the Bowen, Belyando, and others, and empties into Wickham bay. The Mitchell, Van Diemen, Flinders, and Albert flow into Carpentaria bay. The banks of the rivers are usually high and well wooded, being mostly covered with thick hedges of mangroves and forests of fig trees and eucalypti, festooned with flowering vines. On the mountains the pine and cedar, and many varieties of trees unknown elsewhere, grow luxu riantly. The climate of Queensland is prefer- | ernor appointed by the crown, an executive able to that of other parts of Australia, it being said to resemble closely that of Madeira, and the colony has been for many years the resort of invalids from the other settlements. The summer is hot, the thermometer sometimes indicating 100° in the shade; but the atmosphere is dry, and the heat is so tempered by the sea breezes that the nights are always cool. It is generally exempt from the hot winds which prevail in other parts of Australia. Rain falls regularly in the hot season, but a dry season is experienced every six or seven years. Most of the productions of both temperate and tropical countries can be cultivated with success. There are few indigenous fruits or vegetables, but those of almost all other countries have been naturalized. The soil is well adapted for the cultivation of cotton, sugar cane, and tobacco, as well as of maize, wheat, and other cereals, and all the vegetables and flowers of northern Europe. At the end of 1872 there were 62,491 acres under cultivation, of which 12,002 were devoted to cotton and 11,757 to sugar cane. The orange, lemon, citron, pineapple, fig, banana, peach, nectarine, grape, guava, mulberry, apple, pear, granadilla, and many other fruits, grow to perfection. In consequence of the high price of labor and the difficulty of finding a market for agricultural products, the greater part of the industry is devoted to stock raising. The downs furnish rich pasturage, and sheep and cattle increase rapidly. Horses are so numerous that only the best bred animals are selected for breaking. Cattle and sheep are frequently boiled down for their tallow and hides, but attempts have been made of late years to preserve the meat for exportation to Europe. The staple product is wool, the quality of which increases in fineness as the flocks are driven northward. About 195,000 sq. m. are occupied for sheep raising. At the close of 1872 the live stock in the colony numbered 6,687,907 sheep, 1,200,992 horned cattle, 92,798 horses, and 35,732 swine. -Queensland is rich in minerals, principally gold, copper, and coal. Gold was first discovered at Canoona, about 35 m. from Rockhampton. In 1867 several other fields were opened, the richest of which was at Gympic creek, 130 m. from Brisbane, which proved to be very rich in gold-bearing quartz. There are now more than a dozen gold fields in the colony, mostly in the N. and N. W. districts. The total gold product for 1872 was 178,308 oz., valued at £592,993. The richest copper mines are at Clermont, and the chief coal mines are on the Brisbane and Bremer rivers. The product of the coal mines for 1872 was 27,727 tons, valued at £16,120.-Queensland is divided into 12 districts: Moreton, Darling Downs, Burnett, Port Curtis, Maranoa, Leichhardt, Kennedy, Mitchell, Warrego, Gregory, Burke, and Cook. The principal towns, besides Brisbane, are Ipswich, Rockhampton, Gympic, Maryborough, and Towoomba. The government is vested in a gov-| council, and a parliament of two houses, the legislative council and the legislative assembly. The governor is commander-in-chief of the troops, and has also the title of vice admiral. The executive council consists of a colonial secretary, treasurer, postmaster general, attorney general, minister for lands, and minister for mines and public works. The legislative council consists of 21 members, nominated by the crown for life. The house of assembly comprises 32 deputies, elected by ballot for five years. Electors must be natural born or naturalized citizens, 21 years of age, who possess certain small property qualifications, and have suffered no condemnation for criminal acts. Justice is administered through a chief justice, a puisné judge, each of whom has associates, and several district judges. There is no state church, an act having been passed in 1860 abolishing state aid to religion. Nearly all the leading denominations are represented in the colony, and all have numerous places of worship. Education is under the control of a board of education, consisting of six members appointed by the government, with one of the ministry for chairman. It is similar to the national system in vogue in Ireland, and is entirely free. Aid is granted to schools not established by the board, which are called nonvested schools, on their complying with certain regulations. The state also assists schools more advanced than primary schools. In 1870 there were 111 public schools, 226 teachers, and an aggregate attendance of 16,227. Of these, 89 were primary schools, with 170 teachers and 11,087 scholars. Brisbane, Ipswich, and Maryborough have grammar schools. There were also 101 private schools in the colony in 1870. The gross revenue in 1873 was £1,120,034, and the expenditure £948,750. The public debt on Dec. 31, 1872, was £4,547,850. The total value of the imports in 1873 was £2,881,726; exports, £3,542,513. Commercial intercourse is chiefly with the other Australian colonies and with Great Britain. In 1873 the imports from Great Britain amounted to £815,638, and the exports to it to £871,235, of which £534,935 was for wool. The principal articles exported were wool, tallow, gold, copper, tin ore, cotton, live stock, hides, timber, and provisions. The total export of wool in 1872 was 17,793,000 lbs. The entrances at the various ports in 1870 were 476 vessels of the aggregate capacity of 139,292 tons. In the same year 2,825 immigrants were landed. At the close of 1873 there were 218 m. of railway in operation. The chief lines are the Southern and Western, from Ipswich to Warwick, 176 m.; and the Northern, from Rockhampton in the direction of the Dawson river, which in 1873 was completed to Westwood, 30 m. The railways have a gauge of 3 ft. 6 in. At the close of 1872 there were 3,368 m. of telegraph wire in operation, with 53 stations. (For information relating to the geology, zoology, botany, and aborigines, see |