ART. V.-The Tyrol; with a glance at Bavaria.

By H. D. INGLIS, author of " Spain in 1830." 2 vols. post 8vo. London: Whittaker, Treacher, and Co. 1833.

WE performed so very pleasant a journey with Mr. Inglis through Spain, that we commence a trip to the Tyrol in his company, with no small degree of expectation. But no temptations which even he can hold forth to us will ever again induce us to try any part of France, or the borders of Germany, nor even Augsburg, new as it is, so wearied are we with the monthly excursions which we have made to these well known haunts for many a tedious year. We cannot, however, resist noticing some novel reflections to which the present journey of the author, along the beaten track, has given rise. After stating that nearly in all the countries of Europe it is the habit for married couples, in the middle classes, to occupy different couches, with the exception of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, and, as Mr. Inglis was happy to find, throughout Bavaria. He thinks the observation and record of this fact well worthy of attention, inasmuch as he has found that in those countries, and in that society where the domestic virtues are most prominent, and the marriage tie held most sacred, there no separation existed, so that it is by no means a violence to the rules of logic to lay it down as a sort of corollary, that the feebleness of the connubial chain which should bind husband and wife together, is exactly in proportion with the extent of the separation between man and wife. In England, we of the middle classes know nothing of these continental refinements; in some of the exalted families of society it is said that the old English fashion of a community of counterpane is gone into desuetude; but as for what may be called truly the nation, the people in this country, nine-tenths of them would scarcely believe that a contrary practice to their own, in all such matters, would be endured in any civilized nation. But let any obstinate yeoman from Sussex to York only take a trip to France for a brief season, and he will soon learn how the upper and the middle classes of the French respect the spirit of unity which composes the essence of the marriage tie; whilst a conformity with the good old custom of their Anglican neighbours is (proh pudor!) restricted to the inferior classes. In the Netherlands they adopt the example of the French; and in Spain, Mr. Inglis assures us, that that example is even improved upon, for it has the support, not only of the grandees, but of even the simple peasantry of the wild and unsophisticated mountainous places.

After what Mr. Inglis has stated respecting the congeniality of virtue which seems to be common to Great Britain and Bavaria, on the matrimonial score at least, we cannot do better than dwell for a short time on the improved condition of some portion of its population, for it is not improbable that the absence of that revolting

usage which we have condemned in France, the Netherlands, and Spain, may be traced partly to the state of moral advancement to which the people have arrived. We shall, under these peculiar circumstances, readily accompany our guide to Munich, for the purpose of seeing more of such an interesting population as that of Bavaria.

Mr. Inglis, in speaking of the magnificence of the palace of the king, in Munich, tells us that, amongst the foreigners who went to see the interior of this splendid fabric, two Englishmen very particularly distinguished themselves, at least according to the traditions of that place. One of these, with a long purse, had the audacity to ask the king to put his price on a miniature representation of Orpheus charming the beasts. Another, it is said, offered to purchase the porcelain contained in his Majesty's cabinet. The palace, indeed, seems to be a gallery of wonders in art in this apartment we have a bed, the gold employed in which amounts to the weight of 229 pounds; in that we are dazzled by the resplendent light of mirrors and gildings, and bronze relieved by variegated tapestries. In the chapel of the palace the author found many objects well worthy his admiration, particularly the statue of a virgin, with a gold habit and diamond crown, standing on a pedestal of Lapis Lazuli; an organ of gold, silver, ebony, and mother of pearl, and decorated with a profusion of pearls; a statue of St. George and the Dragon, the former in gold, the latter in jasper, and both adorned with two thousand two hundred and ninety-one brilliants, four hundred and six rubies, and two hundred and nine large oriental pearls.

Mr. Inglis bears testimony to the liberality with which every curiosity is shown to strangers in Munich; and the facilities thus afforded to him of visiting the institutions of the fine arts in that city, enabled him to appreciate the extent of the encouragement given by the government to the study of those arts. When Mr. Inglis visited the city, the king was busily engaged in superintending the erection of the Glypthotheck, a chaste and beautiful edifice, for the reception of ancient statues. A journey from London to Munich would be well repaid, he says, by a view of this fabric alone, the beauty of its marbles not being equalled by any other edifice in Europe, those of the Escurial not excepted, and the author has himself seen both.

The king is very unostentatious and simple in his domestic habits: he rises at five o'clock in the morning the whole year round, and takes a basin of soup; he breakfasts with the queen at eleven; the royal family, including king and queen, dine at five in the evening. Mr. Inglis was greatly pleased with his visit to the prison of Munich. Here the principle of discipline is, that each of the prisoners should earn his own bread: so that the gaol resembles in the day a workshop on a great scale, in which handicraft employments of all sorts are actively carried on. Each trade has a distinct

workshop, and the mechanics in the same apartment are allowed to converse with each other on certain topics only; and this part of the regulations is enforced by overseers, who are in constant attendance. The working prisoners need not work longer than is necessary to supply them with daily sustenance. If, however, they are willing to go farther, the surplus beyond the daily expenses are reserved for the prisoner until the term of his confinement is ended; it is then given to him, minus a quota towards the expenses of the prison. Mr. Inglis mentions that one man was discharged before he went to Munich, whose fund, composed of his extra earnings, amounted to no less than eighty-three pounds English money. When young persons without a trade are put into prison, they are taught one if they desire it. The female prisoners follow likewise their trades-comprehending embroidery, stocking weaving, straw-hat making, plaiting, &c.; and those of them who have been cooks or housemaids act in this capacity respectively in the prison. The women are rigorously separated from the males.

A great deal more articles than the consumption of the prison requires are made by the inmates; the surplus annually amounts to upwards of six thousand pounds. Confinement for life is a common punishment in this institution, and it is imposed on culprits who, according to the laws of this country, would deserve death; and, with respect to the latter penalty, we may state, that no execution has taken place in Munich for the last twelve years. But in some particulars the lot of these who are to remain for life is viewed with a little indulgence. Thus to them the luxury of tobacco is extended; whilst from those who are destined merely for a temporary abode within the walls of the gaol, it is strictly withheld. The prison, at the period of the author's visit, contained a gross number of 666 prisoners-males 520, females 140. A singular provision for the security of the prisoners is enforced in this institution: a set of large and fierce dogs are let loose every night in the open space surrounding the prison. Thus we see that it is possible for a state to be comparatively moral where no sums are raised by the people for supporting prisoners or prisons-where no statutes exist for transporting criminals to distant colonies-and where no prisoner, after his term of confinement has expired, is turned out without a stiver in his pocket. The remarks of Mr. Inglis on this interesting and deeply important subject are well worthy of attention. He

says

The two great objects ought unquestionably to be, correction of the criminal's habits while under punishment, and some security, that when punishment ends, these corrected habits may continue. It is well understood now, though not acted upon, that the punishment of crime does not deter others from the commission of it; and that, therefore, the two objects above stated are the only wise and legitimate objects of punishment.

Solitary imprisonment-which finds many advocates-may effect the

first, but cannot effect the second of these objects: nor does it even always certainly effect the first object-that of correction. It may, or it may not: some minds may be tamed and tutored by it, and the awfulness of solitude, and the weary, but only resource of reflexion, must, no doubt, often produce an advantageous result: but minds of a different complexion may be hardened by solitude-impatience of its loneliness, may produce a bitterness and doggedness of feeling-and reflexion, in place of leading to wholesome meditation, may run in a wrong channel. But, at all events, whatever may be the effects of this punishment in correcting the habits, or rather, in improving the mind of the prisoner, its benefit ceases with its term; and it impossible to conceive a case of greater cruelty, than that of a criminal who, after being trained by a long course of punishment, for habits of honesty and industry, is then thrown loose upon the world, with no temptation to the one, or call upon the other.

I cannot, for my own part, conceive any system so perfectly adapted for the correction of idle and profligate courses, as daily employment in the trade to which a felon has been accustomed in his innocent days,—with a knowledge, that his industry is not only procuring him his daily bread, but that it is forming for him a little stock, by which, when his confinement is over, he may carry with him a claim to the consideration of others, -which is the surest foundation of self respect : it seems a return to honest days he is again a tradesman, living by his labour, and laying by the surplus from his necessities; nor am I sure that the society and conversation of others, actuated like himself, by similar feelings, and with similar hopes, under the surveillance of proper persons, is any bar to an improvement in his feelings. Few men are bettered by continued solitude, however advantageous occasional retirement may be; and if something be subtracted from the severity of punishment, by permitting, under proper restraints, an intercourse among the prisoners, it is amply compensated by other advantages. It would be impossible, indeed, to combine solitary imprisonment with the system pursued in the prison of Munich; because it would be impossible to have a separate forge for every blacksmith, who indeed cannot work alone, or a separate workshop for every sadler or carpenter.—pp. 105-108.

The advantage of such a system as that of Munich needs no further recommendation than that which it acquires from securing, as one of its consequences, the employment of prisoners amongst the manufacturing hands of the nation. Thus many accoutrements of the Bavarian army, such as saddles, caps, knapsacks and belts, shoes, horse-shoes, and clothing, are the produce of the felons and misdemeanants of that country; and being so produced, of necessity cost the state less than if purchased from the ordinary vender. We see then, how, out of the very misfortunes of a kingdom, the 'elements of good to her may be deduced; and that Bavaria, instead of being, like England, a loser to a great amount by the operation of her criminal laws, is, upon the whole, a very considerable gainer. But what are the pecuniary considerations connected with this state of the case, compared with the moral results on the prisoner himself to which it gives rise? Mr. Inglis states, with great acuteness

and no less truth, that few persons (though there may be some) are rogues by choice; and if so, is it not a grand point to lessen the influence of that power which is the immediate cause of roguery? If a poor man can find that his industry is profitable to him, he will hardly risk the perils which will attend the attempt to obtain the same benefit with the facility and little trouble which thievery implies. "I took some pains," says Mr. Inglis, " to ascertain the result" (the result of the prison system at Munich)—" as far as those in the management of the prison could inform me, and I learnt that in but few cases offenders were committed a second time; and that those who had been dismissed with the largest sums, had in no instance returned. He adds, that many of the young prisoners, who had been taught trades whilst in confinement, in process of time generally made attentive and respectable tradesmen; and that, as a general truth, it might be received with confidence, that crime in the country where this sort of discipline prevailed was yearly on the decrease. Amongst the other establishments which so creditably distinguish Munich, is a receptacle for the poor: one division of which, that including the helpless and indigent, is supported, partly by royal donation, and partly by private benevolence; whilst the other, comprehending all those persons who are able, but cannot get the opportunity, to work, are supplied, in this institution, with employment. The results of the industry of the latter go to their maintenance. The third peculiar establishment, spoken of by Mr. Inglis, in Munich, is a general hospital, capable of accommodating seven or eight hundred patients. These are classed into, first, those who are admitted gratuitously; secondly, those who pay an annual subscription of four florins (a little more than half a guinea of our money), for the privilege of the hospital at all times; and, thirdly, those persons whose worldly circumstances will enable them, should they not wish to be a burden to their friends, to pay the sum of about a guinea a week. For that payment they have a private chamber, an attendant, nourishment, medical advice, and remedies, and all such assistance as money can command. This latter institution is rendered still more valuable by having attached to it a noble garden, delightfully laid out, and suited, in every respect, to assist the re-establishment of health. The number of hospitals in Munich is increased by the addition of those of the holy spirit, superintended by charitable persons: a military hospital, a lunatic asylum, a foundling, lying-in, and orphans' hospital. But the Sunday-school of Munich, upon a very extensive plan, is perhaps the most interesting of the public establishments of that city. Here are to be found no less than 1629 scholars, taught by sixteen masters. Morals, the principles of physics, geography, natural history, chemistry, and geography, form the subjects of tuition and apparatus for the illustration of the different sciences, with models of machines, &c. The school is practically made use of by the sons of artisans, who pay nothing