get very hard, and of a size to pass between the teeth of the harrows, and then no more good can be effected. The roll may again follow, and harrowing afterwards; and the weeds being gathered and carted off, the land is ready for another ploughing. The third and fourth ploughings are performed in the same way, and are followed by as many ploughings and harrowings as may be found necessary to reduce the land to a state sufficiently clean and fine for the reception of the dung and the turnip-seed : three workings, including the winter furrow, and at most four, are usually sufficient. About 12 cart loads of three horses, or 20 single-horse cart loads an acre, are generally reckoned an average dressing of manure prepared for turnips, and which is supposed to be lying in a corner of the field, or in some convenient place adjoining. It is usually produced on the farm, and carted out at convenience during winter. It is impossible to fix a value for carrying and spreading turnip dung in every situation; but if the field lies near the homestead, it may in some degree be ascertained by the value of the labour required. A man will fill 16 cart loads of three horses, or about 30 one-horse cart loads of dung in a day, which being hard work, we must allow him 2s. 6d. a day. Four men filling 12 or 20 loads a day would require four carts and four horses, with three boys to drive, and one man to drag it from the cart on the land. In the following calculation, 12 large loads, or 20 small ones, and the average expense of each operation is stated, leaving the farmer to employ the power he may find most convenient and cheapest in the locality. Four men filling, at 2s. 6d., £ s. d. 0 10 0 - 0 5 6 One man dragging out, 2s. 6d. ; and three boys driving, at 1s. each, Carried forward, 1 6 6 The manure will have settled one third since it was thrown up, and we may allow one A man two days turning the heap, 64 loads, at 1s. 2d. per load, 1 15 4 - 0 5 0 - 0 7 6 It may be inferred from this estimate, that when labourers' wages are at 2s. to 2s. 6d. a day, 1s. 2d. a load may be considered a customary price for carrying and spreading dung produced in the farmyard. More or less expense will be incurred by the manure being prepared in the home yards, according to the distance of situation; but unless the field be immediately adjoining, the dung is almost universally carted to a heap in the field, and prepared previously to being used. Wages differ considerably. The following estimate may show an average of the modern drill sys tem: Four men filling 120 small cart loads, at 2s. a day, £ s. d. · 0 8 0 0 4 0 0 11 0 One man dragging out, 2s.; three boys, at 8d., Four carts and horses, at 2s. 9d., Four women spreading at 1s., 4s. ; and one man superintending, 2s., 120 small loads, at 61d., 1 10 8 0 4 0 - 0 6 0 This estimate supposes a man on the dung-heap to fill manure for 1 acres of land, one cart to carry it out, and a woman to spread it, with 4th of the man's assistance, which, and more, may be easily performed by proper arrangement. In all such estimates the expenses should be stated at a high rather than a low rate, that the farmer may have a chance to keep the expenses below the scale here laid down, and to provide for unforeseen accidents, against which it is impossible to guard: the first estimate will be used in the valuations. After the land intended to be sown with turnips in the broadcast method has been brought to the proper tilth, the dung is spread on the surface and covered with one ploughing; the seed is then sown at the rate of two or three pounds an acre, and covered by bush-harrowing and rolling, or both. A man can easily sow 10 acres for a full day's work; but, except on large farms, it is seldom necessary to sow that quantity, and therefore 6 acres may be taken as a daily average of sowing: a lad with a pair of light harrows will go over 12 acres a day. Drilling of turnips is not practised, on account, as is very generally urged, of the additional expense incurred. One plough will go over an acre in a day in the broadcast method, and light harrows and rolling follow a double mould-board plough will |