farm, which must be consumed by live-stock and used as manure, unless where it is agreed that an equal value of dung is brought to the farm in return. Two mowings of hay in one year are also prohibited, and sometimes two successive yearly crops, unless the land be manured in a corresponding degree; and the portion of the farm, if any, to be kept in permanent grass is mentioned by name and in extent, no part of which is to be ploughed except by consent, or upon condition of an equal quantity being laid down in exchange. The agreement also secludes assignees, legal or voluntary, and subtenants, except with the consent of the landlord, and the successor is usually named in the lease. In case of that name or names becoming extinct, the heir at law succeeds, a lease being heritable. The tenant also binds himself to keep houses, fences, gates, stiles, and ditches in tenantable repair; and, in case of holding at will, to remove at the proper term, on

receiving a notice of 6 months; and, in case of a lease for years, a clause is now inserted in the agreement, that the tenant is to quit the lands and houses at the expiring of the lease, without any process or warning whatever, unless the lease has been renewed, in order to prevent any expense and trouble that may arise from a vexatious continuance. The bankruptcy of the farmer during the currency of the lease, and a direct contravening by the tenant of any of the stipulations in the agreement, is held to be an

ipso facto" irritancy of the lease; and a clause is accordingly inserted binding the farmer to remove at the next proper term, upon such contravention being satisfactorily proved, and, in the former case, declaring the lease to be null and void, and the possession of the farm to be vacant at the first proper term after such bankruptcy has happened. Previous to leaving the farm, the tenant to be paid all customary charges, tillages, and half tillages, and other matters

and things done and left by him in a farming like state, which customary charges were duly explained to him on entering to the lease, and according to which he paid the valuations to his predecessor. From the sum of these allowances, the amount of dilapidations, if any, will be deducted; and, upon the balance being paid by the incoming tenant, or by the landlord to the out-going tenant, the latter quits the farm.

Some other arrangements will be necessary, according to circumstances and localities, such as the allowance for draining granted by the landlord to the farmer, the share of the expense borne by the farmer in the case of erecting new fences, in repairing very old ones and in upholding them, and the liberty reserved by the landlord to plant any part of the land, or to make a new road through the farm. Such things must be expressed where they prevail and are wanted; but the above will be found to contain all the primary conditions.

IV.

ON THE RENT OF LAND.

In order to fix a proper rent on land, it is necessary to inquire into several local circumstances: quality of the soil, whether light or strong; its soundness, whether upon clayey or gravelly subsoil, or upon a very wet or a very dry bottom; if well watered, without being retentive or flooded; a tendency to seed well and to feed soundly; contiguity to markets and to manures; the value of produce in the neighbouring markets, the amount of tithe and taxes, and many other expenses and items which differ almost in every parish.

To apportion fairly the parts of the produce of any farm, that should belong to the landlord and tenant respectively, is undoubtedly a most desirable object, so as not to oppress the farmer on the one hand, nor,

on the other, deprive the owner of the just value of his property; and, in effecting this object, some skill and experience are necessary. The relative qualities of the land, the climate, taxes, local situation, cost of labour, and lastly, but most materially, the value of corn and of other produce, should be well considered. Besides these chief points of inquiry, many more might be suggested, which are obvious to every farmer.

A fair rent generally acts as a stimulus to good farming: the cultivator, knowing that profits are only to be obtained by good management, will exert himself in some proportion to the amount he has to raise. Much, however will depend on the genius. and temper of the individual himself; for an easy disposition, finding the rent moderate and obtained with little trouble, will relax in his endeavours, and rest contented with the means that are found to answer the purpose. An active temper, under the same circumstances, will push cultivation to