Grammar-school, a building in the middle Gothic style, and the Town-hall, with its Corinthian columns modelled after those of the temple of Jupiter Stator at Rome, are remarkably fine edifices. Population 181,116.

Leeds, the principal emporium of the woollen manufacture, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and the largest town of the county, is situated on both banks of the Aire, which is navigable from thence to the Humber and the German Ocean. Population 151,063.

The other important sites of manufacturing and commercial activity, with their chief staple products or articles of commerce, are, Bristol, trading in transatlantic produce; Sheffield, cutlery of every description, and various metal wares; Plymouth with Devonport, and Portsmouth, ship-building and naval stores; Wolverhampton and Dudley, iron-work; Bradford, Halifax, Huddersfield, Kidderminster, and Stroud, woollen-cloth and worsted goods; Hull, timber and the whale-fishery produce; Leicester and Nottingham, hosiery and lace; Derby and Macclesfield, silk goods; Stockport, Rochdale, Ashton-under-Lyne, Oldham, Warrington, Bury, Bolton, Wigan, Preston, and Blackburn, cotton fabrics; Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Sunderland, and Shields, coal; Norwich, shawls; Coventry, ribbons; Worcester, porcelain and gloves; Newcastle-under-Lyne, Stoke-upon-Trent, and Burslem, earthenware; Northampton and Stafford, boots and shoes.

Places celebrated for their mineral and medicinal waters are Harrowgate and Scarborough, in Yorkshire; Buxton and Matlock, Derbyshire; Leamington, Warwickshire; Malvern, Worcestershire; Cheltenham, and Bristol, Gloucestershire; Bath, Somersetshire; Epsom, Surrey; and Tonbridge, Kent. The springs at Buxton, Matlock, Bath, and Bristol, are thermal. The hottest spring is at Bath, where the temperature is 117° of Fahrenheit, which is 66° above that of the neighbourhood.

Places remarkable for great antiquity, historic notoriety, and still important, are, Dover, a fortified stronghold of the Romans; Canterbury, the seat of the first ecclesiastical see, founded by Augustine; Winchester, the capital of the kingdom in Saxon times; Lincoln, retaining in a solitary archway a monument of its Roman occupation; York, the ordinary residence of the emperors when in Britain, possessing in its cathedral one of the finest Gothic edifices in Europe; Chester, presenting a more antique appearance than perhaps any other English city; Carlisle, a Roman post, and afterwards conspicuous in the border wars of England and Scotland; and Durham, a place of consequence before the Norman conquest.

Of the two ancient sites of academical learning, Oxford, at the junction of the Isis and the Cherwell, has nineteen colleges and five halls. Cambridge, on the Cam, with thirteen colleges and four halls, is architecturally inferior, but has the distinction of having produced Bacon, Milton, and Newton.

In the counties of Berks, Cambridge, Essex, Hereford, Huntingdon, Lincoln, Rutland, Suffolk, Sussex, Wilts, and in North Wales, agricultural occupations predominate. In the counties of Chester, Cumberland, Derby, Durham, Gloucester, Kent, Lancaster, Leicester, Middlesex, Monmouth, Northumberland, Nottingham, Stafford, Surrey, Warwick, Worcester, and York, West Riding; trade, manufactures, or mining industry prevail. In Bedford, Bucks, Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Hants, Herts, Norfolk, Northampton, Oxford, Salop, Somerset, Westmoreland, York, North and East Riding, and in South Wales, the proportion of persons belonging to the two great departments is either nearly equal, or exhibits no great difference.

The number of inhabitants to every 100 acres in the purely agricultural districts is in Hereford only 20; Lincolnshire, 21; Rutland, 22; and the North Riding of York, 15; while in the districts eminently commercial or manufactur ing, the proportion is in Cheshire, 58; Stafford, 67; West Riding of York, 70; Lancashire, 147; and Middlesex, 873.

206. Scotland.-North Britain lies between 54° 38′ and 58° 40′ N. lat., and between 1° 46′ and 6° 8' w. long.; or, including the islands, the latitude extends to 60° 49′ N. and the longitude to 8° 35' w. The greatest extent of the mainland, due north and south, is about 270 miles; due east and west, 150 miles; comprising an area of upwards

of 26,000 square miles. The shores are remarkably broken, the sea running up by narrow inlets far into the land so that very few places in the interior are more than forty miles from the salt water line, and the distance is generally much less. The chief inlets are, on the east, the firths of Forth, Tay, Murray, Cromarty, and Dornoch; on the west, Lochs Broom, Torridon, Sunart, Linnhe, Fine, and Byan, with the Firth of Clyde ; and on the south Luce Bay, Wigton Bay, and the Solway. The principal projections of the coast are, St. Abb's Head, in Berwickshire; Fife Ness; *Buddon Ness, at the mouth of the Tay: *Girdle Ness, at the mouth of the Dee; *Buchan Ness, and *Kinnaird's Head, in Aberdeenshire; *Tarbat Ness, between the Murray and Dornoch firths; Duncansby Head, and *Dunnet Head, in Caithness; *Cape Wrath, in Sutherlandshire; Ardnamurchan Point, in Inverness; *Mull of Cantire, in Argyleshire; *Clough Point, in Renfrewshire; *Corsil Point; *Mull of Galloway and Burrow Head, in Wigtonshire; *Southerness Point, on the Solway.-The islands connected with Scotland are very numerous, several extensive, but almost all are rugged and barren. 1. The Inner Western Isles, contiguous to the west coast, include, as the principal, the large island of Skye, with Raasy, Rum, and Eig, belonging to Inverness-shire; Mull, Coll, Staffa, Iona, Colonsay, Isla, and Jura, in Argyleshire; Bute, Arran, and the Cumbraes, in the Firth of Clyde, forming the county of Bute. Fingal's Cave, in Staffa, is the great natural curiosity of this group. Ben More, in Mull, is the highest point, 3,168 feet. 2. The Outer Western Isles, a long chain apart from the former, in the Atlantic, separated by the Minch Channel, comprise Lewis, the largest of the Scottish islands, North Uist, South Uist, Benbecula, Barra, and many others, of smaller extent, so closely clustered that they are frequently considered as one, and named the Long Island. St. Kilda, a small remote outlier, is the most westerly land belonging to Scotland, scarcely three miles by two in extent, and forty miles from the nearest point of the chain, occupied by a few families, the most secluded in the United Kingdom. 3. The Orkneys, or Orcades of the ancient geographers, consist of sixty-seven islands, of which twenty-seven are inhabited; the largest being Pomona or Mainland, Stronsa,

*The asterisks denote the sites of lighthouses.

Ronaldsha, and Hoy. They lie N. by E. of Caithness, separated from it by the turbulent channel of the Pentland Firth, through which the tide rushes with great impetuosity. 4. The Shetlands, or Zetlands, lie N. by E. of the Orkneys, at the distance of somewhat more than forty miles. They comprise upwards of one hundred islands, large and small, of which thirty-two are inhabited.

207. The greater part of the surface of Scotland consists of rugged and sterile highlands. The inferior ranges are the Pentland Hills, extending south-west from the neighbourhood of Edinburgh; the Lammermuir, and Muirfoot Hills, stretching also south-west from St. Abb's Head, on the coast of Berwickshire, into Peebleshire; and the Sidlaw, Ochill, and Campsie Hills, which follow the same direction from Forfarshire to the western boundary of Stirlingshire. The mountains, properly so called, embrace the three divisions of the southern, central, and northern highlands. 1. The southern highlands consist of the Cheviots, which form part of the English border, and run westward to the Lowthers, a lofty ridge bounding the county of Dumfries on the north, containing the highest point of south Scotland-Broadlaw, 2,741 feet. 2. The central highlands, far more towering and massive, are formed by the great range of the Grampians, which runs from the coast of Aberdeenshire to the opposite coast of Inverness-shire, and southwards, over Argyle and western Perth, to the neighbourhood of Dumbarton. It contains the highest points of the United Kingdom-Cairn Gorm (the Blue Cairn), bordering Inverness and Banff,4,095 feet; Ben Mac Dui (Black Boar Mountain), in Aberdeenshire, 4,305 feet; Ben Nevis (Mountain of Death), in Inverness-shire, 4,368 feet. 3. The northern highlands, separated from the former by Glenmore, consist of irregularly distributed masses, occupying the entire north, except a portion of the eastern coast. They present some elevated points, Ben Wyvis (Mountain of Horror), 3,720 feet; and Ben Attow (Rush Mountain), 4,000 feet; both in Rossshire. Though the highest mountains of Scotland do not reach the true snow line, yet frequently the snow remains upon them through the whole year in shady places. Pennant states that "Sir Henry Munro holds a forest of the crown by a very whimsical tenure-that of delivering a snowball on any day of the year it is demanded; and he seems

to be in no danger of forfeiting his right by failure of the quit-rent; for snow lies in the form of a glacier, in the chasms of Ben Wyvis, a neighbouring mountain, throughout the year."-The more important portions of the Scottish lowlands are the pastoral dales of the south, Tweedale, Eskdale, Annandale, Nithisdale, Teviotdale, and Clydesdale, named after their respective rivers; the level country of the Lothians bordering the Forth, and of Ayrshire, below the Clyde; the great valley, or Strathmore, extending from the coast of Kincardineshire, through the counties of Forfar' and Perth into Stirlingshire; the fertile plain of Murray, east of the estuary of that name; and the remarkable Glenmore-nan-Albin, or Great Glen of Scotland, with its long narrow lakes, connected with each other, and with the eastern and western seas at Inverness and Fort William by the Caledonian canal.

208. The Tay is the monarch of Scottish rivers; and next in order of magnitude are the Tweed, Clyde, Spey, Dee, and Forth, all flowing to the German Ocean, except the Clyde, which communicates with the Atlantic. The Tay is remarkable for its immense discharge of water, amounting in a mean state to 218,159 cubic feet per minute; the Tweed is celebrated for its pastoral scenes and border associations; the Clyde for its waterfalls, commercial value, and as having had the first steamer on this side the Atlantic launched upon its bosom; the Spey for its rapid current and capricious course; the Forth for its magnificent estuary, fifty miles long by fifteen broad at its mouth; and the Dee for its great fall of 4,060 feet from its source on Mount Braeriach to the ocean. The Nith, Arran, and Esk, on the south; the Ayr on the west; and the Leven, Eden, s. Esk, N. Esk, Don, Doveron, Findhorn, Nairn, Ness, and Oikel on the east, are the other principal streams.

209. The central and northern highlands inclose an immense number of lakes, generally long and narrow, occupying hollows between the mountains. They are in most instances eminently picturesque and beautiful, though several have solitude, wildness, and gloom for their prominent features. Loch Aven, the source of one of the tributaries of the Spey, surrounded by the highest mountains of the island, overhung on the south by the enormous masses of Ben Mac Dui and Ben Main, with the Cairngorm and

M

Ben Buinac on the north and west, is remarkable for its seclusion, difficult access, and savage scenery. It has no tree or shrub upon its banks; few visitors besides the eagle, ptarmigan, or a straggling red-deer; and though 1,750 feet above the sea, no sunshine plays upon its surface for several months in winter, being excluded by the surrounding heights. Loch Lomond, the largest lake of Great Britain, covers an area of about forty-five square miles, and contains many islands finely clothed with wood. A total area of 290 square miles of the mainland of Scotland is occupied with fresh-water lakes.

210. The mainland and islands are distributed into thirty-three counties, of very varying extent :