gratulated himself that he had defeated the Adonis.

Mr. Mainwaring was thankful, when he said good-night, that he was going to leave by the early train next morning.

All this happened some years ago. Henry Mainwaring is still single, and he has prevented some of his friends from marrying. It would take a miracle now to give him trust in woman.

"I am a plain man, Mrs. Robinson," he said; "I am not used to fashionable ways perhaps. My ideas of a woman's manner towards men when she is married are no He has never met again the fair crea doubt peculiar; to me a man's wife is as ture who brought this blight upon him. sacred from the homage of any one else He says "women are slaves to their vanas as if she wore the dress of a nun.ity; there is no-room left in them for such It was impossible to me, madam, to think a trifle as the care of a man's feelings or you were married." of a husband's happiness."

He left her sharply without a backward glance. She stood looking after him till he was out of sight, then she hurried to her room.

"Take baby away," she said irritably; "I need not dress yet." She did not look at the child as it was carried past her.

When she was alone, she locked her door, sank into a chair, and sobbed passionately.

It was all over the honeyed joy in which she had been once more wooed as if she were still free. It was so miserable to go back to the old, staid, dull life- - it was too hard. Not one thought was spared to the sorrow she had caused; she never even guessed at the agony she had given

him.

THE spirit of archæological research has been very rife of late among the leading nations of Europe, with the exception, of course, of England. The German gov. ernment led the way in 1870-75, by its fruitful excavations in Olympia and Pergamon, and proved that the arts are not always silent amidst the clash of arms. And now Austria, in keen but friendly rivalry with her great ally, has manifested At last she rose up and wiped her eyes an unwonted activity in the same direcpettishly. "I always said I hated extra- tion. When the late minister of education good people, and I do," she said passion in that country, Dr. von Stremayr, fixed ately. They make no allowances, and on Asia Minor as the most promising they imagine such horrid things they field of operations, Professor Benndorf, are so foolish and so exaggerated. Any- the highly distinguished archæologist of body might think I had committed a real the University of Vienna, whose admisin instead of a little harmless flirta- rable writings are known to every student tion. John is amusing himself, I know, of archæology, suggested Lycia and the and in every letter he says he hopes I am highlands of Caria as likely to yield the doing the same. He hates me to be dull richest treasures of ancient art. The suc- I know he does." She rubbed her eyes ceeding minister, Conrad Freiherr von again. Just as if I'm not fond of John, Eybesfeld, entered warmly into the learned though he is so small and plain - I should professor's views, and an expedition, combe fond of him if he were here, and he's prising Benndorf himself, Professof Nienot such a tyrant are you, John dear?-mann, the well-known architect, Felix von as to grudge me a little amusement with a safe fellow like that" she stamped her foot-"but thank God I'm not his wife he is a prig, and I hate prigs, and he is a boor to say such things."

66

Luschan, the naturalist, and the court photographer, Wilhelm Burger, was or ganized and sent to Lycia in a man-of-war in 1881.

Much, happily, had been done by previ Her mood changed; in the course of ous travellers to smooth and facilitate the the evening she did not look at Mr. Main-path of the Austrian expedition, and notawaring as if she hated him there was a bly by our own countrymen. Some of sweet penitence in her eyes that unnerved the earliest in the field were Leake and him. But he kept away from her. Colo- Captain Beaufort, of whom the latter nel Blake was happy at her side, and con- sailed from Smyrna in 1811, surveyed the

and numerous wood engravings interspersed through the text. The work, which is written in Professor Benndorf's clear and charming style, and with the true German accuracy of detail, throws a flood of light on the Lycia both of ancient and modern times, and deserves the especial attention of Englishmen, who possess in the British Museum so magnificent a collection of ancient Lycian monuments. Now that neither the government nor the people of England show any disposition to engage in archæological researches, it is a melancholy satisfaction to see that nations so well qualified for the work as the Germans and Austrians are vigorously occupying a field which was once almost exclusively our own.

coast of Asia Minor, and made many in teresting discoveries in the interior of Lycia, which he published in 1818 (Travels in Caramania). He was followed by Captain (now Admiral) Spratt (Travels in Lycia, 1846), who, with the naturalist Forbes, traced some admirable maps of the country, and added to the honor which Captain Beaufort had acquired for the naval profession, by the knowledge and zeal he displayed in a province not especially his own. But the attention of the antiquarian world was most strongly turned to Lycia by the great and unexpected results of Sir Charles Fellows's researches in 1839 and 1841, and by the magnificent remains of Lycian art with which he enriched the British Museum. Nor were other nations idle in the work, and much Although Lycia never played a promiwas done by the publications of Texier, nent part in the Hellenic world, there is Ludwig Ross, Waddington, Falconer, much both in the physical features of the Heinrich Barth, Tschihatscheff, Colnaghi, country and in the character of its people etc., to throw light on the antique art of which are peculiarly attractive and interLycia. The attention of Benndorf was esting. The southern coast line of Asia drawn to a particular part of this province Minor is interrupted, to the east of the by the following circumstances. In 1841 Island of Rhodes, by a mighty promon. the German archæologist, Schönborn, tory, which projects far into the Mediterwhile wandering without any very definite ranean Sea. It is cut off from its neighbor object among the mountains of Lycia, lands, Pamphylia and Caria, on the east some ten miles north of Myra, a town ren and west respectively, by deep ravines and dered illustrious by the visit of St. Paul pathless mountains; while the land itself (Acts xxvii. 5), suddenly and unexpectedly is divided by a lofty chain of hills, running came upon a heroon of vast extent on the diagonally from south-east to north-west, eastern ridge of the akropolis of an an- which sends out its spurs towards the sea, cient city, now called Gjölbaschi. This forming high promontories on the coast, remarkable monument consisted of a huge while the deep valleys open a way to the double sarcophagus, hewn out of the living rivers Indus, Xanthos, Arycandus, Limyrock, situated near the centre of a peribo- rus, etc. All travellers unite in extolling los enclosed by walls, on the upper part the unparalleled beauty and variety of of which was a double frieze of great the scenery of Lycia, which unites the beauty, representing scenes from Homer's Alpine magnificence of Switzerland with Odyssey, the hunt of the Kalydonian boar, the bright hues of Greece and the luxuthe siege of a city, etc. Schönborn sent riant vegetation of Italy and Sicily. The a short account of his discovery to the manner in which nature had thus isolated Museum of Classical Antiquities; but, the people of Lycia, — which, on the sea being desirous, probably, of revisiting the side, had no considerable neighboring spot, and himself carrying off the treasure islands whose proximity might encourage he had discovered, he gave no particulars maritime enterprise, will account in a of place or route. Nothing more was great degree for the peculiarity and indeheard of Gjölbaschi until 1881, when it structible strength of their national charwas again discovered by Professor Benn- acteristics. The variety of climate and dorf. A second expedition, under the the fertility of the soil to which Homer same leader, was sent out in 1882, when more than once refers - were eminently the sculptures of the heroon were brought favorable to agriculture and the rearing of away and safely deposited in the Museum cattle, and combined to make Lycia regio at Vienna. An account of the expedition sibi sufficiens, independent of foreign inof 1881, the joint work of Professors Benn- tercourse, and to stamp on its inhabitants dorf and Niemann, has just been pub. the very peculiar type which characterizes lished by Carl. Gerold, Sohn, of Vienna, them throughout the whole of their his under the auspices of the Austrian gov tory. If we may trust the strong tradition ernment, in a magnificent folio volume, which ascribes the most ancient buildillustrated by fifty splendid photographsings in Greece to Lycian architects, Lycia

eous cries leapt into the flames. When | otus, "the Lycians differ from all other the city was reduced to ashes, a woman men, that they call themselves by the name was found who had hanged herself, with of their mothers, and not of their fathers. her young child fastened round her neck, If one Lycian asks another who he is, he and the torch still in her hand with which will always speak of his descent from his she had set fire to her house." Even the mother, and his mother's mother. And stern Brutus "could not bear" this tragic if a female citizen consorts with a serf, the spectacle, and burst into tears as he be children are free-born; but if a male citiheld it. zen, even the best born, takes a foreign wife or a concubine, the children are ille

Considering the favorable position of their country, between the Syro-Phœni-gitimate." The exclusive right of inhercian coast and the countries occupied by itance of the daughters in Lycian families Hellenic tribes, it is very remarkable that secured to the women in Lycia a predomthe Lycians played so small a part as a inance unexampled in the ancient or modcolonizing nation. Almost their only for- ern world. Nor is it altogether a fanciful eign colony was Chrysaoris, but they were theory that much of what is peculiar in the active enough in founding cities within character and history of the Lycian people their own borders, and spreading them. - their love of home and country, of selves through every nook and corner of peaceful and well-ordered life, their disin their own beloved land. Thus Xanthos clination to foreign enterprise, their negfounded Pinara on the heights of Kragos, lect of foreign colonization, their unexand the cities of Tlos and Patara are called ampled heroism and power of self-sacri. mother cities (μuптроñoλeis) as planters of fice in defence of hearth and home, of home colonies. They were averse, too, sepulchre and altar, their deep sense of to all foreign enterprises and foreign com- religion, their cult of the dead, their love plications. They took no part with Aris of mystery and symbolism, their yearning tagoras against Persia; after the double after future life beyond the grave may victory of Cimon they made no hostile be traced to the predominance of the femovement against the Persians; and when male element. Pythagoras says that the latter recovered Asia Minor they "piety is the most peculiar possession of made no resistance. Xenophon, in the women." Strabo says that women are the Anabasis, makes no mention of Lycia, αρχηγοὶ τῆς Γευςεβείας, and that “ all δεισιδαιand it was only when their national and uovia proceeds from the female sex." That domestic life was interfered with, as on the ascription of these qualities to the the above-mentioned occasion, and during Lycian nation is no fanciful theory will be the reign of Mausolus, the Carian mon- readily granted by every student of Ly arch, from whose general, Condalus, they cian history and Lycian monuments. One seem to have suffered much, that they of the most interesting of these last is were roused to active resistance. Lycia the one at Limyra, inscribed with twentyis hardly mentioned during the civil wars four gnomes, inculcating trust in God, in Rome, though we read that Pompey faith in the truth of God's word, fear of visited Phaselis, and that Cæsar greatly his all-seeing eye, love of honest work, admired the constitution of the Lycian confederacy, which Strabo, and in later times Montesquieu, regarded as a model of wise republican organization. "Les villes de Lycie," says the latter, "payaient les charges selon la proportion des suffrages;" and he adds, "S'il fallait donner un modèle d'une belle république fédéra. tive, je prendrais la république de Lycie." The fame of Lycia, however, mainly rests on (i) the peculiar law or custom by which the right of inheritance was vested, not in the sons, but in the daughters, the natural consequence of which was such a predominance of female influence as amounted to a gynaekocracy; and (ii) the extraordinary number and magnificence, and the peculiar structure of the rock tombs which cover every part of the country. "In one respect," says Herod.

patience, and hope of future happiness in the midst of present suffering. It is a document which might have been written by the hero-martyr Gordon himself.

No less remarkable than the gynaekocracy of Lycia is the second peculiar feature of the country- the extraordinary number and magnificence of its rock sepulchres, thousands of which still remain, while the abodes of the living have hardly left a trace behind them. The first sensa. tion of the traveller on entering Lycia is that of entering a vast necropolis of a departed nation. Whichever way he turns he beholds sepulchres, and again sepulchres, in endless variety of form, which meet his eyes from the first moment he sets foot upon the strand, and which not only fill the more frequented roads and more accessible valleys, but are

found on the tops of hills, on the face of at a height which could only be reached
perpendicular rocks, in the loneliest wilds, by a platform or by ropes from above. In
in the loftiest and most secluded nooks the interior of these tombs, which are
and recesses of almost pathless moun- very small, are beds or benches of stone,
tains. What Diodorus says of the Egyp arranged in the form of a triclinium, on
tians applies with equal force to the Ly- which the bodies were placed, without any
cians. "Greater care," he says,
"is coffin or other covering. In one such
expended on the abodes of the dead than tomb at Xanthos, and in three at Myra,
on those of the living; these they regard are beds, one above another, like berths
as dwellings for temporary sojourn, but in a cabin. A similar arrangement was
the sepulchres as enduring abodes for made in a sepulchre at Tlos, in which
eternity." There is a striking and very there were two numbered stone couches,
significant difference, however, between or kλival, on each side. The inscription
the Egyptian and Lycian modes of treat- on this tomb-which is still extant
ing the poor frail body. The former contains the directions of the Bovan, allot-
sought, and not unsuccessfully, to pre- ting the couches to three different families,
serve it, undecayed, for thousands of their descendants, and servants. The
years, in the state of a mummy, while the cave tombs were not designed-
as from
latter valued the sarcophagus (the flesh- their limited extent we might suppose
eater), because, according to Licinius Mu- for urns, but for entire bodies which were
cianus, who ruled Lycia as Roman legate, laid one upon another, as we learn from a
it possessed the property of "consuming curious passage in the Ephesian Xeno-
the corpse within forty days, except the phon (Ephesiaca, iii. 78). These un-
teeth, and of changing mirrors, strigils, adorned cave tombs are, no doubt, the
clothes, and sandals into stone." The oldest receptacles for the dead in Lycia.
desire of rapidly consuming the body indi- | At a later period they were adorned by an
cates a deep sense of the brevity of human architectural façade, also hewn out of the
life, and a belief in the immortality of the
spirit.

The sepulchres of Lycia are, with few exceptions, of stone, as might be expected in a country in which rocks abound. In this respect they resemble those of Phrygia and the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, where the rock grave is at home. The peculiar form which it takes in Lycia is owing to the unique circumstances of the country, and its isolated national development. This form necessarily underwent certain modifications under Persian, Greek, and Roman influences, but it retained its peculiarity, more especially in the more secluded recesses of the land, even during the period when Greek and Roman culture and Hellenic idioms be came predominant. The extant forms of the Lycian tombs are so various as almost to defy classification ; but we may, for the sake of clearness, mention the chief types, which will include the great majority of extant sepulchres. These are:

I. The cave tombs. These are best seen on the surface of a very singular round rock, which rises abruptly from the centre of the site of ancient Pinara (Pl. xviii.), on the eastern slopes of Mount Antikragos, and at the edge of the valley of the river Xanthos. This hill is honeycombed by several thousand rectangular holes, which served as tombs. They are about six to seven feet in height, and very narrow, and are cut out of the solid rock

living rock, consisting of a Greek-generally Ionic-portal, or of the peculiar Lycian house-front, in which the wooden hut or block house is closely imitated (Fig. 57, p. 103). These architectural façades are of very different sizes, many of them as the tomb of Amyntas at Telmessos (Pl. xvii), which is of Greek, and one at Pinara, of Lycian architecture (Pl. xix.) assuming the proportions of a small temple.

II. Without any transition, we come next to the type peculiar to Lycia, the architectural tomb cut from the living rock, in which the structure and form of the wooden house is closely and even slavishly copied. These are either simple façades, such as we have mentioned above, or they present two sides so as to form, as it were, the corner of a house -or three sides; while others again are massive structures of four sides, like the mag. nificent tomb at Phellos (Pl. xxxvii.), which resembles "the sepulchre of Absalom," in the valley of Kedron. Some of these have two stories and an ante-chamber, and are adorned with reliefs, as in Myra, Susa, Tlos, Kioebaghtsche, Pinara, Hoï. ran, Phellos, Kadyanda, etc. The characteristic feature of these tombs — which Fellows calls by the not very appropriate name of "Gothic" is the imitation in stone of the beams, joints, ties, and mouldings of the primitive wooden house of Greece, and the pointed arch of the