gust 28, 1793. We find in it some just remarks on the reform to which Gustavus Adolphus contributed so considerably. The volume concludes with three éloges, and some designs of medals and inscriptions.

The Scandinavian Museum. No. I. Vol. III. Copenhagen. -We notice the publication of this number for the information of the lovers of northern literature, and shall add the contents from the communication of our correspondents, though the number have not reached us. It contains an Ode to Reason,' and two lyric romances,' worthy of the muse of Baggesen; a philosophical discourse on the utility of the study of the rights of Nature,' by professor Schlegel, author of European Statistics;" and Geognostic letters on the mountains of Königsberg,' by Esmark, with some other pieces of inferior importance.

The history of this periodical publication is singular. The Swedes and Danes, though so near neighbours, and equally descendents of the ancient Scandinavians, coalesce as little as the Spaniards and Portuguese, the Athenians and Lacedæmonians, the French and Germans, or the Parisians and English. The number of literary characters in each capital is nearly equal; and neither can assume the superiority. Of late, the difference of political interests has increased the opposition; and the liberty of the press, lately established in Denmark, has caused no little jealousy in Stokholm, and a rigorous caution against the importation of Danish works. In spite however of these obstacles, some Danish authors formed a plan of uniting all the kingdoms of the north in a literary association. A journal was the first tie expected to unite the two nations; but this journal, the Nordia, soon failed of the supposed end, and only fortified the Swedes in their prejudice against Danish literature.

M. Hæst, the editor of the Nordia, was however soon employed in another attempt. Twelve literary men of cach country united in publishing the Scandinavian Museum, and Hæst was the secretary; but literary cabal and political dissension soon checked the design; and the whole number of active members was reduced to about one half the original number of Danes. Two volumes were however the result of their combined labours. Indeed the plan was too vast, and embraced a range too extensive; so that to the learned it was not sufficiently interesting, and to the world in general not sufficiently attractive. If it had been divided into two works, it might have succeeded better. As it was, the bookseller (Seidelin) seems to have been the loser; and he declined the

concern.

The Museum then appeared at an end, and M. Hæst published a Swedish Journal in 1799; but the first number of the third volume is now advertised-with what success, cannot yet be known.

Denk Würdigkeiten ans dem Leben des Kaniglich Denischen Staat Minister. Memoirs of the Life of the Danish Minister

Count de Bernstorff. By C. H. D. d'Eggers. 2 Vols. 8vo. With, a Portrait of the Count. Copenhagen.-An abstract of the life of count Bernstorff was lately published by professor Nyrap; but the present work is more complete. It is in a great degree drawn from a manuscript which the minister put into the author's hands, and from the information of persons intimately connected with the count.

The first volume contains the life of the count, and a considerable part of his diplomatic career: the second, a great number of official papers respecting the connexion of Denmark with other foreign powers. We find, by these, that Bernstorff was the first author of the armed neutrality, in 1780; that he was often called to the administration, and as often forced to retire, by the intrigues of the court, till he was established in the office of secretary of foreign affairs in 1784, by the Prince Royal, when he assumed the government of Denmark, a post which he filled till his death in 1797. His country was indebted to him for many excellent institutions; among the rest, for the freedom of the peasantry, which he obtained by the protection and influence of the prince.

The author has introduced many important discussions, on the navigation of neutral vessels, on the effects of the liberty of the press, &c.; and in the notes adds the titles of the works which have appeared on the rights of neutral powers, on the armed neutrality, and the freedom of the peasantry. On these subjects we cannot here enlarge, but shall be glad to return to this interesting work, on its assuming an English dress.

SPAIN.

Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum. Figures and Descriptions f Plants. By Joseph Cavanilles. Vol. VI. Part I.-We have often noticed this work in its progress, and it is continued with a credit and splendor scarcely impaired. This part contains sixty figures and sixty-nine descriptions of plants, chiefly from New Holland. Among these we notice the Hakaa, Lambertia, Protea, and Banksia. The second part is in the press.

Seminario de Agricultura y Artes. Seminary of Agriculture and the Arts. 8vo. Madrid.-This journal, commenced under the auspices of the Prince of the Peace-a title, by the way, by no means new in the Spanish history-is designed for the purpose of collecting all the discoveries and inventions of foreign countries, concerning agriculture, the arts, and manufactures. In the eighth volume, now before us, we find a general view of the cominon system of manures, on the best method of irrigation, and the remedies publicly employed in Asturia against the infection of the plague.

Anales de Ciencias Naturales. Annals of Natural Sciences. Madrid. The commerce of science and literature between

this country and Spain was never considerable; and the little which ever existed has been greatly interrupted by the late war. We find, at present, no little difficulty in renewing it. We must collect, therefore, what our correspondents transmit, without much discrimination. We may on this occasion remark that the new system of chemistry gradually gains ground; and that, among the translations, we observe many military works, particularly the campaigns of Bonaparte.

This journal is published monthly, and, with the assistance of foreign philosophers, is not unentertaining. From the contents of the last number, we shall select the titles of the more important articles. 1. Botanical observations, by M. Brussonet. 2. Several mineralogical letters, by M. A. de Humboldt, to the minister of Saxony, baron de Forell, and to Don Joseph Clavigo; with a plan of a mineralogical history of Spain and her colonies. 3. Astronomical observations made at Madrid, Cadiz, &c. 4. A memoir on the Spanish naturalists, and an advertisement of a botanical work on Hungary.

Suplemento, &c. A Supplement to the Quinologica, by D. Hiplito Ruiz, and Don los Pacon. 4to.-The memoir to which this is a supplement is sufficiently known. Its subject is the different kinds of bark found in Peru; and the supplement contains a description of two new species, with an answer to a criticism of Jussieu on the Prodromus to the Flora of Peru and Chili.

Fisica del Cuerpo Humano, &c.; The Philosophy of the Human Body; or, Physiological Elements, accommodated to every Class of Literary Men. By Don Joseph Coll. Published by Don Bernardo Voguer. Madrid.-This is a translation from a work with a similar title, by Dr. Blumenbach of Göttingen; and it appears to be sufficiently accurate.

Teatro nuevo Espanol. New Spanish Theatre. 3 Vols. 8vo. Madrid. These volumes contain the best pieces of Molière and Destouches, with some of Kotzebue, who, by the way, has met with severe treatment from the Spanish critics. One of the most poignant satires is entitled the Muger Varonil, the Virago. It is principally directed against the sentimental comedies, the comédies larmoyantes of the French.

El Fingal y Temora. Fingal and Temora, in Verse. By Don Petro Montengon. 4to. Madrid.-Translations, as we have already observed, are common in Spain. Among these, we find the Recreations of a Sensible Man, by Arnaud; the Studies of Nature, by St. Pierre; Quintilian; and the second edition of Blair's Lectures. Of the present translation only the first volume has appeared, and its merit is not considerable. The same author has attempted a translation of Shakspeare also.

REVIEW

OF

MAPS AND CHARTS.

Italy, with the Addition of the Southern Parts of Germany, as far as Pettau in Stiria, Murlakia, Dalmatia, the adjacent Countries, and all the Illyric Islands. By L. S. de la Rochette. Four Sheets. 18s. Faden.

THIS title is introduced by the following advertisement:

"This map is not an enlarged copy, as it might be supposed, especially at the present period, of the map of Italy constructed in 1743 by the celebrated d'Anville, and already copied here in 1745. Since that time, astronomical observations having been multiplied every where, the number of trigonometric surveys has increased in the same proportion. The accumulation of so many geographical materials, at the head of which is to be placed the grand map of France, ascertaining invariably the western frontier of Italy, cannot be detailed, and still less analysed in a short advertisement. We ought to distinguish, however, the following publications; namely, The Map of the Ecclesiastical State, by the Jesuits Maire and Boscovich;-The Map as well as the Charts of the Kingdom of Naples, by Zannoni; Dalbe's Theatre of the War in Italy, published at Milan by order of Buonaparte, and including a great Portion of Germany, with the whole of Swisserland. To these must be added Cursay's Surveys of Corsica; The Map of Ombria, Etruria, Latium, Magna Græcia, et Sicilia Antiqua, composed for the education of the Dauphin by the unfortunate La Borde; The Map of Sicily known by the name of Marshal de Schmettau, compared with that which merited W. Delisle a letter of thanks from the king of Sardinia, then king of Sicily, and regulated by the late observations of signor Piazzi at Palermo; several national maps and charts of the Sardinian and Venetian-possessions; the chart of capt. Knight of the royal navy; and, lastly, a manuscript survey of Murlakia, Dalmatia, and the Illyric Islands, wherein are to be found many new and interesting particulars.

*When was this?

From these materials, and a multitude of others equally authentic, though less comprehensive, the present Map of Italy, with its additions, has been drawn on a scale near one-half larger than d'Anville's Map of Italy, which we shall always consider as a chef-d'œuvre of geographical knowledge and execution.-W. Faden."

We are given to understand that this map is constructed by M. de la Rochette, who executes the drawings for most of the maps and charts published by Mr. Faden, and which in general do great honour to his skill. In fact, M. de la Rochette may be regarded as the most learned draughtsman of maps in England. The construction of a map, though it may seem to the unskilful inspector a matter of great ease and routine, is nevertheless one of the most difficult exertions of human industry; and days will sometimes be employed in adjusting one position. Maps are generally laid down by men only versed in the mathematical or technical part, and it is rare that they understand any language except their own. Hence d'Anville became so great a phænomenon in geography, as he was not only an able constructor of maps, but a man of extensive learning and information. He also exercised great patience, and employed many years in constructing and improving his designs, so that they appeared before the public in as great a state of perfection as the materials would admit.

Yet, since the time of d'Anville, not only many new discoveries have taken place, but a more accurate study of geology, and the rapid progress of the other sciences, have introduced such improvements in recent maps as d'Anville could not even have foreseen; particularly the ranges of mountains, their collateral ridges, and their spurs or branches, have been developed with precision by numerous investigators; and even the tremendous confusion of the Alps has been delineated by Weiss with all the truth of nature.

Though M. de la Rochette possess eminent abilities as a constructor of maps, yet he aspires to but a small portion of that learning which distinguished d'Anville; nor do we remem ber any memoir or treatise published by him which might serve as a test of his literary information. In maps he is certainly well skilled; but an eminent constructor ought to be equally versed in solid literature, and in the progress of every science in any degree connected with his profession.

But as a d'Anville rarely appears, we have ever been more eager to praise the exertions of M. de la Rochette than to criticise his deficiencies. Hence we passed in silence some faults in his beautiful Map of Persia, and the erroneous information therein contained, that the emperor of China had visited Badakshan, certainly derived from some author wholly undeserving of credit.