PBV.-9. As a snail], so most moderns after T; but G, S, V, Arab. "wax," and other Vrss. various other renderings, making the meaning exceedingly dubious. But whatever the thing may be, as it melts away, so the wicked rulers go. If it be the snail, the reference is to the slimy track it leaves behind it as it moves along. Hath fire fallen, they do not behold the sun], so G, S, V, the fire of the divine anger; the lightning suddenly descends from heaven upon these wicked judges, they are instantaneously consumed, never more will they see the sunlight. This is in accord with the subsequent context, and the common reference to such visitations in the OT. and the Koran. But MT., 3, influ enced probably by Jb. 316 Ec. 63, by different vowel points with the same Hebrew text, get an untimely birth of a woman"; but find difficulty in the tense and number of the vb., as is evident from the various renderings of Vrss. and commentators. The propriety of comparing such strong vigorous enemies with a premature birth of a child already dead, and never really alive, may be questioned. 10. Before they perceive it, they become like thorns]. This continues the thought of the suddenness of the divine visitation. The wicked are taken unawares; before they perceive it, the fire comes upon them, and they are consumed by it like dry thorns. The text has been made difficult by an early copyist, before, making a misconnection of two letters, attaching them to the previous word as the suffix "your," when they belong to the following word as prep. "like." A variant gloss to thorns also made it possible to think of a kindred word "pots," and so the interpretation arose" before your pots perceived the thorns," which conceives of pots containing flesh placed above thorns kindled to make a fire with which to cook a meal. Before these pots are at all heated, the judgment comes upon them. With this interpretation the subsequent line, which contains the principal clause, must be made to correspond, and here still greater difficulty arises. Several words must be given meanings, possible in themselves, but not justified by Hebrew usage. The simple meaning, giving every word its well-attested usage, is in accord with the previous context; as still living, while in the full vigour of life, so G, I, Σ, as Nu. 16; in hot anger, the heat of the divine anger, syn. with the "fire" above; He sweeps them away in a storm], the storm of wind and rain or hail accompanying the fire of lightning, as usual in such divine visitations. —11. The righteous will be glad when he beholdeth vengeance]. This gratification of the righteous in looking upon their enemies suffering under divine vengeance, is especially characteristic of the Maccabean age, when this v. was inserted as a gloss. It makes the Str. just these lines too long. His feet he will wash in the blood of the wicked] is an expression of vengeful feelings against foreign enemies in war, and so contrary to the theme of the Ps., which has to do with wicked rulers in Israel. The attitude of mind is distinctly Maccabean. — 12. This is the closing Rf. Ye sons of mankind], vocative, as in accordance with v.2. It has been misinterpreted in and Vrss. as subj. of the verb "shall say," at first understood as usual in poetry, afterwards introduced into the text, and so destroying the similarity of the two Rfs. — surely], emphatic expression of assurance and certainty of the divine interposition in behalf of the righteous, the people.—They have fruit; that is their righteousness will not in the end be unprofitable, but successful. Yahweh is judging the land]. Though the wicked rulers do not judge in equity, but oppress the people of the land, Yahweh Himself interposes, and undertakes Himself their vindication and the punishment of their enemies. - 2. D] interrog. with top adv. (√) always interrog. verily, truly, indeed, so Nu. 2237 (E) 1 K. 827 = 2 Ch. 618; without Gn. 1813 (J). -to] n.[m.] silence 561 (title) and here. Dr. "in dumbness," after Aq., Ges.; but apa, as v.12; F, I, utique = = but, indeed, strong adv., not elsw., but Gn. 2819 4819 Ex. 916 +. This gives good sense. Houb.; Lowth., Dathe, Street, Ol., De., Ew., Dy., Gr., Bä., BDB., as 821. 6, is not suited to the context. = band; Ki., Calv., Ains., Ham., AV., PBV., congregation √ bind, not elsw. Bibl. Heb.-27] Pi. impf. 3 pl. archaic ,תפלסון תפעלון in assonance at close of l., as תשפטון ending; so we should have V.3. v. 85, sons of mankind, the judges over against God, so 6, J, Luther, PBV.; but T, Pe., Bä., Dr., Du., most moderns, mankind as obj. of vb. If judges were referred to, would be more suitable. —3. ] emph. answer to question, cf. 4410.-ɔɔɔ] in mind, in themselves, to themselves, their secret resolution and purpose, antith. to ps in the land. takes both and Don as acc. after vb., so Dr., Bä., Du. Many think a not appropriate to context. The use of a Bä. suggests .is common אמר בלב but by itself in this sense is not usual, all of you, after S. Du. in secret is better antith. to x. But H, 6, 3, T, all have same text. DDEN] violence of your hands, so Aq., 2, J. But 6, 2, 0, Quinta, T, all make on abs. It is not necessary, however, to .cf ;36 קול as 2d subj., as ידיכס in the same way if they regarded חמס תפלסון 565, with your hands. This is the best interp.—p^82] emph. in position, in the land, in their administration of justice; not on the earth or on earth. It is attached to the first 1. in H, 6, to second in J.-10297] Pi. impf. 3 m. archaic ending, v. 568.—4. mi] only here for 177 Qal pf. 3 m. 11, as 18 Je. 2718 for w2, Kö.I.445, become estranged. Cf. on a Ho. 57 || y, both aorists. i.p. with prep. 1. Another beat is needed, rd. p. subj. of vb., and not qualifying it. 6, however, rd. pf. ¿^áλnoav, but I loquentes. — 5. npn] heat of poison, as Dt. 3224.33, cf. Ps. 1401 Jb. 64. archaic sf. with of possession. non before en is gl.; not in G. —‡ mapq] n.f. likeness, similitude, used here adverbially, as Is. 134 Ez. 2315. -] archaic stronger form of prep., so v.8. 9. 10. —†19] venomous serpent, perhaps cobra, BDB., TristramN.H. 271f.; elsw. 9118 Dt. 3283 Is. 118 Jb. 2014. 16.] adj. deaf, a.λ. in connection with serpent; form elsw. 3814. Cf. vb. wan 281. — DON'] α.λ. Hiph. juss., cf. Dr.173. obs., the juss. force being lost; rel. clause Dr. "that stoppeth his ear." has kai ẞvovσns тà ŵтα αὐτῆς = DON. This is more natural, esp. as too either active Is. 3315 Pr. 1728 2113, or pass. Ez. 4016 4116.26 1 K. 64. — 6. ¬~] vb. elsw. always ptc. Qal .Pi. ptc. pl. a.A [מְיַחֲשִׁים - חרש ואטס and explaining פתן rel. referring to the whisperers, charmers, wah, v. 418; cf. win serpent charming Is. 33 Ec. 1011. tie magic knots (v. RS.JPh. XIV. 1885, p. 123), vb. only used with cognate acc. Dt. 1811 in this sense. ‡¬an vb. elsw. Pu. be allied Ps. 94o, joined together 1223. t^an n.[m.] (1) company, association, Ho. 69 Pr. 219 2524; (2) spell, elsw. Dt. 1811 cf. Is. 479. 12 of Babylonian magic.-] Pu. ptc. only here and Pr. 3024 learned, skilled (v. 198). The 1. is defective. We may add the kindred on adj. skilful man, one of the class of magicians Gn. 418 (E) Ex. 711 (P) Is. 4425 Je. 505 5157; elsw. in wise (ethical and religious sense) 4911 10743. — 7. bx] for original 7, as usual in E. — D] Qal imv. D77 vb. (v. 113).—rny] (v. 527) break down, here only of teeth. gives both vbs. as Pfs. and this is better suited to v.8.—p] archaic poetic sf. for rhythm, in both nouns for usual . Characteristic of the Ps. is the use of .nyne] a.λ. for my Jo. 16 Pr. 3014 Jb. 2917.-1] is suspicious in E, though in 6. A divine name is needed for measure. Doubtless it was originally, changed to be in E, and then subsequently back to ] Niph. impf. either juss. or indicative † [D] vb. Niph. flow, run, elsw. Jb. 75 regarded as variation of dd♫ vb. melt, dissolve (2215), probably both fully written forms from 70% melt (67). — ] in apposition with previous vb. and not rel. clause.-1] ethical dative with vb. of motion Ges.119. of themselves. —] phr. elsw. only 64*. 13 Kt., v Qr. arrows for Tógov G, arcum I, vp 77 713 112 3714; an abrupt transition, not suited to context. Rd. with Bi., Che., We., 37, which is favoured by vb. 8. and we חציר prob. goes with ידין also go. The o of ,372 הֶחָצִיר יִמְלוּ .cf יִתְמֹלָלוּ coll., influenced .-10. Dyr`p] should rd. 17 Qal impf. 777 vb. a.λ. Heb.; but the same stem in Ar. is used of herbage, be abundant, luxuriant; then = so, and is Hithp. of vb. wither, fade, as 372, favoured by do@evýσovov; and not of t[] vb. Qal circumcise Jos. 52 Niph. Gn. 1711 and Hithp. only here cut off. ews où, I donec, interpret the vb. as final clause, disregarding 1. -9.] a.. traditional rendering snail as T; but 6 κnpòs, S, V, Arab. beeswax, Aq. Yûs évтepov earthworm, I vermis, Σ xópiov, AE. ♫ flood. Don] a.λ. n. (√ DoD) melting away, dub.; 3912 we have the form w dany Hiph. impf. 2 m. pp cause to flow, dissolve.—] Qal impf. fuller form for usual, as 916 Je. 93 Jb. 1420 166 2025 (6 t. in all), cf. an Ps. 739 Ex. 923, Jb. 1622 238. here as an v.8. G and I take it as pl. so I quasi abortivum mulieris and Aq., 2, 0, T. †?) n.m. untimely birth, as Jb. 316 Ec. 63, but dub. on acc. of late date of these two uses. ( has ἐπέπεσε πῦρ = UND, SO S, V. res is usually taken as variant form of as Dt. 2111 1 S. 287.—] Qal pl. 3 m., most naturally as in other vbs. refers to the wicked; so 6, S, V, Aq., E, PBV., the pf. for the impf. But J, RV., and prob. MT. interpret it as rel. clause with the previous prob. by Jb. 316 Ec. 63. The context on the whole favours is difficult, both in the form itself and in the sf. 2 pl. It is against the context which gives always 3 pers. However the sf. 2 pl. is in 6, J; and G even makes sf. with vb. u 2 pl. against and other Vrss. Most moderns think of I. n.m. pot, (1) used for boiling, Ex. 163 (P) Je. 118 Ez. 113 + ; (2) for washing, Ps. 6010 = 10810; (3) in sanctuary Je. 5219 Zc. 1420 +. But 6, V, J, T, 2, all follow † II., (1) thorn, pl. oo, Is. 3418 Ho. 28 Ec. 7° Na. I 10(?); (2) hook, pl. no, Am. 42. The objection that thorn elsw. has pl. is not valid; for there is no sound reason why it should not also have pl. f. in (1) as well as in (2), or indeed D sg. in the one word as well as in the other. We should prob. rd. ɔ, and prob. ♫ was originally only a marginal variation of † n.m. bramble, buckthorn, as Gn. 5010.11 Ju. 914. 15. 15. The vb. is never used for perception through touching inanimate things, and this weighs strongly against the usual modern interp., "before your pots can feel the thorns," AV., RV. 3 crescant, Σ avèŋ0ŵσiv, so T rd. ¡ɔ'. — »♬ ]. ʼn is taken by those who think of the pot hanging over burning brambles, as living, fresh brambles, so Ges., Ew., Hu., Ol., Pe.; but there is no other example of such a use. So is taken in antith. for burning brambles, but this has no justification in usage. Others, De., Ri., Che., Bä., Now., refer to the raw flesh in the pot, as I S. 215 Lv. 1310. 14. 15. 16 (P). But it is most natural to interpret as living, so 6, V, I, ĕri jŵvta Σ, cf. Nu. 1630, where the rebellious go down alive into the pit of Sheol.11] has woeì év ópy?, I quasi in ira. Both had 125, but interpreted This suggests however, as Bä., that original reading may have been .] Qal. impf. strong sf. y Qal, storm away, only here in, but Niph. v. 503.-11. op] a.λ., but Ez. 248; the vengeance taken by Yahweh upon His wicked enemies. 6 adds doeß&v which is interpretative, not in J.-voyD] his feet or footsteps, so 2, 3, T, cf. 577. .as instrumental acc חרון has xeîpas, so V, S. — 12.] coörd. Qal impf., cf. ¬ v.2, which we is prosaic would expect here. 6, 3, had ¤¬ mankind in general. But and suspicious; we would expect vocative as v.2. It is prob. gl. and the original. — in?n] 6 ỏ Beòs, I Deus; if so, not predicate, but for an Bä. interprets as pl. gods. If o is to be read in v.2, it would be probable here. It is indeed favoured by oo”, although obs in E of Hex. is sometimes used with pl., cf. 2 S. 723. But кpivwv avтods = Dypt. The sf. may be interpretative as often, and misunderstood in MT. .יהוה original PSALM LIX., 2 STR. 123, RF. 43. Ps. 59 was a national prayer in the early Restoration: (1) for deliverance from bloodthirsty enemies, who without justification have broken their treaties and are prepared to attack Israel, concluding with an invocation to Yahweh to awake and visit them (v.2-6). (2) Petition for kindness to the people and the unpitying defeat and destruction of their enemies, because of their cursing, falsehood, and pride; concluding with the wish for the extension of Yahweh's rule to the ends of the earth (v.1-14). Rf. describes the enemies as greedy dogs, running about the environs of the city in snarling packs (v.7. 15), concluding with a vow of public praise of Yahweh, the High Tower (v.10. 18). Glosses emphasize the falseness of the enemy (v.), their greed (v.1), Yahweh's derision of them (v.), and the thanksgiving of the people (v.1). FROM mine enemies, O my God, deliver me; From them that rise up against me, set me on high; From the workers of trouble, deliver me; And from men of blood, save me. For lo, they lurk for my life; Strong ones gather together, without transgression of mine; They run up, without sin of mine; They station themselves, without iniquity of mine. O awake to meet me and see, Thou, Yahweh, Sabaoth! O arise to visit the nations; Be not gracious to all the treacherous troublers. They snarl again and again like a dog. They go round about the city in the evening. E |