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as Ki., Ges., De., Now., elsw. 594 1403 Is. 5415. But BDB. after Hi., Ew., Di., Bä., makes stem = ¬¬ with mng. stir up strife, quarrel, in all these passages. Gr., Du., after AE rd. here and in 59a 1 Qal impf. ~ troop together, as 9421, where, however, Ols. rds. .—wo] Kt. Hiph. impf. 3 pl., so

Jb. 143 Ex. 23, but Qr. Qal; in either case hide, lurk, spy, as Ps. 108.—pa] emph. referring to same persons. MT. attached to previous vb., but more properly to following in accord with measure. — any] phr. a.λ. but idea 8952. — ] according as. La., Bi., rd. ¬ as a lion, but not in (2217 txt. err.), and the change unnecessary and improb.-8. is difficult in this context. Most who retain the text interpret as a question; but it is certainly abrupt and improb. I has quia nullus est salvus in eis = by, cf. 119186, and a negative; but this does not

: על taking,על אין פלט למו

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vb. denom.

suit the context. 6 has vrèρ тоû μηdevòs owσeis avтoús, taking s as noun, nothing and vb. as imv. || 771. This gives good parall., but a lame idea. The text is certainly corrupt. Bach., Bä., propose 8, H, Aq., 2, T, retaining one, G, I, Quinta, S, V, the other. This would be easier were it not for the subsequent 1. with its imv. But that is an interp. gl. making the Str. too long. Ew., Ols., Hu., Dy., Now., Du., change up to † Pi. (1) weigh out, as 583; (2) level, a path, 7850, as Pr. 426 56. 21 Is. 267. The Rf. which should follow favours imv., and ob gives a most suitable sense. —9. 173] a.λ. ↑ì n. [m.] sf. I sg. wandering BDB., or possibly agitation, √ vb. move to and fro, v. 111. But G Thy (why μov, E vitam meam, I secretiora mea, ♬ my confession, Σ тà ěvdov pov, are difficult to explain on the basis of H. Some simple word with sf. I pl. or coll. sg. is needed || nyp having a mng. suited to the vb. p. Bä., Ecker, think that there is word-play with 778, and that is thereby verified; but this is dub. Che. suggests nnis, which is certainly an appropriate word, but the derivation of all the texts and translations therefrom is difficult. It is easier to start from S. This might be If we suppose that

נגד the same from הגדי .cf,ידה .Hiph. inf. cstr,הדתי

and have been transposed, the final of the vb. which is unknown to 6, S, would belong to the noun. This would give us 7, an easy error for

. In this case the why of 6 and secretiora of 3 are what is made known; and interprets it of confession. This would give us a still better word-play, especially if with 6, J, S, we read for 778.] Qal pf. 2 m. fully written, but 6, S, p makes it evident that was not in original text. It is dittog. The 1. as in has D at the beginning, making measure complete.-] MT. Qal imv. cohort. improb., ptc. pass. f. is to be preferred, cf. ělov, G, S, so Ew., Hu., Bö., Hi., De.—78] thy skin bottle, cf. 337 11983; but 6, J, S, 77, as Street most prob.p] is tautological, a defective 1., making the Str. just this 1. too long. It is doubtless a gl. or txt. err. by dittog. of and above, or conflation, as Street. is not in 6, which has is kal, or in 3, which has sed non, all interpretative. † [77.00] n.f. a.λ. possibly book; but év tŷ é#ayyeλlą σov, I in narratione tua. — 10. IN] H, I, but not in ✪; a gl. making 1. too long. —] H, I, emph., pointing to the following; butidoù; both interpretative gl.— ] GÖTL

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θεός μου el σú, so I quia deus meus es. This is correct if □ be original; but if stands for original, is for me, on my side, espousing my cause, which is better suited to context.-11. 727 bban Diabnɔ] bis in H, G, I, all Vrss. It is tempting to think of dittog., as the only difference is that in v.11. has ; but G, I, have □ in both lines, so that the variation is dub. The first clause is needed to complete the Str., the second is the first 1. of Rf. 13.] emph., incumbent on me as an obligation, as 711 1014 162 2211 375 408 5523 628 716.-14. This v. is also in 1168-9, derived from this Ps. The variations are: (1) yn 1168 for nsn 5614; (2) the insertion in 1168 of ¬¬ 10 y ♫n, which is a gl. even there, and is not in 5614; (3) 1168 is doubtless original for an of 5614. h is interpretative gl. and abrupt, only of should be prefixed. †[177] n. [m.] stumbling, a.. these two passages. (4) 15¬‍~ 1169 for inf. na 5614 is an intentional variation. (5) ↳ 1169 = Dine 5614; is certainly original. Ps. 116 was composed before 56

went into E.

אור The original was .614, אור החיים .cf ,1169 ארצות החיים (6) .as measure requires ,ארץ החיים

PSALM LVII.

Ps. 57 is composite : (A) a prayer of the community of the Restoration for deliverance from enemies: (1) seeking refuge in Yahweh (v.2); (2) crying for interposition from heaven (v.4); (3) describing the serious situation (v.). (B) a national hymn in a later peaceful time: (1) praising Yahweh in the morning in the temple with mind and music (v.8-9); (2) exalting Him to all peoples because of the manifestations of His kindness and faithfulness (v.10-11). The Rf. exalts Him above heaven and earth (v.6. 12). A gloss represents the enemies as fallen into their own pit (v.).

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BE gracious to me, Yahweh, be gracious:

For in Thee I take refuge;

Yea, in the shadow of Thy wings I seek refuge,

Till the engulfing ruin be overpast.

I CRY to 'El, 'Elyon,

To 'El who dealeth bountifully with me.

May He send from heaven to save me,

May He send His kindness and His faithfulness.

I AM in the midst of lions;

I must lie down among those who consume the sons of mankind,

Whose teeth are spears and arrows,

Whose tongue is a sharp sword.

B.

v.6. 8-12, 2 STR. 43 RF. 23 = PS. 1082-6.

O be exalted above the heavens, Yahweh;

And above all the earth be Thy glory.

My mind is fixed, Yahweh;

With my mind let me sing and let me make melody.

My glory, O wake with the harp,

With the lyre let me waken the dawn.

LET me praise Thee among the peoples, Adonay,
Let me make melody to Thee among the nations;
For above the heavens is Thy kindness,

And unto the skies Thy faithfulness.

O be exalted above the heavens, Yahweh;
And above all the earth be Thy glory.

Ps. 57 was in from the collection of non. It was taken up into E. The reference pa binetubo inna2 was in (v. Intr. §§ 25, 27, 32). As in similar cases, it did not imply that such was the circumstance of its origin; but that some features of the Ps. might be illustrated. It is doubtful which cave is referred to, whether Adullam 1 S. 22, or that in the wilderness of Engedi 1 S. 24. The Ps. was also taken up into DK, when it received the musical assignment (v. Intr. §§ 33, 34). The Ps. is really composite: A = v.2-5 a prayer for deliverance, 3 Str. 43, which alone was in with the title an; B = v.6. 8-12, 2 Str. 43 with an introductory and concluding Rf. 23. V., a pentameter couplet, is a late gl. The second Ps. except v.6 is also contained in the composite Ps. 1082-6. The use of □ in v.6. 8. 12 makes it probable that this Ps. was also in E, and that the combination of the two Pss. was made in E, or they may have been separate and adjoining Pss. in E. Ps. 108 however uses n v. for 8 5710, but v.2.6. Inasmuch as it uses in its second part, also a Ps. of E, was prob. original and due to a late copyist. In Ps. 57 the language is that of . The unusual forms are glosses or errors of copyists. V.3 for pa, v. gloss, v.5

492 .as Is חדה ; (מְלַקְטִים mispointing for לְהֵטִים לביאים mispointing for לְבָאִם

Ez. 51. The situation seems to be the perilous one of the feeble community of the Restoration before Nehemiah. The enemies are the lesser nations who took advantage of the unwalled city to keep the people in constant peril and alarm. Ps. 576 is a morning hymn to be sung, n, in the temple with the use of and v.9. The poet has a wide outlook over all nations and all the earth. This Ps. cannot be earlier than the Persian period subsequent to Nehemiah, when the people were in a peaceful and happy condition. The structure of the Ps. with opening and closing Rf., as well as its tone, resembles Ps. 8.

PSALM LVII. A.

Str. I. has a syn. and a synth. couplet.-2. Be gracious] repeated for emphasis, cf. 562.—I take refuge], a usual term of; first in

pf. emphatic present, laying stress upon the act as a fact, then in impf. representing the action as a continuous activity in the present. " is, as usual in Hebrew poetry, for the personal pronoun "I," and should not be translated, "my soul," EV., as if there were any stress upon the activity of the soul as distinguished from the body. In the shadow of Thy wings], a graphic metaphor for in Thee, of syn. line, as 178 368 638, referring to the cherubic wings guarding the divine presence. -till the engulfing ruin be overpast]. The people were in great danger of being engulfed by the peril in which they were situated; but they were assured it could be only temporary; it would eventually pass over. In the meanwhile they need relief, which can only come from Yahweh. In His presence they are in a place of refuge and safety, while their enemies rage in vain.

Str. II. has a synth. and a syn. couplet.—3. 'El, ‘Elyon], the "most High," and the primitive 'El; divine names are heaped up as usual in urgent pleading. — who dealeth bountifully with me]. That is the characteristic of "'El," as expressed by the Hebrew ptc.; so, V, cf. 136 1167 119" greatly to be preferred to H, Aq., and most, which render a slightly varying verb in an Aramaic sense possible elsewhere only 1388 "completeth for me," inexactly given in EV. " performeth for me"; only to be explained by the insertion of "all things," and then not at all easy to understand, especially in this context.-4. May He send from heaven]. The people invoke divine interposition, and that from heaven itself; not here as often theophanic in character, but as defined in syn. line, by sending His kindness and His faithfulness]. These are personified and conceived as angelic messengers coming forth from Yahweh in heaven, as 43° 8511-14, to save His people. This strophe does not state the peril or the enemies. An ancient scribe inserted, probably in the margin, a reference to them: "Those that trample upon me taunt." This subsequently crept into the text at the expense of the measure, making the construction of v.1 difficult. These two words and their combination are variously explained by Vrss. and commentators, but with no satisfactory result in this context. This scribe was thinking of such taunts as 42, which the enemies were constantly making because of the apparent failure of prayers for divine interposition. The enemies are described by the term used in the previous Ps. 562.3.

Str. III. has two syn. couplets. —5. I am in the midst of || I must lie down with]. The people are surrounded by enemies. They are not besieged by a powerful enemy, but rather the city is beset by treacherous foes who keep the people in constant peril. This was just the situation of the people of unwalled Jerusalem prior to Nehemiah. These enemies are described as lions, because of their strength and ferocity. The figure is then left for the warriors themselves: their teeth are spears and arrows and their tongue is a sharp sword, in syn. couplet. It is most natural therefore in the previous difficult line to think of their breath as compared with flames that consume the sons of mankind. The Vrss. ancient and modern differ greatly in their interpretation of this line. EV. following make the ptc. Qal "that are set on fire," and then take the "children of men" as in apposition with it, making an awkward construction difficult to explain. Moreover, the term "sons of mankind" is commonly employed in Hebrew for those who are afflicted and not for warlike enemies.

PSALM LVII. B.

Rf. 612, a syn. couplet at the beginning and close of the hymn, as Ps. 8.- O be exalted, Yahweh], as the subsequent context indicates as an object of praise and adoration, as 113. If it were connected with the previous context it would be in victory over enemies, as 1847 2114 4611 1386.

7 is a syn. pent. couplet, representing the enemies as hunters, cf. 716 916 sq. It is a gloss, due to a misinterpretation of the previous couplet of Rf.

Snares they prepared for my steps that I might bow down;
They dug before me a pit, they fell into its midst.

·Snares they prepared || They dug a pit]. The first line states their purpose: that I might bow down. The Heb. V is for the personal pronoun as usual, and it is the person who bows down with his feet caught in the snares. Various other explanations are given, the usual one, "my soul is bowed down," AV., RV., refers it to internal humiliation, which is unsuited to the context. The second line states the antith. result: they fell into its midst]. The enemies had dug the pit for the people of Yahweh, but into it they plunged themselves.

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