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by Vrss. and interpreters. But, if correct, it must be interpreted as their "engulfing ruin," and we must think of his strengthening himself in the ruin he has brought on others, building himself up on their ruins. 10. As for me], emphatic antithesis. as a luxuriant olive tree], fresh, green, fat, and flourishing in the richest soil; not that the olive tree was in the house of Yahweh and therefore especially luxuriant, but that the righteous man was a guest there and on that account was to be compared to such a tree. His trust was in the kindness of Yahweh, in antithesis with the trust of the wicked noble in his riches; and therefore he would continue to flourish after the wicked noble had been overthrown with his wealth.-11. I will laud Thee], the vow of public worship in the temple in thanksgiving, as usual at the conclusion of Pss.that Thou hast done it]. The special theme of the praise was that which Yahweh had done to the proud oppressor of the righteous. — and I will wait on Thy name]. Although this phr. is a.., yet the name of Yahweh frequently takes the place of Yahweh Himself in other phrases, and there is no good reason why it should not do so here. The remainder of the v. is too much for the measure and Str.—for it is good in the sight of Thy pious ones]. This is doubtless a gloss. The name is good, benign. The pious so regard it as they contemplate it. The name of Yahweh in late usage is for Yahweh Himself.

-

] vocative, as usual

3.] Hithp. impf. make one's boast, as 497. — with article.p] is a gl., originally in margin simply as Dл, from v.19, referring to the kindness of Yahweh, antith. to the wickedness of this boaster. But 6 ȧvoμíav, Aq., Quinta, őveldos =on as Aram. shame, reproach, elsw. Pr. 144 Lv. 2017. 7 was a later insertion in H, I, to define D as God's. But it is interpr. by S, Houb., Oort, We., Du., as inexactness for on by. Hi., Dy., rd. by on adv. inf. But all are improbable and unsatisfactory. The two words in fact destroy the measure.-4. ] emph. engulfing ruin,

1

v. 510. — pre] phr. a.λ. ‡¬yn n.m., razor, as Is. 720 Ez. 51. wob, v. 713, of sword. — ] is explan. gl.-5. pap] phr. elsw. Ps. 582. py of rightness of speech, elsw. Pr. 88 1217 1618, cf. px Is. 4523 481 631 Je. 42 Zc. 88. The vb. is a gl. making the 1. too long, so Bä. — 6. ] phr. a.λ. † n.[m.] devouring, elsw. Je. 5144, v. Ps. 5510, also vb. 2110. It is tempting with Be., Che., to rd. a. — ] phr. a.λ. in apposition, not vocative; usual phr. p 1092 Pr. 617 1219 216 2628, Ps. 1202.8 Mi. 612. —7. Therefore rd. Dy as usual in such cases.] Qal future ‡În vb. Qal (1) pull down, a structure

].

Two tones are needed.

Ex. 3418 (J) Dt. 75 +; (2) a nation Je. 110 187, an individual Jb. 191o, so here; the jaw teeth of lions Ps. 587.—7] Qal impf. † ̃on vb. snatch up, coals from hearth Is. 3014, cf. Pr. 627 2522; here fig. involved. —p??] i coörd. Qal impf. † vb. Qal tear away, as Pr. 222 1525; Niph. Dt. 2863. —7)] 1 consec. after the impf. expressing result; † vb. demon. Pi. root out, elsw. Jb. 3112; Pu. Jb. 318; Poel Is. 4021; Poal Je. 122; Hiph. also strike root Ps. 8010 Is. 276 Jb. 53.-8. attaches kal époûσiv, which is implied indeed, but not usually expressed in poetry.-9. 7] so and all Vrss.; but certainly a mispointing for 2, v.3. — D] neg. rel. clause, vb. frequent.] for original as throughout E.-] consec. after impf., emph. change of tense; improb. It should be coörd. and vb. frequent. —?] original of 497. —iy] Qal freq. be strong, 920.—] as v., but dub. rd. with S, T, Lag., Gr., Bi., Bä., Oort, Du., Dr., BDB., ‘paş in his wealth, v. 4413.-11. ] is gl., making 1. too long.] phr. a.λ., but p with acc." frequent. The substitution of name for Yahweh is common with other vbs., why not with this? It is however not suited to , and therefore Dy., Hi., Gr., BDB., rd. 8, Hu., Oort, p. But in fact this last heterogeneous clause makes an additional 1. to the Str. however we may divide the 11. It is indeed a double gl.: a To still later, cf. 792 8920 1329 (= 2 Ch. 641) 14510.

(v. 25o);

PSALM LIII.

Ps. 53 is an Elohistic edition of Ps. 14, with variations of text and editorial changes, all of which are discussed under Ps. 14.

PSALM LIV., 2 STR. 63.

Ps. 54 is a prayer for national victory in the early days of Josiah. (1) Petition to Yahweh to save the nation from its terrible foreign foes (v.), (2) that the enemy may be exterminated, and the people gaze in triumph upon them (v.6-7.9). Glosses assert that the enemy ignores God (v.), and vow praise and sacrifice in the temple (v.).

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LO, Yahweh, Helper to me!

Yahweh, Upholder of my life!

Let evil return to my watchful foe;

In Thy faithfulness exterminate (mine enemy);
From all trouble deliver me,

And on mine enemy let mine eye look.

Ps. 54 was a Maskil in. It was then taken up into DK, and received the assignment It was also taken up into E. The historical reference

.

refers to the incident inentioned ,בבוא הזיפים ויאמרו לשאול הלא דוד מִסְתַהַר עמנו

1 S. 2319 sq., cf. 261 sq. (v. Intr. §§ 26, 27, 32, 33, 34). This Ps. could not have been composed by David at this time, but the circumstances there referred to might illustrate some of the features of the Ps. It is a prayer for national deliverance in peril from enemies; and indeed any, powerful, cruel, and terrible ones, v.5, such as the Babylonians, cf. 3735 8614 Is. 1311 295. The language and style are of the earlier Pss. of . The reference to temple worship and sacrifice, v.8, is a gloss. The prayer that they might look in triumph on their enemies, v.9, implies a preëx. situation, in which the armies of Judah were still in the field and might hope to overcome their enemies in battle. The early years of Josiah best suit this situation.

Str. I. has three syn. couplets, the last giving the reason of the prayer.-3. By Thy name]. The name of Yahweh, as known to His people and made known to their enemies, is a saving name, giving confidence to His people, and invoking fear in their enemies, owing to the renown of His previous historical achievements, V. 206.8 3321 446 8913. 17.25 1053 11810. 11. 12 1248.- Thy might], as exhibited in the putting forth of warlike power, v. 207 2114 803 891. — save me], as the context shows, by deliverance from enemies in war, implying victory over them || execute judgment for me], vindicate my cause in battle, v. 110.-4. The petition of the previous couplet is indeed prayer, as expressed in words of my mouth, oral prayer, which Yahweh is urged to hear || give ear to, usual terms in such circumstances, v. 4* 52. — 5. The reason for this petition is given in this couplet, proud ones], the probable original, as and many codd. , rather than "foreigners," foreign enemies, of most codd. and other Vrss. These are defined as terrible ones, such as the Assyrians, Is. 295, and Babylonians, Is. 13" Ez. 287.- have risen up against me], in war || have sought my life], to destroy the nation so that it could no longer have national independence or existence. A glossator, without regard to the structure of the Ps. as composed of couplets, added

C

a line to give another characteristic of these enemies, "they do not set God before their eyes," cf. 10' 14' 532, probably influenced by the latter passage.

=

Str. II. has also three syn. couplets.-6. Lo], calling emphatic attention to the wish expressed in v., introduced by the vocatives in v.8.- Helper to me], not predicate of Yahweh, as Vrss.; but in apposition to Yahweh, as His characteristic. - Upholder of my life] the One who had been throughout history the sustainer of His people, maintaining their national existence in every peril and against all enemies.-7. Let evil return], so Kt., in requital, cf. 717 9415, to be preferred to Qr., G, 3, " He will return," "requite," as 1821.25 28 7912, which requires the interpretation of Yahweh as subj. in the 3d pers. against the uniform usage of this Ps., which is a prayer to Him, in the 2d pers. Such an interpretation is indeed forbidden by the syn. imv. exterminate, otherwise the transition from the one person to the other in a syn. couplet would be exceedingly abrupt and uncalled for.-In Thy faithfulness]. The usual meaning of the Hebrew word is alone appropriate here; namely, the faithfulness of Yahweh to His people, as helper and sustainer. The EV. give the unusual meaning "truth," which has no propriety in this context. These enemies of v.5 are here described as my watchful foes], who lie in wait, a term of , v. 59; also in general as mine enemy, an insertion which the uniform assonance of this Ps. in 1 requires, as well as the measure, in place of the suffix "them," of H, Vrss.-8. This vow disturbs the order of the prayer and the structure of the Str. ; but was needed to make the Ps. appropriate for public worship in later times. In voluntariness will I sacrifice to Thee], so Vrss., AV., cf. PBV., expressing the glad, voluntary participation in public sacrifice, cf. 514. RV. "freewill offering," while a possible rendering of the Hebrew word, is a specific kind of sacrifice which was only appropriate on special occasions, and not at all characteristic of public sacrifice in the temple, or indeed appropriate to it. — I will laud Thy name, Yahweh, (saying) for He is good], the oral choral praise, with the Rf. of the Hallels, v. 1353, and Intr. § 35.9. From all trouble deliver me], continuation of the prayer, the verb being interpreted as imv. MT., J, T, pf. 3 sg., G, S, pf. 2 sg., are due to the insertion of the gloss v., separating v.9 from its

connection with the imv. v.".. Let mine eye look]. The context of the original Ps. requires the jussive here, as against pf. of and Vrss., due to the gloss. The eye of Israel hopes to gaze in triumph upon the enemy, defeated and exterminated, cf. 1128 1187.

3. □] for an original ¬¬; also v.4. 6. ] has two tones, as usual in long words, with conj.-] Qal juss. after imv. (79). —4. 'p ̄`¬px?] two tones, the first thrown back from ultima to penult of as usual; v. 212, phr. Pss. 1915 781 138a Dt. 321 +.—5. □] marked as dub. by Paseq, was prob. originally D, as T and many codd. MT.; so Oort, Gr., Bä., Du. >>] the usual prep. with Dp, but the pl. sf. impairs the assonance in '-. Rd. therefore as 2712. —] pl. adj., as 375 8611, both ; cf. Is. 1311 295. —our dinhe] is an extra 1. to the Str., lacks the characteristic rhyme, and is doubtless a gl. —6.] phr. 3011().] prob. for original — `‡‡bạ] G åvriλýμπтwρ, I sustentans, imply sg. without ; the latter is due to the interpretation of form as pl., and is prob. not original, v. 36. — 7. ;] Kt.; Qr., so 6, J; the former is more suited to the context if is vocative in foregoing, the latter if it is subject of clauses; the former more probable, only it should be juss.] pl. is against assonance; rd. sg. v. 59. — onɔpx]. The suffix is contrary to the assonance in - characteristic of Ps. A word is also missing for the measure: rd. 2. 8. ‡737?] n.f. (1) voluntariness of love Ho. 145, of volunteering for military service Ps. 1103, of copious rain 6810, of voluntary offering of sacrifice 548, adv. acc. Dt. 2324; elsw. always freewill offering, in only 119108 unless this mng. be found here also.-] Qal cohort. 1 sg. expressing resolution; the accent is retracted before whether Makkeph is used or not; cf. v.*. — app ] Hiph. impf. cohort. 77, v. Intr. § 35, cf. 44o, 993, 1382 1428. ] suspicious in E. The rhyme does not appear in this v. It is a gl. — ̄ ̄?] v. 5211.-9. is a gl. of interp.-] Hiph. pf. 3 sg. changes from 2d to 3d pers. without sufficient reason: G, S, 2d pers., so Horsley, Gr., Che.; rd. imv. as Street. —] Qal pf. 3 f. is not suited to context, even if explained as future pf. or pf. of sure future. The original Ps. required, as Street, juss. The text has been changed from imv. and juss. because of intervening gl.—2] should be sg. sf. as above.

PSALM LV.

Ps. 55 is composite. (A) A prayer for deliverance, with the longing to flee away from the terrible anxiety to a sure refuge (v.2-3.5-9a). (B) Imprecations upon treacherous foes within the holy city (v.6-12), and upon a treacherous friend (v.13-16a. 21-22. 24ab).

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