or [illegible] troops, which is a way of honor, and for which so excellent a spirit is born, and not to be fried upon St. Lawrence's gridiron."1 The scheme, which Sir Thomas Roe thought it his duty to announce to his mistress in these disparaging terms, was one well calculated to tempt the young prince, who could never be idle. The capital was to be no less than a million, a sum equal to considerably more than twice that controlled by the Chartered Company to-day. Such a thing had never been heard of before. Nor was this all. It was to be provided in equal shares by a thousand gentlemen, each of whom was to sail in person with a retinue of servants; so that the expedition would number at least five thousand men. For its transport the king was to provide twelve ships from the idle fleet, and thirty merchantmen besides were to sail under its convoy. Lay down, they venture on; and with Discover, conquer what and where they please. Some phlegmatic sea-captain would have stay'd For money now, or victuals; not have weighed Anchor without 'em ; thou (Will) dost not stay So much as for a wind, but goest away, Land'st, view'st the country; fight'st, putt'st all to rout Before another could be putting out ! And now the news in town is- Davenant's come From Madagascar, fraught with laurel home; Such a force was formidable enough, at least in appearance, to have inspired confidence; but no one knew better than Sir Thomas Roe what he was saying. In his younger days he had been In thy next voyage bring the gold too with touched with the Raleigh fever, and And welcome, Will, for the first time; but prithee thee. had made the voyage to Guiana; later Nor was it only the poets whose on, with a cooler head, he had trav-heads were turned. Even so shrewd elled to the East Indies, where as am- and business-like a man as Monk, then bassador to the Great Mogul he had a poor captain just returned with a done his best to keep the East India brilliant reputation from the Low Company to its trade, and to discour- Country, was resolved to invest his age its territorial aspirations. Still sword and the savings of his pay and there were many who did not share his plunder in the mad undertaking. Roe distrust. Indeed, the town ran mad may have been right. The whole over it. Sir William Davenant came thing, as he seems to have thought, out with a poem of several hundred may have been either a scheme of the lines addressed to Prince Rupert, in Spanish party to keep English advenwhich in a vision he sees the brilliant ture off the West Indies, or merely a conquest of the island and its flowing prosperity under the young prince's rule. It was considered a fine piece, 30 entirely had the colonial mania dedected literary judgment, and may be taken as a fair embodiment of the feeling at the time. Even the sluggish muse of Endymion Porter was stirred to the effort of a copy of laudatory verses, and asked of his friend 1 Domestic State Papers, Car. I., cccl. 16, 17, March, 1637. device of unprincipled promoters to use the prince's popularity to float their bubble. It must not, at any rate, be supposed that such manoeuvres are the invention of our own time. Still, whatever was at the bottom of the design, it found credit not only with needy soldiers of fortune like Captain Monk, but, as Boothby tells us, with the Earl of Arundel and other honorable perAnd there can be no doubt the enterprise came very near being at sons. tempted; at any rate, Boothby dis- their decision. Practical men began to tinctly states that the Council had agreed that Rupert should go. In Suckling's verses, however, we can already hear a note of disappointment; the scheme was perhaps doomed before Davenant's poem was published. Other great men had other fish to fry. Roe hints of another project of Lord Craven's for a raid, as it would seem, upon the Spanish Main, in which the princes were to be engaged, but says he is sworn to secrecy. The real difficulty, however, was certainly from the queen-mother herself, who regarded semi-piratical reprisals as beneath the dignity of the first prince of the empire, and gave her strong disapproval not only to the cruising scheme but to the colonial one as well. "As for Rupert's romance," she wrote in auswer to Sir Thomas Roe, "about Madagascar, it sounds like one of Don Quixote's conquests, when he promised his trusty squire to make him king of an island. I heard of it some fourteen days agone, and thereupon I writ a letter to him to divert him from it as a thing neither feasible, safe, nor honorable for him. Since then I have received a letter from [cipher], who writes of it as a fine thing, which I cannot enough wonder at. I answered him plainly, I did not like of it. I thought it not safe to send him, the second brother, to such an enterprise, when there was work enough to be had for him in Europe; besides I thought, if Madagascar were a place either worth the taking or possible to be kept, that the Portugales by this time would have had it, having so long possessed the coast of Afric near to it; and I entreated him to do his best in hindering of it. What he will answer, God knows. I long to have it." And so she signs herself, "Your most constant and affectionate friend, Elizabeth.”1 Perhaps there was more of Don Quixote in her brother than even she knew, but the wisdom of her protest seemed to have had its effect. The Council were called on to reconsider 1 Domestic State Papers, Car. I., ccolii. 41. From the Hague, 16 April, 1637. draw back, and among them, for all his colonial longings, Captain Monk; and before a month was out Roe was able to send to his royal correspondent thei news for which she was so anxious. "The dream of Madagascar, I think," so he wrote, "is vanished, and the squire must conquer his own island. A blunt merchant called to deliver his opinion says it was a gallant design, but such as wherein he would be loath to venture his younger son." The Roe's conjecture was right. scheme had fallen through, at least in so far as Prince Rupert was concerned, except for the influence it had on his subsequent piratical career when he fell on evil days, and for the strong initiative he took in colonial affairs when the Restoration brought him prosperity. Lord Arundel, however, was far too great a man to be daunted by a prince's defection; but before he could reorganize his company the first Bishops' War had broken out; the Scots were to be coerced into Episcopacy, and the earl marshal was called upon to command the English army of invasion. The choice was hardly well advised; he "had nothing martiał about him,' sneers Clarendon, "but his presence and his looks, and therefore was thought to be made choice of only for his negative qualities. . . . But he was fit to keep the state of it, and his rank was such that no man would decline the serving under him.' His natural distaste for military service, no less than the miserable fiasco in which his employment resulted, would seem, after the accommodation with the Scots was patched up, to have thrown him for distraction upon his still-born venture. From his retirement in the country he set the ball rolling again, and presently came up to London to throw himself heart and soul into the promotion of his scheme. Merchants thronged his palace, seamen and shareholders came and went amongst his antiques and his pictures, the pillars of the Royal Exchange were plastered with his advertisements; from the king he obtained for himself What force Bond had, or what he did with it, is not known. Perhaps he found himself too late, or fell a victim to the first act of a long colonial rivalry. For by this time the French had been caught with the fever, and the Sieur de Flacourt records in his "Relation de Sir Edward Walker, from whom we Madagascar Depuis 1642-1660" that in learn the earl's persistence, saw the the year 1642 the Sieur Ricault, a navy picture, and so we know what it was captain, obtained from Richelieu like. “I have seen," says he, in his patent to settle Madagascar and to take "Historical Discourses," "6 an excel-possession of it in the name of the lent piece drawn by that famous artist Sir Anthony Vandyke of the earl and his lady sitting with a terrestrial globe between them, he with his marshal's staff pointing to Madagascar." It is a piece of real irony; for there the thing ended, with the great man pointing his marshal's staff at the seat of his dreamland empire. Beyond that sovereign pose he never moved. For the king, overwhelmed with his perplexities, in desperation summoned a Parliament, which lost no time, so Boothby tells us, in putting a stop to the design of Mad agascar. રી.. French crown, and that ships went out that same year. Two centuries and a half have passed; Rupert's romance is forgotten, and the Sieur Ricault's commission remains unexecuted. To-day perhaps we are on the eve of seeing the work accomplished; but Madagascar has held out long, and the difficulties in the way of conquest are scarcely less than when the poor queen of Bohemia trembled for her son. But whatever come of it, the world is wide; we can heartily wish our neighbor Godspeed, and trust she is not sallying forth, as sage old Sir Thomas Roe would have said, to fry on St. Lawrence's gridiron. JULIAN CORBETT. Froin Temple Bar. EPHESUS AND THE TEMPLE OF DIANA. IF Athens be taken as the intellectual centre of Attica and Greece, another city stands forth pre-eminently as the representative of the greatness and culture of the Greek colonies in Asia Minor; that city is Ephesus. Fifty miles south of Smyrna Society and politics had now got something else to think of more exciting than colonial conquest; but Captain John Bond still clung sturdily to his idea. In March, 1639, a warrant was issued appointing him governor of the island, which would look as though Boothby was not quite accurate, and that Arundel had abandoned or was tired of his project before Parliament met. Captain Bond was more in earnest, and after surmounting all opposition in his way set out upon his venture. Of this we may be sure, for in 1643 another attempt was made to write up the island by one Walter Ham- Smyrna," to which the Turk has linked mond. His book bore the title "Mad- it by a sleepy railway-four miles agascar, the Richest and Most Fruitful from the coast, the same distance that Island in the World," and in the dedi- separates Athens from the Piræus, and cation he thus addresses Captain John nearly opposite Samos, are scattered Bond, the governor : "Before you set the ruins of one of the most splendid sail you met with a rough storm at land cities of antiquity. Looking down -but no breeze can now undermine it. from the modern village of Ayasalouk The Parliament after full debate found the eye ranges over a valley considerhow just and honorable to the kingdom able in itself but dwarfed by the high This hills of limestone which form a rude was his Majesty's favor to you." again, it will be observed, does not semicircle about it; lower hills break tally with Boothby's memory. this space in parts, running down as "' infidel spurs from the higher range, but there | lost to us, and broken by openings with is much flat ground, and through it embattled towers like those of Troy may be traced the windings of a river," high gated." spreading out in several places into small lakes; beyond is the long, deep blue line of the sea. The outline of the hills is marked and fantastic; the air exquisitely clear, dry, and exhilarating; the sun shines as it only can in the East, yet without the awful intensity of India; the entire scene is one of singular charm. Limestone quarries catch the sun's rays; the vegetation is in parts luxuriant; in the spring the vivid yellow of the angelica literally covers one of the great hills from base to summit. But whatever its beauty, its interest is not of the present. Climbing, wandering, threading his way amongst rock and shrub and tree, the traveller every here and there finds his way barred by masses of fallen masonry, often half buried in the soil - this was Ephesus! Ruin has fallen upon it, shapeless, and until very recently, unintelligible ruin. The fallen marble is all that remains of the city; the winding stream half choked with weedy growths marks the channel of the Cayster; the little lakes shining in the sun were once the Panormus, the "All-Haven or port of Ephesus, and the basin which stood before the Temple of Artemis, one of the reputed seven wonders of the world. As one of the twelve cities of the Ionian Confederation, it might well be styled one of the "Eyes of Asia" by Pliny; Greece, Egypt, and Persia poured their wealth into it for centuries, and it continued in fame and importance until overwhelmed by the Goths of the Bosphorus late in the third century of our era. The walls, built of rough hewn stone, cased with smoother work in parts, ran for about four miles literally over hill and dale; for purposes probably of military defence they followed an irregular line, and were even carried in viaduct fashion across a deep hollow; along the hill of Lepre and Mount Coressus; in one place beside the lake, at another set back for some cause now Ephesus is a land of ruins. Athens has hers indeed, but they are partial only, and save for Morosini's bombardment the Parthenon would be perfect, whilst the town is still a living city and a capital. But here the ruin is overwhelming; slowly the ground hast risen in accordance with what would seem to be a law, and simply submerged the low-lying parts; grass and wild flower and shrub growing thickly over a wondrous subsoil of marble columns, carved antæ, and mosaic pave-th ments. The Parthenon was the grandest example of the Doric order, the first perfected achievement of the Greek mind in architecture; the Temple of Diana was the stateliest embodiment of the Ionic, the second great step forward in the long march of the art which, for the Western nations at least, begins amongst the frowning columns. of Karnak, and carried on by Greek and Roman, Frank and Goth, ends in the basilica and the cathedral. Probably refounded and its walls rebuilt by Lysimachus, one of Alexander's generals, Ephesus was filled with splendid buildings; each century added its quota, until at last under the late emperors its magnificence must have rivalled that of Rome whilst far surpassing it in beauty of situation. Its two ports were probably an inner and outer basin of the Panormus; its agoras; its five great gymnasia; its lyric theatre (odeum); all were celebrated and all on a scale of extraordinary vastness, but all were dwarfed by its gigantic race-course (stadium); the mighty theatre open to the sky, as all ancient theatres were, with seats for twenty-four thousand people; above all the Temple of Diana, the pride and glory of Ephesus. An overthrow so complete as that which fell upon her; the wilful devastation of Iconoclast Byzantine; the plundering of Saracen, Crusader, Genoese, and Tartar, covered the hills with a long, irregular line of broken masonry, ever diminishing so long as them. To find this peribolus, which there was aught to tempt the spoiler, bounded it, would be some guide, but and filled the low-lying valley from owing to these alterations all was conthe harbor back to the hills with a fusion. countless sea of fragments. Such was Another landmark, if it could be its state when in the month of May, found, was the stoa or covered portico, 1863, an English architect stood amidst in this case virtually a covered road the ruins and commenced his search joining the temple to the city, built for the lost Temple of Diana of the by Damianus, a wealthy Roman, Ephesians. Lost, the great temple, partly for the use of the priests in wet lost to view, passed away from the weather, as some suppose, and partly sight of men, gone! Armed with a to shelter the every-day crowd from irman from the Ottoman government, the sun. From a comparison of all and provided with funds by the trus- available authorities, Mr. Wood was at tees of the British Museum, Mr. J. T. first led to search for the temple at a Wood set about the work which will spot considerably nearer to the town always be associated with his name. than where he eventually found it. The task was no light one, for the temple had literally disappeared, and the classical writers were by no means in unison; the very site was uncertain. "In my perplexity," he says, "I chose Strabo, Pausanias, and Phiostratus as my best guides, because they had been eye-witnesses of all the things they describe." The outline of the walls could still be traced, running irregularly over the hills; walls over ten feet in thickness, broken at frequent intervals by towers with remains of stone steps to reach them, with here and there a sally-port. In parts houses could be distinguished Covering the mountain slope with ruinous terraces. The harbor, the theatre, the stadium, were barely indicated, though in ruins, but the temple was invisible; not a particle of stonework remained to guide the explorer. In common with most ancient temples the fane was surrounded with a sanctuary Those limits were altered from time to time; this caused a difficulty in the search. The temple had this right in Strabo's day. Alexander had extended its boundaries to a stadium (six hundred feet and nine inches, English measurement); Mithridates fixed it by shooting an arrow from the roof which fell a little beyond a stadium; Antony doubled the distance, thus including a part of the town, but the abuses to which it gave Baffled for a time as to the temple, he proceeded with his excavations in other parts; much hindered by local opposition, and realizing by the experience of every day not only the enormous strength and size of ancient walling, but the wholesale destruction deliberately effected by all old builders, who destroyed and rebuilt as each wave of change passed over the art of architecture. The sentiment which causes us so carefully to preserve every fragment of an ancient building was to them utterly unknown; when the Ionic succeeded the Doric, and the Corinthian in its turn superseded the Ionic, and later when the arch, the vault, and the dome brought about a building revolution, they not only destroyed, they did more; they actually filled up entire chambers with masses of material taken from other parts of the same building, and the whole being rammed down into a solid mass served as a foundation for a new structure above; in this manner an enormous portion of the finest architectural work has perished, whilst incalculable confusion has been introduced into the history of many structures, explorers and archæologists being utterly baffled by finding capitals, carvings, and other fragments at levels and in places wholly out of keeping with their style. Mr. Wood persevered through endrise were 80 great less difficulties. Innumerable remains that Augustus restricted its limits and of every kind were found. The first caused a new wall to be built to mark discovery was a further opening up of |