between the coasts of Spain and the British Channels. Ships on their passage from that part of the continent, many leagues to the westward of Cape Finisterre, felt an unusual agitation of the sea, as if they had struck on sunken rocks the time agreeing with that of Cork and Fort Augustus. Captain Woodward, of the Expedition packet-boat, sailed from Lisbon, March 29. On the 31st, soon after he had passed the rocks of Lisbon, in the morning, and almost calm, the sea swelled to a great degree, with a rumbling noise. The vessel was tossed about as if in a storm. The agitation continued four minutes.

The Gosport man of war, off the rock of Lisbon, at three quarters past 11 in the forenoon, felt two violent shocks of an earthquake; the first continued near a minute and a half, the second not so long. Under the convoy of the Gosport were several ships, all affected in the same manner. One off Lisbon felt the shock, attended with a noise, as if empty casks had been tossed about in the hold.

In the latitude 43°, not many leagues off shore, in her passage from Lisbon, the Amey of Bristol, Captain Condon, felt a most violent shock. The concussion was so great, that it shook the needle off the spindle of the compass; and immediately after arose such a storm of wind and rain as he never before met with. The shock was felt 10 minutes A. M. viz. half an hour before it was felt at Cork, and five hours before the waters rose at Kinsale, and in Mount's Bay on the same day.

At the same time there was a violent earthquake at Lisbon, thought by some as severe as that of 1755, but the agitation more equable; consequently the damages were not so deplorable, a few old houses were shattered and thrown down, and some new ones cracked: the shock lasted between three and five minutes. But more particular is the account following, from an eye-witness, in an English vessel then off Lisbon, i.e. lying before the city. "On March 31st, at mid-day, a severe shock, not so strong as that of 1755, but of longer duration. I saw the ruins of the last earthquake falling heap upon heap, and turning round beheld the rocks on the opposite side falling from the mountains, followed by a continual cry of the people: the buildings erected since 1755 damaged to the amount of 20,000 moidores at least. It lasted about five minutes, some say seven; the water in continual agitation all the afternoon, ebbing and flowing three or four feet in a very short time. At 12 at night another shock, of short continuance; that night three more; did no

damage. St. Ubes, 10 leagues distance to the south, hassuffered much; and the villages to the north, as also a large convent. During the confusion in the city, 300 persons in the several gaols gained their liberty. The shock felt at Oporto was very strong, but did no damage. At a village about 20 miles distant, three or four houses were thrown down, by which several people were killed."

At Madeira the shock was felt very violent at 10 o'clock A.M. It did no damage in the town: some rocks were split, and fell into the sea, and some of the roads of the island suffered. The greatest damage there sustained was the loss of one church, and four people killed, two of which were in a boat fishing near the shore, when the rocks fell.

At Fyal island, one of the Azores, and Terceira, the sea rose to a great height, and fell again so low that the quays were left dry all the lighters and fishing-boats that were hauled up in Portorico, were carried down into the bay, and broken to pieces on the rocks. About a fortnight after, several earthquakes (successively more and more violent) ended not, till on the 20th three volcanoes threw out as many rivers of lava, of near a mile in breadth, and four yards high, which threatened desolation to the whole country, and continued. overrunning every tree and house till the 24th.

From these accounts, the violence of this earthquake was greatest at, or rather near, Lisbon; perhaps at sea, in latitude between 43° and 44°, and longitude about 11° 19, where no tremors of land could be observed, and consequently the effects not so terrifying, nor perceived by so many, nor so destructive as if it had happened on the land, and contiguous to Lisbon, as that of 1755. The weather various in the different places, but mostly calm.

There was a great conformity between the effects of the earthquake of Nov. 1. 1755, and of this of March 31. 1761; viz. in the extent; in the rise of the waters; in the calmness of the weather in most parts; and in the succession of time, beginning sooner at Lisbon than on the northern shores both times.

Account of a Mummy inspected at London in 1763. By JOHN HADLEY, M. D. F.R.S.-[1764.]

THE mummy was an entire one, taken out of the Royal Pyramids. The outer painted covering being removed, nothing but linen fillets were to be seen, which enclosed the whole mummy. These fillets were of different breadths; the

greater part about an inch and a half; those about the feet much broader: they were torn longitudinally; those few that had a selvage, having it on one side only; the uppermost fillets were of a degree of fineness nearly equal to what is now sold in the shops for 2s. 4d. per yard, under the name of long lawn; and were woven something after the manner of Russia-sheeting : the fillets were of a brown colour, and in some measure rotten. These outer fillets seemed to owe their colour to having been steeped in some gummy solution; as the inner ones were in pitch.

The fillets immediately under the painted covering lay in a transverse direction; under these, which were many times folded, they lay oblique, diagonally from the shoulders to the ilia. Under these the fillets were broader, some nearly three inches; and lay longitudinally from the neck to the feet, and also from the shoulders down the sides; on which there was a remarkable thickness of these longitudinal fillets: under these they were again transverse, and under these again oblique. The fillets, in general, externally, did not adhere to each other; but though pieces of a considerable length could be taken off entire, yet, from the great age, so tender was the texture of the cloth, that it was impossible regularly to unrol them. As the outer fillets were removed, those that next presented themselves had been evidently steeped in pitch, and were in general coarser, in folds, and more irregularly laid on; as they were more distant from the surface. The inner filleting of all was so impregnated with pitch, as to form with it one hard black brittle mass; and had been burned nearly to a coal. On breaking this, it appeared in many places as if filled with a white efflorescence; like that observable on the outside of pyrites which have been exposed to the air. This efflorescence, however, had nothing saline to the taste, and did not dissolve in water; but instantly disappeared, on bringing it near enough to the fire to be slightly heated; and was soluble in spirit of wine.

In the cavity of the abdomen were found several small pieces of bone, which had the appearance of dry oak, mixed with crumbled pitch; under this was found more solid pitch, which adhered to the spine. After cutting away the mass of doth and pitch which covered the thorax; it was found that the arms had been laid straight down by the sides of the chest, and the ulna and radius bent upwards, and laid with the hands across upon the breast, the right hand being uppermost. The bones of the fingers were lost; but the metacarpal bones were found broken off, and fallen into the thorax. The fillet

ing, which went round the upper part of the body, included the arms also; but they had evidently been first wrapped separately, then laid up in the position in which they were found, and the hollows which they formed filled up with pieces of pitched cloth. In the cavity of the thorax there was also a considerable quantity of crumbled pitch and splinters of dry bone; and, as in the progress of this examination Dr. H. continually found that some of the bones did, as he laid them bare, separate into such splinters, it is very probable that this appearance was owing to the mummy's having been handled in a rough manner, and much shaken, by the persons who had driven it full of nails, when they were employed to repair the outside of it. On first opening a way into the thorax, he imagined the ribs were destroyed; but, on a more accurate examination, they were found entire; but so bedded in the pitch, and so black and burned into the mass, as to make it difficult to distinguish these very different substances from each other. The bones of the spine and of the pelvis were in the same state with the ribs; only rather more burned.

There was a considerable thickness of hard sold pitch lining the cavity of the thorax: this had been evidently liquified and poured in; and retained that glossy appearance on its surface which is observable on pitch that is suffered to cool without being disturbed. On breaking through this hard crust of pitch to examine the vertebræ and the ribs, the pitch which was under this crust and nearest to the bones was crumbly and soft; and, on being exposed to the air, grew perfectly moist in a very short time. The lower extremities were wrapped separately in fillets to nearly their natural size, and then bound together; the interstices being rammed full of pitched rags. On cutting through the fillets on the thighs, the bones were found invested with a thin coat of pitch; and the filleting was bound immediately on this. The tibia and fibula of each leg were found also wrapped in the same manner, and the bones in actual contact with the pitch; excepting in one or two places, where the pitch was so very thin, that the cloth appeared to adhere to the bone itself.

The feet were filleted in the same manner; being first bound separately, and then wrapped together. The filleting had been by some accident rubbed off the toes of the right foot; and the nail of the great toe was found perfect: the last joints of the bones of the lesser toes had been broken away; by which it appeared that these bones had been penetrated, and their cavities quite filled with pitch. The filleting about the heel had also been broken away, and the bones

case.

of the tarsus, and some of the metatarsal bones, had fallen out and were lost; leaving the remaining filleting like a kind of The fillets on the left foot were perfect; except on the heel, and where they had been divided from those of the leg, a small portion of the tendino Achillis adhered to the os calcis; and some of the ligaments to the astragalus. On cutting into the fillets on the sole of this foot they were found to enclose a bulbous root. The appearance of this was very fresh; and part of the thin shining skin came off with a flake of the dry brittle filleting with which it had been bound down: it seemed to have been in contact with the flesh.

The fillets were removed from this foot with great care: they were much impregnated with pitch, excepting about the toes; where the several folds, united into one mass, being cut through, yielded to the knife like a very tough wax. The toes being carefully laid bare, the nails were found perfect on them all; some of them retaining a reddish hue, as if they had been painted: the skin, also, and even the fine spiral lines on it, were still very visible on the under part of the great toe, and of the three next adjoining toes. Where the skin of the toes was destroyed, there appeared a pitchy mass, resembling in form the fleshy substance; though somewhat shrunk from its original bulk. The natural form of the flesh was preserved also on the under part of the foot; near the bases of the toes. On the back of the toes appeared several of the extensor tendons.

During this whole examination, excepting what was discovered in the feet, there were not found the least remains of any of the soft parts. All the bones of the trunk were bedded in a mass of pitch; and those of the limbs were covered with a thin coat of it, and then swathed in the fillets; which (as has been mentioned) in some places, where the pitch was very thin, seemed to adhere to the bone itself.

It has been imagined, that the principal matter used by the Egyptians for embalming, was the asphaltus; but what Dr. H. found was certainly a vegetable production. The smell in burning was very unlike that of asphaltus; nor did it resemble that of the common pitch of the fir-tree; being rather aromatic. It was compared with a variety of resins and gumresins; but it seemed not to resemble any of them, excepting myrrh, and that but very slightly. In all probability it was not a simple substance, but might be a mixture of the resinous productions of the country, with the pitch of that tree which they had in greatest plenty.

The pitch of this mummy was carefully distilled, but it