Foreign Law.-A. Wood Renton, Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Foreign Office.-J. P. Wallis. [A. Wood Renton, Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Ceylon.] Foreshore.-G. G. Phillimore. Forest.-J. Harper Scaife. [A. Wood Renton, Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Ceylon.] Forgery.-W. F. Craies. Fortifications.-G. H. Knott. [A. Wood Renton, Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Ceylon.] Fox's Libel Act.-W. Blake Odgers, K.C. France.-Alexander Pulling. Franchise.-J. P. Wallis. [A. Wood Renton, Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Ceylon.] Franchise (Electoral).-G. H. B. Kenrick. Freedom of Borough.-W. Blake Odgers, K.C. French Law.--Sir Thomas Raleigh, K.C.S.I. [A. Wood Renton, Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Ceylon.] Friendly Societies.-W. F. Craies. Further Assurance.-J. D. Israel. [C. Johnston Edwards.] Further Consideration.-C. Burney, one of the Masters of the Supreme Court of Judicature. Future and After Acquired Property.-H. W. Law. [C. Johnston Edwards.] Gambia.-Alexander Pulling. Gambia Protectorate.--Alexander Pulling. Game Laws.-W. F. Craies. Games.--W. F. Craies. Gaming and Wagering.-W. F. Craies. Gaming House.-W. F. Craies. Gavelkind.-H. W. Law. [C. Johnston Edwards.] Gazettes.-J. S. Henderson. Geneva Convention.--Sir Thomas Barclay, Knt. [A. Wood Renton, Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Ceylon.] Gentleman; Gentlewoman.-G. H. Knott. [R. G. Ellis.] German Empire.-Alexander Pulling. Gibraltar.-Alexander Pulling. Gifts.-C. Johnston Edwards. Glebe.--J. Arthur Price. Gold Coast and Ashanti.---Alexander Pulling. Gold Coast, Northern Territories.-Alexander Pulling. Goods Bargained and Sold.-T. J. Bullen. [N. G. L. Child.] Goodwill.—The late T. M. Stevens. [R. Geoffrey Ellis.] Great Seal.-J. S. Henderson. Greece.-Alexander Pulling. Greenwich Mean Time.-F. A. Stringer, of the Central Office. Growing Crops.-E. Foà. Guarantee.-John Macdonell, one of the Masters of the Supreme Court of Judicature. [N. G. L. Child.] Guardian ad Litem.-C. Burney, one of the Masters of the Supreme Court of Judi cature. Guardians of the Poor.-W. Blake Odgers, K.C., and E. J. Naldrett. Guatemala.--Alexander Pulling. Habeas Corpus.-G. H. B. Kenrick. Hague Conference.-T. R. Bridgwater. Harbours.-G. G. Phillimore. Hayti.-Alexander Pulling. Heir; Heirs.-J. D. Israel. [C. Johnston Edwards.] Heirlooms.-T. C. Williams. Heraldry.-R. Geoffrey Ellis. Highway Authority.-W. Blake Odgers, K.C., and E. J. Naldrett. Hindu Law.-Sir Thomas Raleigh, K.C.S.I. Hiring Agreement.--The late T. M. Stevens. [N. G. L. Child.] Honduras Republic.-Alexander Pulling. Hong Kong.-Alexander Pulling. Horses.-C. E. Lloyd. [N. G. L. Child.] Hospitals.-J. S. Henderson, Hotchpot.-John M. Gover. [C. Johnston Edwards.] House of Commons.-Sir W. R. Anson, Bart. House of Lords.-L. O. Pike. House Tax.-W. F. Craies. Hungary. -Alexander Pulling. Husband and Wife.-C. Montague Lush, K.C., and W. H. Griffith. [A. Wood Renton, Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Ceylon.] Hypnotism.-A. Wood Renton, Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. ADDENDA AND ERRATA VOL. II. p. 245, 1. 12 from bottom, to reference to North Central Wagon Co. v. Manchester, etc., Railway Co., add “affirmed 13 App. Cas. 554.” Vol. III. p. 628, 1. 12, for "54 Geo. III. c. 156," read "54 Geo. III. c. 56." p. 631, 1. 19, for "14 & 15 Vict. c. 12," read “15 & 16 Vict. c. 12." p. 633, 1. 11, for "51 & 52 Vict. c. 50," read "51 & 52 Vict. c. 17." p. 635, 1. 13, for "17 Geo. II. c. 57," read "17 Geo. III. c. 57." Vol. V. p. 35, 1. 25, for "grantor," read "grantee." Vol. VI. p. 397, for paragraph beginning Application of Imperial Acts, read "The Imperial Coinage Acts have been put in force in the colony (St. R. & O., Rev. 1904, vol. ii., 'Coin, Colonies,' p. 114), but under Orders in Council of June 10, 1843, June 30, 1852, and November 28, 1874 (ibid., vol. ii. pp. 13-17), various foreign gold coins, including Spanish and South American doubloons, eagles of the United States, and French twenty-franc pieces are current in addition to the imperial currency. Certain silver foreign coins were demonetised by Ordinance No. 2 of 1880." ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF THE LAWS OF ENGLAND Factors Acts.-See PRINCIPAL AND AGENT. Faculty and Court of Faculties.-A faculty in ecclesiastical law signifies a permission given by the ordinary (or in some cases the Archbishop of Canterbury) for the doing some act which is unlawful without it. The faculties which must be obtained from the Archbishop of Canterbury (in both provinces alike) are(1) A faculty to be ordained deacon under twenty-three years of age; (2) to hold two livings at once; (3) to be married at any place or time; (4) to act as a notary-public (as to which, see infra), and his powers are derived from Stat. 25 Hen. VIII. c. 21, 1533. A faculty for (2) is more usually called a dispensation, and as to it see PLURALITIES; for (3), more often called a special licence, see LICENCE, MARRIAGE. Faculties ordinarily so called relate to alterations in ecclesiastical buildings and lands, and are obtained from the Consistory Court of the ordinary or bishop of the diocese. Cathedrals are exempt from the law requiring a faculty before such alterations are made (Phillpotts v. Boyd, 1875, 6 L. R. P. C. 435, at p. 456; and see DEAN AND CHAPTER); but in all other cases a faculty is necessary. Thus it is required for a vault, and may be obtained for this purpose by a living non-parishioner (see In re Sargent, 1890, 15 P. D. 168), for the removal of a body (In re Talbot, [1901] P. 1), for which purpose it will be granted on sanitary grounds (see e.g. Rector, etc., of St. Michael Bassishaw v. Parishioners, [1893] P. 233), but not with a view to cremation (q.v.); and for the erection of a monument (see, as to monuments in chancels, article CHANCEL). Faculties are also required for all additions to the furniture or ornaments of a church; e.g. for a second altar (see In re Holy Trinity Church, Stroud Green, 1887, 12 P. D. 199, and Vicar, etc., of St. Peter's, Eaton Square v. Parishioners, [1894] P. 350), for a chancel screen (see case last cited, and Vicar of Richmond, etc., v. All Persons, etc., [1897] P. 70; In re St. Anselm's Pinner, [1901] P. 202), for candlesticks on the altar, for the removal of military colours affixed to the walls of a chancel under a previous faculty (Vincent v. Eyton, [1897] P. 1; In re St. Margaret's, Westminster, [1905] P. 286, and for all alterations in the fabric of the building; and, strictly speaking, for alterations of importance in the parsonage house or buildings (see, however, Huntly v. Russell, 1849, 13 Q. B. 572), and for a new pathway in the churchyard (see Batten v. Gedge, 1889, 41 Ch. D. 507; and Rector, etc., of St. Gabriel v. City of VOL. VI. 1 London Real Property Co., [1896] P. 95); but as to public footpaths, or the throwing part of the churchyard into a street, see In re Plumstead Burial Ground, [1895] P. 225; and Phillimore, Eccl. Law, p. 1415. An ornament, though illegally put up, cannot be legally removed without a faculty (Ritchings v. Cordingley, 1868, L. R. 3 Ad. & Ec. 113; Vincent v. Eyton, [1897] P. 1); and an ornament put up without one can be subsequently confirmed by faculty (Gardner v. Ellis, 1874, L. R. 4 Ad. & Ec. 265; Bradford v. Fry, 1878, 4 P. D. 93). Faculties were formerly freely granted for family pews, but in view of modern conditions are now hardly ever granted for this purpose. When a right to a pew by user is established, a lost faculty is presumed (see StilemanGibbard v. Wilkinson, [1897] 1 Q. B. 749). They are not necessary for the lawful obedience of a monition under the P. W. R. A., 1874, 37 & 38 Vict. c. 85, s. 14. The Court of Faculties is a Court in which no litigation. is conducted, and is, in fact, the office of the Archbishop of Canterbury for the granting of faculties. Its chief officer is called the Master of the Faculties, and to him application must be made for the admission or removal of notaries public. The Court of Faculties has inherent jurisdiction to strike a notary-public off the roll of notaries public, and can exercise this jurisdiction in any proper case where it is not precluded from doing so by statute (In re Champion, [1906] P. 86), where a solicitor who had been struck off the roll of solicitors for professional misconduct was also struck off the roll of notaries in respect of the same misconduct. (See as to these, Statutes 41 Geo. III. c. 79; 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 70; 6 & 7 Vict. c. 90; and article NOTARY-PUBLIC). [Authority.—Phillimore's Eccl. Law, 2nd ed.] Faggot Vote.-A faggot vote was a vote created for party purposes at parliamentary elections by transferring to a person not otherwise qualified for the electoral franchise the bare amount of property sufficient to give him the necessary legal qualification. Where property was conveyed to an individual with the fraudulent intent of giving him the qualification for a vote without giving him the substance of the property, the vote so acquired was termed a "faggot vote" (see Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, vol. xxxvi. col. 945). The use of the word faggot in this sense is apparently derived from its analogy to the employment of the term faggot as denoting a dummy soldier, i.e. a person temporarily hired to supply a deficiency on the muster of a regiment (see Murray, Eng. Hist. Dict., vol. iv. p. 20). After the establishment of a property qualification for the electoral franchise (see 8 Hen. VI. c. 7; see also FRANCHISE (ELECTORAL)), the practice arose of splitting up interests in freeholds by means of conveyances of freeholds of the annual value of forty shillings, with the object of increasing the number of qualified voters at parliamentary elections. This practice of creating votes by subdividing a single tenement among a number of nominal owners, which was greatly facilitated by the considerable depreciation in the value of the forty shillings freehold qualification, became prevalent towards the end of the seventeenth century to such an extent as to amount to a serious evil, which has been met by various legislative enactments. The practice was clearly void at common law as being opposed to public policy (see Onslow v. Rapley, Lord Somers' Tracts, 2nd ed., 1812. |