a few, or many ewes, to any particular tup, without any fear or apprehension of having a spurious breed, by the interference of his neighbour's; he is also enabled to keep his flock from many disorders: few commons but have some tracts of land liable to the rot: how are they to be prevented from depasturing upon it?or if the scab, or other infectious disorders, have taken place amongst any flock on the common, how is he to avoid it ?" P. 236. In a county like this, that does not raise corn sufficient for the consumption of its inhabitants, and where it is always one-fourth or onefifth dearer than in an adjoining county, it is lamentable to see such extensive tracts of good corn land lying waste, of no value to its owners, and of no benefit to the community. Instead of the present scarcity of grain, large quantities might be yearly exported; and instead of the ill-formed, poor, starved, meagre animals that depasture the commons at present, an abundant supply of good fat mutton would be had to grace the markets of the county, and also to send off large supplies to Newcastle, Liverpool, Manchester, and other populous manufacturing places. It is difficult to say, what would be the increased value of such land under proper management; we think we cannot be wrong in stating, that it would be at least from six to eight times the value to the proprietors. But of what advantage would it be to the public ?" This question is answered by a calculation; in which the estimated "total value of increased produce" comes out 227,000 7.; for the 150,000 acres of lower common lands, only, The Means of Appropriation.-P. 270. “ Enclosing of Commons,we have already pointed out, would be a great source of improvement in this county, could it be done at a moderate expense, and on equitable terms; the charges of obtaining an Act of Parliament, and and the various additions made thereto by the practitioners of the law, are in some cases three or four times more than all the other expenses put together. Surely this might be avoided by a general act. The House of Commons has already laid a foundation, by the standing orders respecting such bills.-If twothirds of the proprietors request a division, we see no reason why they should be put to the expense of obtaining an Act of Parliament, because two or three, or possibly only one, ignorant or ill-natured person or persons, are absurd enough to oppose it." STATE of SOCIETY. Provisions.-P. 254. "Grain of all kinds is generally very high; the average price, in 1793, was, 3 per lb. Skimmed milk cheese, 0 1 O to Is. 4d. per bush. Poultry.-A stubble goose, 2s.; duck, 8d.; a fowl, 6d.; eggs, from 3d. to 6d. per dozen. Fish.-Salmon, 6d. per lb.; trout, 3d." Again. "The Bread generally used in this county, is made of barley, or a mixture of barley and rye : oatmeal is made into hasty-puddings, and cat with butter, treacle, milk, or beer, for breakfast, and often for supper." "Potatoes, for several years, have been in general use, as a principal article of food; few families dine without them; and we believe many a dinner and supper are made of potatoes, with a little butter, or cream, for sauce, and in many cases only milk, or, where this cannot be had, a little salt." Fuel.-P. 255. "Coals are cheap and plentiful in most parts of the county; in several places, from 15s. to 30s. will procure a year's fuel for a small family." "Peat and turf also abound, and are used instead of coals in some districts." Employments. P. 261. "The Manufactures are not extensive; printing cottons at Carlisle, and a check manufacture (on a small scale) in most of the market-towns, with four or five cotton-mills erected of late years near Carlisle, Dalston, and Corby, with a small factory of corduroys at the latter place, is all this county has to boast of." Four or five cottonmills to boast of!. Their effects on the morals of Carlisle, at least, have been, for some time, notoriously ascertained. LOCAL TAXES.-Poor Rate. In 1797? the poor rate, "at Carlisle, 2s.; Wigton, 2s. 6d. ; Aldston, 3s.; Harrington, 1s. 6d.; Kirkoswald, 1s. 8d.; and in many of the country parishes, they vary from 6d. to 10d. per pound." p. 210. P. 262, In most of the country parishes the poorrates are low, from 6d. to 9d. per pound, which, we believe, is partly owing to a sort of pride existing amongst the lower classes, of not applying for parochial relief till they cannot possibly subsist without it; and also to the number of friendly societies which have been established, and we hope are still increasing. Such useful institutions are deserving of encouragement by every person whose property is chargeable with poor-rate.' Tithes. P. 210. "Tithes are mostly taken in kind; a few parishes pay a modus in lieu of tithes, and others are tithe-free, in consequence of a portion of common being given to the impropriator." PUBLIC WORKS. On this prominent subject, in a Report to a public Board, we find little to notice, in that of Cumberland. Embankments (public I take for granted) are recommended, P. 272, "on the marshes of Burgh, Rockcliffe, Abbey-Holm, and the mouth of the 4 Duddon." Duddon." And, in a note, "the Lancaster, Cartmel, and Duddon Sands," are mentioned. But of these in their proper place. Roads. What the Cumberland Surveyors say on this subject (p. 256.) serves to show that cursory observations on the existing state of roads, at any particular time, must be in some degree vague. The condition of a road is continually varying. The states of the Cumbrian roads, as mentioned by the Reporters, in 1794, might be said to be the reverse, in 1798; when I found the great road, between Carlisle and Newcastle, in high condition: while many of the less public roads were unsufferably bad :-notwithstanding the great plenty of good materials that abound in most parts of Cumberland (not in all); and notwithstanding the carriages of burden which travel upon them are, invariably, single horse carts. My journals, in 1798, 1800, and 1801, are full of complaints, on this subject: amounting to a proof, that the road surveyors of Cumberland are negligent of their duty; or that single horse carts are not so favorable to roads, as theory aptly suggests. MARKET PRODUCTS of Cumberland. A valuable produce of its waters are salmon; of which great quantities are sent to the metropolis. The products of its soils are those of Woodlands and Agriculture, which will be mentioned. The surplus that is shipped off, from this county, consists of "butter, bacon, and hams of an excellent quality, form a part of the commerce of this county. The article of butter is said to amount to 30,000l. per ann. the greatest part for the London market." p. 261. The best produce of its substrata appears to be Coals; concerning which the following particulars are noticeable P. 259. The commerce of this county consists principally in the exportation of coals from Whitehaven, Workington, and Maryport, to Ireland, &c. The number of vessels employed in this trade amounts to to upwards of 300, from 60 to 120 tons burthen. This lucrative trade has arisen to its present importance within the last hundred years; it originated at Whitehaven, from the exertions of Lord LONSDALE'S ancestors, to whom the coal in that neighbourhood principally belongs." P. 261. "The quantity of coals exported from these ports, taken on an average of 11 years (from 1781 to 1792), is as follows; From Whitehaven, Workington, Harrington,and 70,870 Chaldrons and} 152,810" SUBJECT THE THIRD. RURAL ECONOMY. DIVISION THE FIRST. TENANTED ESTATES; their IMPROVEMENT and MANAGEMENT. ESTATES.-Sizes of Estates, P. 205. “There are probably few counties, where property in land is divided into such small parcels as in Cumberland, and those small properties so universally occupied by the owners. The annual value of these tenements varies from 51. to 50l. a year; but the generality are from 15. to 30l.; some few extend to 1007. or a little more. "The rental of the largest estate in the county, is said to amount to about 13,000l. per annum." Tenure. P. 205. “ By far the greatest part of this county is held under lords of manors, by that species of |