LIST OF PORTRAITS Raja Ram Mohan Ray, from the life-size portrait by Biggs in Bristol Museum. Reproduced by permission of the Committee of the Museum and Art Gallery . PLATE Frontispiece FACING PAGE I. Prince Dwarka Nath Tagore, from the life-size portrait by II. Maharshi Debendra Nath Tagore, from the portrait by W. III. Keshab Chandra Sen 39 44 Svāmī Dayānanda Sarasvati V. 109 VIII. Pandit S. N. Agnihotri, Guru of the Deva Samāj Rāmakrishna Paramahamsa. 167 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTES A Historical Retrospect. Chhajju Singh. Collapse. Dubois. ERE. Gospel of R. HBS. IRM. ISR. Karaka. Miss Collet. MPI. ODL. Proceedings. Ranade, Essays. Richter. Sinnett, Incidents. A Historical Retrospect of the Theosophical The Life and Teachings of Swami Dayanand Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics. History of the Brahmo Samaj, by Siva The International Review of Missions. History of the Parsees, by Dosabhai Framji Life and Letters of Raja Rammohun Roy, by A Modern Priestess of Isis, by V. S. Old Diary Leaves, by H. S. Olcott. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Religious and Social Reform, A Collection Incidents in the Life of Madame Blavatsky, Social Reform in Bengal. Social Reform in Bengal, by Pandit Sītā natha Tattvabhushana. MODERN RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS IN INDIA CHAPTER I HISTORICAL OUTLINE OF THE PERIOD 1. Our subject is Modern Religious Movements in India, that is, the fresh religious movements which have appeared in India since the effective introduction of Western influence. There are two great groups of religious facts the presence of which we must recognize continuously but which are excluded from our survey by the limitations of our subject. These are, first, the old religions of India, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism and Muḥammadanism, so far as they retain the form and character they had before the coming of Western influence; and, secondly, Christian Missions, which are rather a continuation of Church History than a modern movement. The old religions are the soil from which the modern movements spring; while it will be found that the seed has, in the main, been sown by Missions. Thus, though these great systems are not included in our subject, we must, throughout our investigation, keep their constant activity and influence in mind. It seems clear that the effective interpenetration of India by the West began aboút 1800. The first fresh religious movement appeared in 1828; the intellectual awakening of India began to manifest itself distinctly about the same |