the intestine broils, and animosities, and bickerings to cease, what would its progress be? Like an overflowing river, I believe, it would sweep from the earth every vestige of scepticism, and in a few years revolutionize the whole human race.-Campbell. they were deceived in their anticipations. | quered the world. And, now, in our A Frenchman, the cardinal of Geneva, own country, (America,) where there is was chosen pope; he took the name of nothing to support it but its own paraClement VII., and fixed himself at Naples. mount evidences and claims, how does it It was difficult to decide the question swell the number of its subjects, and that of right between the two popes, and too in defiance of the treachery and misEurope was divided according as the in- deeds of many of its professed friends. terests of her princes dictated. The Neither the internal feuds, nor the atkingdoms in the north, with England, tacks of open enemies, nor yet the treason Germany, Hungary, and Bohemia, Hol- and unfaithfulness of false friends, can land, and nearly the whole of Italy, re-impair its conquering power. But were mained subject to Urban; but France, Spain, Scotland, Savoy, and Lorraine, embraced the cause of Clement vII., and the world saw the beginning of a terrific struggle, which none of the sovereigns of Europe then were able to terminate. The reins of the empire hung carelessly in the worthless hands of the indolent and cruel Wenceslas, king of Bohemia. The disastrous reigns of Richard 11., in England, and Charles vi., in France, had just begun; while Spain, Italy, and Hungary, were subjected to weak or ferocious tyrants. Not a single throne was filled by a man capable of remedying the schism, or giving it a direction that would have been salutary to Europe. It seemed as if the road to the popedom was left open expressly that it might be the subject of a terrific struggle as if this power were so invincible that it could only be destroyed by itself. THE PROGRESS OF THE GOSPEL A PROOF OF ITS TRUTH. CHRISTIANITY vanquished the superstitions of the Roman empire, and has most unquestionably subdued under its authority the most enlightened nations of the earth. And, although they who have bowed to its authority, and acknowledged its Divine origin, have corrupted it, and have not yielded themselves wholly up to its guidance; yet, still, their subjection to it is full proof of its paramount authority and rationality. Like captured cities, they have been compelled to submit to an fauthority which they could not resist; and, whether or not they like the government of the conqueror, they must pay tribute, and bow to his supremacy. This is true of Christianity, and of no other religion in the world; because in defiance of constant persecution and proscription, by its own evidence alone, it took possession of the throne of the Cæsars; and, without a sword or a lance, it first con A TRIP TO HULL. WITH how much more pleasure must a trip now be contemplated than it could have been a century ago! The Newcastle Courant, in 1712, announced that "the Edinburgh, Berwick, Newcastle, Durham, York, and London stage-coach would perform the whole journey in four days, (if God permit,) having eighty able horses at command." The fare alone at this period, for one person, was 47. 10s.; adding, therefore, to it provisions, coachmen, and guards, and a journey to Edinburgh could not have amounted to less than ten or twelve pounds,-an expense to the pleasure-going people of the present age, that would appear truly formidable. It is far different now, when we cut through the air with the swiftness of birds, and a few hours witness the termination of what, even but a short time since, was a serious journey. Steam packets, too, are ready to conduct us with rapidity to many parts of the country and of the world, and it is highly probable that the facilities of transit in coming days will far surpass those in which we have so much cause to rejoice. It was by one of these that the writer, with a party, determined to proceed to the north of England, and from thence to the highlands of Scotland, and with this object they embarked in the "Waterwitch," a little below London-bridge. No sooner, however, was this done in the enjoyment of the pleasure of anticipation, than the fear of danger arrived to moderate its degree, which might otherwise have proved excessive, for they were young travellers, and novelty would doubtless have produced in them as in others an exuberance of joy. It happened that on the previous day an accident had occurred to one of the steam-boats to the port of Hull, and the passengers flocked to the "Waterwitch;" the consequence was, that, from being too heavily freighted, some apprehensions were entertained by the captain as to the safety of the passage. Provided no rough weather came on," he said, "it would all be well," but the reverse of this would give cause for fear. The feelings excited by this statement were by no means agreeable, but the mind was soothed and diverted by the various objects that met the view, and so long as daylight continued the bark glided calmly over the bosom of the ocean. As darkness came on the wind arose it increased to a gale, and the rocking and pitching of the vessel excited renewed and serious apprehensions. Most of the passengers sought their berths, or any accommodation they could find below; a few remained on deck, though the rain was descending in torrents, from which they defended themselves by all the means within reach, while the sea dashed over the decks, and often seemed as if it were about to engulf the vessel. The anxiety of the captain could not be concealed: even the timid listened to catch expressions which they dreaded to hear, and the bosoms of the courageous were far from being at rest. Only one conviction can at such a time give true tranquillity: it is that we are beneath the eye and the care of our heavenly Father, who measures the waters in the hollow of his hand, holds the winds in his fists, and can say, in a moment, to the troubled waves, 66 Peace, be still." At length the rain ceased, the wind abated, the roaring of the waters subsided, and the sea exhibited a less exciting commotion. One of our poets said, after long and tedious watchings, "I thought the mists of dawning grey Would never dapple into day;" and there was something of his feeling in many a passenger on that night. But at length the sun arose, his bright beams cheered the drooping spirit, and revealed the harbour of Hull, our destined port, and we soon found ourselves once more, by the good providence of God, on terra firma. Hull, one of the principal sea-ports of the united kingdom of Great Britain, is situated on the point where the river Hull discharges itself into the estuary of the Humber, the common receptacle of all the eastern rivers of England, from the Swale to the Trent. Hull, like Liverpool, on the opposite side of the island, has no claims to high antiquity; yet the former had its rise at least three centuries earlier-the shepherds and cowherds of Hull having given place to the wharfs and warehouses of the merchant in the reign of Edward 1., while the tents of the fishermen of Liverpool continued until the time of James 1. Edward 1., on his return from the battle of Dunbar, where the Scottish king John Baliol lost his crown to the conqueror, honoured a mansion at Cottingham, called Baynard Castle, inhabited by the lords of Wake, with a royal visit. During his stay at this place, while he was pursuing the pleasures of the chase, he came to the hamlet of Myton and Wyke, where Hull now stands, and was so struck with the advantages which it presented for a fortified town and commercial port, that he sent for the abbot of Meaux, who was lord of the soil, and offered an exchange with him of other lands which bore a much higher nominal value. Edward then immediately issued a proclamation in which he offered privileges and immunities to all who should become inhabitants of this place, and a manorhouse was built, which he considered a royal residence, after which he honoured the town, which soon sprang up around him, with the appellation of Kingston, or King's town, adding the term upon Hull to distinguish it from Kingston-uponThames. In the twenty-seventh year of his reign the harbour was finished, and the town, by a royal charter, 1299, was constituted a free borough. The advantages enjoyed by Hull gave it a preponderance over all the ports in the neighbourhood. The necessary consequence of its prosperity was the establishment of a ferry across the Humber, and in 1316 vessels were navigating between Barton and Hull for the conveyance of passengers and cattle, and a very few years afterwards the town was fortified with a ditch and wall; and so rapid was the progress of these that in little more | yielding instruction to upwards of seven than sixty years Hull was called upon to thousand children. furnish Edward III. with sixteen ships and four hundred and sixty-six men towards an armament. There can be little doubt that the art of brick-making, which had been disused from the time of the Romans, was at this time revived here, although bishop Littleton, who visited Hull, and was deceived by the covering of plaster on the churches, has fixed its revival to the time of Richard II. So early as the time of Camden, we are told that Hull was famous for its trade and shipping, and it still holds the rank of one of the first commercial towns in the kingdom. It has been greatly improved and enlarged within the last fifty years. The streets are well paved, and lighted with gas. The principal streets extend nearly two miles along the Humber, and about the same along the west bank of the Hull, and crossing each other in different directions, branch off, many others covering an extensive area. The older streets are extremely narrow, but those more recently formed are wide, regular, and handsome, containing many respectable residences. The public buildings are numerous, but not remarkable for their beauty. The principal, besides the churches, are the mansion-house, (in which is the courthouse, and the court of requests,) the guildhall, exchange, corn exchange, custom and excise offices, the Trinity house, the gaol (which cost 22,000l. in building,) and the citadel, on the east side of the river Hull, which is crossed by a stone drawbridge of three arches, and is a regularly garrisoned fort. In the market-place is an equestrian statue of William III. There is likewise a handsome Doric column, surmounted by a colossal statue of Wilberforce. That truly Christian statesman and philanthropist the great advocate for the abolition of slavery-was a native of Hull. The church of the Holy Trinity, in the market-place, is considered a very fine specimen of the Gothic style. It was begun in the fourteenth century. St. Mary's, in Lowgate, was originally built at nearly the same period, but was partly destroyed by Henry VIII., and although it has been restored at different periods, it has been without any good taste in architecture. There are twenty places of worship for Dissenters, a Jews' synagogue, and a floating chapel, with schools The oldest endowed charity is the Trinity-house, founded in 1369 for the support of decayed seamen and their widows, which was chartered by Henry VIII. The present building, erected in 1753, consists of four sides enclosing a square. The east front is an elevation of the Tuscan order, and the interior comprises two large and well-proportioned council chambers, besides offices and apartments for thirty-two pensioners. Within the building is a school, which gives a useful nautical education to the sons of seamen intended for the merchant service. The Charter-house hospital, originally a monastic endowment, is now devoted to the maintenance of poor pensioners. There are several other endowed hospitals. The charity hall is a kind of poorhouse, which was built by subscription, and is now maintained by the poor rates raised within the borough. There is an infirmary also, which accommodates seventy in-patients, and an unlimited number of out-patients, supported by voluntary subscription. A dispensary has of late years been added to this highly creditable list of benevolent institutions, which gives medical relief to the poor inhabitants of the town. The commerce of this port divides itself into the coasting-trade, of which it enjoys a greater share than any other port in England, London alone excepted; the Baltic and Eastern trades, for which Hull is peculiarly well situated; and the Greenland fishery, which owes its revival more than half a century ago, and its subsequent, though now diminished consequence, to the mercantile enterprise of Hull. Owing to the facility of communication with the great manufacturing districts of Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Nottinghamshire, by means of the Aire and the Calder, the Ouse and the Trent, and by the canals communicating with them, the quantity of goods poured into this port from the interior has been immense. The Baltic trade received a shock during the revolutionary wars, from the anticommercial decrees, and the hostile occupation of the ports of that sea, which it has never completely recovered; but it is still very considerable, though it may never regain its original importance. Nothing has more essentially contributed to the extension of commerce in Hull, than the handsome and capacious docks with which this port is provided. They will contain six hundred sail of vessels. No place in the kingdom perhaps is able to produce a greater number of testimonials of royal regard than the town of Hull. Since its first charter in the reign of Edward 1., (a period of about four hundred years,) its privileges and immunities have been extended by no fewer than nineteen different charters. Hull, too, can boast of its great men. Passing by many of by-gone times, and coming nearer to our own, we are reminded of Andrew Marvel, the friend and companion of Milton, of whom much might be said to his praise. He received the rudiments of his classical education in the freeschool of Hull, of which his father was master, and afterwards pursued his studies at Cambridge. He made the tour of Europe, and was secretary to the embassy at Constantinople in the time of the Commonwealth. His first appearance in public business at home was to assist John Milton, then Latin secretary to the Protector. Two years before the Restoration, in 1658, he was elected member for Hull. For twenty years he represented this borough, maintaining the character of an honest man, and an uncorrupted senator. But his very integrity rendered him obnoxious to a corrupt court, such as that of Charles I., who sought, by the insinuating address of his own manners, by offers of place, and by bribes in money, to attach him to his own person. In vain, however, were such stratagems; he was not thus to be lured from his integrity; his great soul spurned all such arts with indignation ; he preferred the testimonies of an approving conscience, and a residence on a second floor in a house down a court in the Strand, where his temperance and habitual moderation were of inestimable value to him, to all the fascinations of a licentious but royal household. A corrupt party at court, averse to Marvel, sought by all possible means to make him as bad as themselves, but integrity and uprightness preserved him. He was applied to by the lord treasurer Danby, with an offer of a good place under government by way of bribe to ensure his services in their favour. This failing, a large sum of money, (as it was deemed in those days,) 1000l., was offered, this being thought irresistible to a man living one way. I could not so compromise my principles; and as I should in the other case appear ungrateful to my sovereign, I beg to decline profiting by his kindness altogether. I am very happy," he added, “and very comfortable; I am well lodged and well fed, and am thus content. Whereupon he called up his servant, and inquired in the presence of his lordship, by way of proof, "what he had served up for dinner on the previous day?" The servant said, "A shoulder of mutton, sir." "Which," said Marvel, "I shall have cold to-morrow, and the third day the blade-bone will be broiled—so you see, my lord, it is true what I have stated." Lord Danby then took his leave, much chagrined and mortified at having to convey such an unsuccessful message back to the king. Marvel was also eminent as a poet, and in his satires against the vices of the age he did not spare royalty itself. He died in 1678, it is supposed, by poison. The corporation of Hull voted 50%. for his funeral, and a sum of money for the erection of a monument to his memory in St. Giles's Fields, London, where he was buried, but the minister of the place forbade it. Milner, who wrote the history of the Christian church, here drew his first breath, and others might be named of no ordinary celebrity, did our space allow; but sufficient has been stated relative to this spot to invest it with importance to the lovers of history, of the good and of the great. S. S. THE HARDY HOUSEKEEPER AND HIS LADY LODGER. AMONG the every-day characters of life, we see much that we may imitate, and much that we may avoid with advantage. In this respect, society is before us as an ever-opened book, full of practical and profitable observations. Frank Felt, a hardworking, thankfulhearted, Bible-reading man, keeps a greengrocer's shop in a small village in the suburbs of London. A rough shedlike building would have suited his purpose, for he does not care for show, not he; but then show creates custom, and so Frank took a showy shop. But what was he to do with the rooms above it? Oh, the spacious apartments there were just fitted for those to inhabit who had an eye to appearances, and then they had a private entrance altogether unconnected with the humble shop beneath them, as far at least as was perceived by people in the street. Frank is no chameleon; he lives not on the air, but requires substantial food, and the rent of his large house would swallow up his gains if he did not let his first-floor rooms. A lady gives him a handsome price for these apartments. Frank is a stout, broad-shouldered fellow, with a face tanned to gipsy-like brownness by exposure to the sun and air. His wife attends chiefly to the shop, while he does the out-door work, and, to say the truth, he is seldom unemployed. As a man of all work, Frank is actively engaged daily in varied occupations. His neighbours know his value, and if they want an extra hand in any emergency, he is sent for, as he undertakes anything, in a plain way, where the services of an able-bodied man are useful. At removals he often assists, and can take down bedsteads and put them up again as well as a carpenter; he can paint, and whitewash, and put a pane of glass in the window; and being in the habit of carrying burdens, he laughs at weights that many men would try to lift in vain. Frank cannot afford to keep a horse at present, so he often sets off very early in the morning with his hand-cart to one of the London markets, to buy stock for his shop, and returns with loads that require great strength to bear them forwards through dusty or miry roads, as the day may be fine or rainy. Inclement weather and unseasonable hours are disregarded, when business is to be attended to, by Frank Felt. "Alike to him is time or tide, Frank loves to be, "a dweller out of doors," and is never so uncomfortable as when his wife is absent, and he is obliged, for a time, to take her place, and serve customers in his shop; he is ill at ease when cooped up behind the counter. Instead of sitting in his comfortable kitchen, by a warm fire in cold weather, he often, without taking anything to drink, stands smoking his pipe in the draught at his shop door in the evening, wearing a fustian coat, thick shoes, and leather leggings, that do not strap under the foot, but end at the instep, on account of the dirt they would otherwise accumulate; for, in wet weather, Frank is generally splashed to the knee. Oh, he is a hardy one, and not put out with trifles! And are these rough habits advantageous? Is Frank the worse for caring little for comforts which others value so much? Perhaps not, for he knows not what nervousness is, eats heartily of everything he relishes, without fearing future attacks of indigestion, and looks upwards for help in every difficulty. In short, he has a sound body; neither can his mind be much diseased, for he seems constantly cheerful and free from care. But what a different character is Frank's novel-reading lady lodger. What a contrast there is between her habits and those of the hardy housekeeper! This lady lived on equality with high folks in her younger days, and acquired luxurious habits, which did not leave her when her prosperity vanished. "Riches make themselves wings; they fly away as an eagle toward heaven,” Prov. xxiii. 45. Some gamble and lose their property. Some cheat those who trust them; while others speculate, and involve many in their failures. There is no certain security for winged wealth. One of the causes enumerated occasioned, I believe, the lady's losses. But she was not ruined. She did not fall sheer down from a high station; she only sunk a certain distance, and then remained stationary. Unhappily, however, she is of a repining spirit. The lady has still an income which makes her seem wealthy and well-provided for in Frank Felt's estimation, for he has few artificial wants, and would scarcely know what to do with wealth if he possessed it. This lady lodger keeps a maid-servant, who has not so easy a situation as many suppose, for her mistress's temper is fretful and repining, and her wants are numerous. What with keeping costly furniture in order, attending to birds and lap-dogs, going out on errands without number, and superintending the lady's |