the island of Cephalonia, belonging to the Venetians. It is about 24 miles in length, and 12 in breadth, and very pleasant and fertile; but its principal riches consist in currants, with which it greatly abounds. They are cultivated in a very large plain, under the shelter of mountains on the shore of this island; for which reason the sun has greater power to bring them to perfect maturity. The town called Zante may contain near 20,000 inhabitants; the whole island contains about 40,000. The houses are low, on account of the frequent earthquakes, for scarce a year passes without one; however, they do no great damage. The natives speak both Greek and Italian. There are very few Roman catholics among them; but they have a bishop as well as the Greeks. This place has no fortifications, but there is a fortress upon an eminence planted with cannon. In one part of this island is a place which shakes when trod upon like a quagmire; and a spring which throws out a great deal of bitumen, especially at the time of an earthquake. It serves instead of pitch to pay the bottoms of the ships, and about 100 barrels in a year are used for this purpose. There are about 50 villages in the island; but no other large town beside Zante. It is seated on the eastern side of the island, and has a good harbour. Lon. 20. 50 E. Lat. 37. 43 N.

ZANTHOXILUM. See XANTHOXILUM. ZA'NY. s. One employed to raise laughter by his gestures, actions, and speeches; a merry andrew; a buffoon (Donne).

ZANZIBAR, an island of Africa, on the coast of Zanguebar, between the islands of Pemba and Monfia, with the title of a kingdom tribulary to Portugal. It abounds in sugar-canes and citrons. The inhabitants are Mahometans. Lon. 38. 25 E. Lat. 6.0 S.

ZAPATA, a kind of feast or ceremony held in Italy, in the courts of certain princes, on St. Nicholas's day; wherein people hide presents in the shoes or slippers of those they would do honour to, in such a manner as may surprise them on the morrow when they come to dress; being done in imitation of the practice of St. Nicholas, who used in the night-time to throw purses of money in at the windows to marry poor maids withal."

ZARA, a strong city of Venetian Dalmatia, capital of a county of the same name, with an archbishop's see, a citadel, and a harbour. It was formerly much more considerable, the circumference of the walls being now but two miles, and the inhabitants not above 6000. Near the church, which the Greeks call St. Helia, are two fluted columns of the Corinthian order, supposed to have been part of the temple of Juno. There are fine paintings in the churches, done by the best masters; and they pretend to have the body of St. Simeon, brought from Judea, and kept in a shrine, with a crystal before it. Zara is seated on a small peninsula, in the gulf of Venice, 80 miles S.W. of Jaicza, and 150 S.E. of Venice. Lon, 16. 6 E. Lat. 44. 30 N.

ZARENG, or SEGESTAN, a town of Persia, the capital of the province of Segestan, celebrated for its beautiful pottery. It is 220 miles W. of Candahar.

ZARZA, an ancient and provincial name of the sarsaparilla.

ZAWEH, a town of Persia, in the province of Khorasm, situate on the Tedjen, about 20 miles from the Caspian sea, 80 iniles N. of Mesched, and 135 N.N.E. of Astrabad.

ZBARAZ, a town of Poland, in Podolia, 70 miles N. by W. of Kaminieck.

ZBOROW, a town of Austrian Poland, in the palatinate of Lemburg. Here, in 1649, John Casimir, king of Poland, with 20,000 men, was attacked in his camp by 110,000 Cossacs and Tartars, for three days successively, but defended himself so bravely, that the latter were glad to consent to terms of accommodation. Zborow is 25 miles W. of Zbaraz, and 52 E. by S. of Lemburg. Lon. 25, 46 E. Lat. 49. 46 N.

ZEA. Maize. Indian corn. Turkey wheat, In botany, a genus of the class monccia, order triandria. Male: calyx a two-flowered glume; corol a two-valved glume, awnless. Fem.: calyx a one-flowered glume; corol a twovalved glume; style one, pendulous, filiform; seeds solitary, immersed in an oblong receptacle. Two species.

1. Z. curagua. Leaves serrate. A native of Chili.

2. Z. mays. Leaves very entire. A native of America. This is cultivated not only in America but in many parts of Europe, espe cially in Italy and Germany. There are many varieties, which differ in the colour of the grain, and are frequently raised in our gardens by way of curiosity, whereby the plant is well known. It is the chief bread corn in some of the southern parts of America, but since the introduction of rice into Carolina it is but little used in the northern colonies. It makes a main part too of the food of the poor people in Italy and Germany. This is the sort of wheat mentioned in the book of Ruth, where it is said that Boaz treated Ruth with parched ears of corn dipped in vinegar. This method of eating the roasted ears of Turkey wheat is still practised in the East; they gather in the ears when about half ripe, and having scorched them to their minds, eat them with as much satisfaction as we do the best flour bread.

In several parts of South America they parch the ripe corn, never making it into bread, but grinding it between two stones, mix it with water in a calabash, and so eat it. The Indians make a sort of drink from this grain, which they call bici. This liquor is very windy and intoxicating, and has nearly the taste of sour small beer: but they do not use it in common, being too lazy to make it often; and therefore it is chiefly kept for the celebration of feasts and weddings, at which times they mostly get intolerably drunk with it. The manner of making this precious beverage is to steep a parcel of corn in a vessel of water, till it grows Sour, then the old women, being provided with

calabashes for the purpose, chew some grains of the corn in their mouths, and spitting it into the calabashes, empty them, spittle and all, into the sour liquor, having previously drawn off the latter into another vessel.

The chewed grain soon raises a fermentation, and when this ceases, the liquor is ler off from the dregs, and set by till wanted. In some of the islands in the South Sea, where each individual is his own lawgiver, it is no uncommon thing for a near relation to excuse a murderer, for a good drunken bout of ciri.

ZEAL. s. (λos, Greek; zelus, Lat.) Pas sionate ardour for any person or cause. ZEALAND, or ZEELAND, an island of Denmark, of a triangular form, 230 miles in circumference, and the largest of the isles belonging to the king of Denmark. It lies at the entrance of the Baltic, having the Categat on the north, the Sound on the east, and the Great Belt on the west. The coast is much intersected by large bays; and within the country are several lakes, which, as well as the rivers, abound in fish. It is exceedingly fertile; producing grain of all sorts, with excellent pasture, and in most parts plenty of wood. It is particularly famous for its breed of horses. Copenhagen is the capital of this island, and of the whole kingdom.

ZEALAND, a province of Holland, bounded on the north by the isles of Holland, east by Dutch Brabant, south by Flanders, and west by the German ocean. It is composed of several islands, the principal of which are Walcheren, Schowen, N. and S. Beveland, Tolen, Duyveland, and Wolfersdike. The inhabit ants are at a great expence to defend themselves from encroachments of the sea, in keeping up their dikes. The river Scheldt forms the most of these islands; and the soil of them is fruitful. The principal towns are Middleburgh and Flushing.

ZEALAND (New), an island in the Pacific ocean, discovered by Tasman, in 1642. He traversed the east coast, from lat. 34 to 43 south, and entered a strait; but being attacked by the natives, soon after he came to an anchor, in the place to which he gave the name of Murderers bay, he did not go on shore. He called the country Staten Land, though it has been generally distinguished in our maps by the name of New Zealand. From the time of Tasman, the whole country, except that part of the coast seen by him, remained altogether unknown, and was by many supposed to make part of a southern continent, till 1770, when it was circumnavigated by Cook, who found it to consist of two large islands, separated by a strait four or five leagues broad, to which he gave his own name. On the west side of this strait is Queen Charlotte Sound, which was made a principal place of rendezvous in his subsequent voyages. Along the coast are many small islands, and it is indented by deep bays, affording excellent shelter for shipping; and there are also several rivers capable of receiving large vessels. The southernmost island is for the most part mountainous and barren, as far

inland as the eye can reach; but the land bordering on the sea-coast is clothed thick with wood, almost down to the water's edge. The northernmost island has a much better appearance; for the hills and mountains are covered with wood, and every valley has a rivulet of excellent water, The soil of these valleys, and the plains, of which there are inany overgrown with wood, is in general light, but ferule. The winters are milder than in England, and the summers not hotter, though more equally warm. There are forests of vast extent, full of the straightest and largest timber, fit for buildings of any kind. Wild celery, and a kind of cresses, grow plentifully in almost every cove. Yams, sweet potatoes, and cocoas, are raised by cultivation. Cook, in 1773, planted several spots of ground with European garden seeds; and, in 1777, in several of these spots, although totally neglected and overrun by weeds, were found cabbages, onions, leeks, purslain,, raddishes, mustard, &c. and a few fine potatoes, greatly improved by change of soil. In other places, every thing had been rooted out to make room for temporary villages. The only quadrupeds are dogs and rats: the former are domestic, and for food; and the lat❤ ter, though not numerous, seem also to be eaten. The birds, like the vegetable produc tions, are almost entirely peculiar to the coun try. Cook introduced European poultry, and, on his last visit, had the satisfaction to find them increased, both in a wild and domestic state, beyond all danger of being ever exterminated. The men are stout, well made, and fleshy; but none of them corpulent, like the inhabitants of Otaheite; and they are exceedingly vigorous and active. The women possess pecu liar graces of form and person. The bodies of both sexes are marked with black stains, called amoco, which is the same as tattowing at Otaheite. Their dress consists of au oblong garment, about five feet long and four broad they bring two corners of it over their shoulders, and fasten it on the breast with the other part, which covers the body; and about the belly it is again tied with a girdle of mat. They ornament their heads with feathers, pearl-shells, bones, &c. The women sometimes wear necklaces of shark's teeth, or bunches of long beads made of bones or shells. Their houses are miserable lodging places; and their only furniture is a few small baskets, in which they put their fishing-hooks and other trifles. Their food consists chiefly of fish; and, instead of bread, they eat the root of a kind of fern, which they scorch over the fire, and then beat with a stick till the dry outside falls off. Beside their dogs they also contrive to kill birds. Their cookery consists whollyin roasting and baking, which latter is performed in the same manner as at Otaheite. The women eat in common with the men, and their method of feeding corresponds with the nas tiness of their persons. From Cape Kidnappers, in lat. 39. 43. for upwards of eighty leagues to the northward, the people acknowledge one sovereign, called Teratu, and under him several

subordinate chiefs, to whom great respect is paid; but whether his authority be hereditary or delegated is uncertain. This part of the coast is much the most populous; tillage, weaving, and the other arts of peace, being best known, and most practised. The canoes are more decorated, the plantations more nu merous, and the clothes and carving fiuer, than any where else. In other parts, they are scattered along the coast, in single families, or in larger tribes, and each in a state of perpetual hostility. For such continual wars, and the inhuman banquet that is the consequence of victory, among a people in other respects mild and gentle, perhaps no better reason can be as signed than what at first originated in necessity, has been perpetuated by habit, and exasperated by revenge. Upon the whole, there is little room to doubt that these people are cannibals. These two islands lie between lat. 34. and 48 S. and lon, 166, and 180 E.

ZEALAND TEA (New). See PHILADEL

PHUS.

ZEALOT. s. (zeloteur, French; nawng.) One passionately ardent in any cause (Sprat). ZEALOUS. a. (from seal.) Ardently passionate in any cause (Taylor).

ZEALOUSLY, ad. (from zealous.) With passionate ardour (Swift).

ZEAʼLOUSNESS. s. (from zealous. The quality of being zealous.

ZEBID, a city of Arabia, in the province of Yemen. It was once very considerable, but its walls are demolished, and the present buildings scarcely occupy the half of its ancient extent. It is seated on a river, 10 miles from the Red sea, and 140 N. of Mocha. Lon. 44. 28 E. Lat. 15. 10 N.

ZEBRA, in mastiology. See Equus. ZEBU, or CEBU, one of the Philippine is lands in the Indian ocean, between those of Leyte and Negro's. It is 140 miles long and 30 broad.

ZEBU, in mastiology. See Bos. ZECHARIAH, one of the minor prophets, who prophesied in the reign of Darius Hystaspes. The design of the first part of Zechariah's prophecy, like that of his contemporary, Hag. gai, is to encourage the Jews to proceed with rebuilding the Temple, by giving them assurance of God's aid and protection. From this he proceeds to foretel the glory of the Christian church (the true temple of God), under its great High-priest and Ruler, Jesus Christ; of whom Zerubbabel and Joshua were figures. He treats of his death, sufferings, and kingdom, in many particulars not mentioned by any other of the minor prophets before him; every thing relating to those great events becoming more explicit, in proportion as their accomplishment drew nearer. His style, like that of Haggai, is for the most part prosaic, especially towards the beginning; the last six chapters are more elevated; for which reason, among others, these six chapters are, by many commentators, ascribed to the prophet Jere. miah.

Mede, in his remasks on Matt, xxvii. 9, 10.

Epist. 31, says: "It may seem the Evangel would inform us that those latter chapters as cribed to Zachary (namely, the 9th, 10th, 11th, &c.) are indeed the prophecies of Jeremy; and that the Jews had not rightly atributed them. Certainly, if a man weigh the contents of some of them, they should in all likelihood be of an older date than the time of Zachary; namely, before the captivity: for the subjects for some of thein were scarce in being after that time. And the chapter, out of which St. Matthew quotes (ch. xi.), may seem to have somewhat much unsuitable with Zchary's time; as a prophecy of the destruction of the temple, then when he was to encouragt them to build it. And how doth the sixth verse of that chapter suit with his time? There is no scripture saith they are Zachary's; but there is scripture saith they are Jeremy's, a this of the Evangelist. As for their being joined to the prophecies of Zachary, that proves no more they are his, than the like adjoining of Agur's proverbs to Solomon's proves they are therefore Solomon's; or, that all the pains are David's, because joined in one volome with David's Psalms.", Bishop Kidder, adopts the same opinion, and employs it to silence the objection of the Jews against the supposed ermneous citation in Matt. xxvii. 9, 10. See Kid der's Messias, part ii. cap. 3. p. 199, vol. ii. 8vo. edition. See also Hainmond on Hebrews, viii. 9; Newcome's Minor Prophets; and Smith's valuable little work on the Writings of the Prophets.

ZECHIN. See, SEQUIN.

ZED, the name of the letter z.

ZEDIC, a town of Barbary, principal plact of a district, in the country of Tripoli. Its seated on a bay of the Mediterranean, to which it gives name, 130 miles E.S.E. of Tripoli.

ZEDOARIA. (vox sinensis.) Zedoary. The roots of this plant, the amomum zedoaria of Linnéus, are brought to us in long pieces about the thickness of the little finger, two or three inches in length, bent, rough, and angular, or in roundish pieces about an inch in diameter, of an ash colour on the outside, and white within. They have an agreeable can phoraceous smell, and a bitterish aromatic taste. Though formerly much esteemed against rheumatic affections, they are at present thought to possess very little medicinal powers, although they have a place in the confectio aromatica of the London Pharmacopoeia. See AMOMUM.

ZEGEDIN, or SZEGED, a strong town of Hungary, situate near the confluence of the Maros and Theisse, 60 miles N.W. of Tems war, and 68 N. of Belgrade. Lon. 21. 5 E Lat. 46. 8 N.

ZEGZEG, a kingdom of Negroland, lying on the river Niger, by which it is separated, on the north, from the empire of Cashna. On the east it is bounded by Zanfara, on the south by Benin, and on the west by unknown desarts. It consists partly of plains and partly of mountains. The latter are extremely cold, while the former are intolerably het; but

abound with water, and are exceedingly fruit ful.

ZEIGHENHEIM, a town of Germany, in the landgravate of Hesse Cassel, 30 miles S. of Cassel. Lon. 9. 19 E. Lat. 50. 52 N.

ZEITZ, a town of Upper Saxony, in the duchy of Naumburg, with a castle, and a well-frequented college. It is seated on the Ester, 25 miles S.W. of Leipsick, and 45 E. of Erfurt, Lon. 12. 8 E. Lat. 50. 59 N. ZELL, a town of Lower Saxony, capital of a duchy of the same name, which devolved to the house of Hanover by marriage. It is surrounded by ditches and ramparts, on which are planted chesnut and lime-trees. It is a small town, without trade or manufactures; but the high courts of appeal for all the territories of the electoral house of Brunswick Lunenburg are held here, and the inhabitants derive their principal means of subsistence from this circumstance. The castle, a stately building, surrounded by a moat, was formerly the residence of the dukes of Zell; and was repaired by George III. king of Great Britain, for the residence of his unfortunate sister, the queen of Denmark, who died here. In 1757 the French reduced the suburbs of Zell to ashes, and even set fire to the orphan hospital, in which a great number of helpless children are said to have perished. Zell is seated on the Aller, 31 miles N.W. of Brunswick, and 47 S. by W. of Lunenburg. Lon. 10. 12 E. Lat. 52. 49 N.

ZELL, an imperial town of Suabia, seated on the Kintzig, 28 miles S. of Baden, and 52 W.S.W. of Stutgard. Lon. 8. 8 E. Lat. 48. 22 N.

ZEMBLA (Nova), a very large island ly ing in the Northern ocean, to the north of Russia, from which it is separated by the strait of Waigate. It has no inhabitants except wild beasts, particularly white foxes and bears. In 1595 a Dutch vessel was cast away on the coast, and the ship's company were obliged to winter here; but they did not see the sun from the fourth of November to the beginning of February, and had great difficulty to keep themselves from being frozen to death.

ZEMINDAR. See HINDUSTAN. ZEND, or ZENDAVESTA, a book ascribed to Zoroaster, and containing his pretended revelations; which the ancient Magicians and modern Persees, called also Gaurs, observe and reverence in the same manner as the Christians do the Bible, and the Mahometans the Koran, making it the sole rule both of their faith and manners. The word, it is said, originally signifies any instrument for kindling fire, and is applied to this book to denote its aptitude for kindling the flame of religion in the hearts of those who read it.

The Zend contains a reformed system of Magianism; teaching that there is a Supreme Being, eternal, self-existent, and independent, who created both light and darkness, out of which he made all other things; that these are in a state of conflict, which will continue till the end of the world; that then there shall VOL. XI.-PART II.

be a general resurrection and judgment; and that just retributions shall be rendered unto men according to their works; that the angel of darkness with his followers shall be consigned to a place of everlasting darkness and punishment, and the angel of light with his disciples introduced into a state of everlasting light and happiness; after which light and darkness shall no more interfere with each other. The Zend also enjoins the constant maintenance of sacred fires, and fire-temples, for religious worship; the distinction of clean and unclean beasts; the payment of tithes to priests, which are to be of one family or tribe; a multitude of washings and purifications, re sembling those of the Jewish law; and a va riety of rules and exhortations for the exercise of benevolence and charity. In this book there are inany passages evidently taken out of the Scriptures of the Old Testament, particularly out of the Psalins of David. Moreover, Dr. Baumgarten asserts, that this work contains doctrines, opinions, and facts, actually borrowed from the Jews, Christians, and Mahometans; whence, and from other circumstances, he concludes that both the history and writings of this prophet were probably invented in the later ages, when the fire-worshippers under the Mahometan government thought fit to vindi cate their religion from the suspicion of idolatry,

At whatever period the Zend may have been written, we are assured by Dr. Hyde that it is, in the pure old Persian language, and in the character, called Pelavi. Some parts of it contain the original text, and others Zoroaster's second thoughts subjoined, for explaining more fully his doctrine. These were occa sioned by the opposition of adversaries, and unforeseen circumstances, which occurred during the fabrication of the imposture. About 350 years ago, when the old Persian language had become antiquated and little understood, one of the destours, or high-priests among the Per, sees, composed the Sadda, which is a compendiuin, in the vulgar or modern Persic tongue, of those parts of the Zend that relate to religion, or a kind of code of canons and precepts, drawn from the theological writings of Zoro. aster, serving as an authoritative rule of faith and practice for his followers. This Sadda is written in a low kind of Persic verse, and, as Dr. Hyde informs us, it is bonorum et malorum farrago, having many good and pious things, and others very superstitious and trifling. See PERSEES and ZOROASTER.

ZENITH (Arabic), in astronomy, the ver tical point, or a point in the heavens directly over our heads. The zenith is called the pole of the horizon, because it is ninety degrees di stant from every point of that circle.

ZENITH DISTANCE, is the complement of the altitude of the sun, star, or other object.

ZENO (Eleates), an eminent Grecian phi losopher, was born at Elea about 504 years before Christ. He was a zealous friend of civil liberty, and is celebrated for his courageous and successful opposition to tyrants; but the

1

inconsistency of the stories related by different writers concerning him in a great measure destroys their credit. He chose to reside in his small native city of Elea rather than at Athens, because it afforded freer scope to his independent and generous spirit, which could not easily submit to the restraints of authority. It is related, that he vindicated the warmth with which he resented reproach, by saying, "If I were indifferent to censure, I should also be Indifferent to praise." The invention of the dialectic art has been improperly ascribed to Zeno; but there can be no doubt that this philosopher, and other metaphysical disputants in the Eleatic sect, employed much ingenuity and subtlety in exhibiting examples of most of the logical arts, which were afterwards reduced to rule by Aristotle and others. If Seneca's account of this philosopher deserves credit, he reached the highest point of scepticism, and denied the real existence of external objects.

ZENO, another Greek philosopher of considerable eminence, was born at Citium in the isle of Cyprus. He was founder of the Stoics, a sect which had its name from that of a portico at Athens, where Zeno was accustomed to deliver his discourses. The father of our philosopher was a merchant, but readily seconded his son's inclinations, and devoted him to the pursuits of literature. In the way of business he had frequent occasion to visit Athens, where he purchased for his son several of the most renowned works of the celebrated Socratic philosophers. These Zeno read with avidity, and determined to visit the city where so much wisdom was found. Upon tris first arrival in Athens, going accidentally into the shop of a bookseller, he took up the commentaries of Xenophon, with the perusal of which he was so much delighted, that he asked the bookseller where he might meet with such men. Crates, the cynic philosopher, was at that moment passing by; the bookseller pointed to him, and said, follow that man. He immediately be came his disciple, but was soon dissatisfied with his doctrine, and joined himself to other philosophers, whose instructions were more accordant to his way of thinking. Zeno staid long with no master; he studied under all the most celebrated teachers, with a view of collecting Inaterials from various quarters for a new system of his own. To this Polemo alluded when he saw Zeno coming into his school; "I am no stranger," said he, " to your Phenician arts, I perceive that your design is to creep slily into my garden, and steal away the fruit." From this period Zeno avowed his intention of becoming the founder of a new sect. The place which he chose for his school was the painted porch, the most famous in Athens. Zeno excelled in that kind of subtle reasoning which was in his time very popular. Hence his followers were very numerous, and from the high est ranks in society. Among these was Antigonus Gonates, king of Macedon, who earnestly solicited him to go to his court. He possessed so large a share of esteem among the Athenians, that on account of his integrity, they deposited

ZEO

the keys of their citadel in his hands; they also honoured him with a golden crown and a statue of brass. He lived to the age of 98, and at last, in consequence of an accident, voluntarily put an end to his life.

ZEOLITE. See ZEOLITHUS.

ZEOLITHUS, in mineralogy, a genus of the class earths, order argillaceous. Consisting of a little alumina and a large proportion of silex, with frequently a little carbonat of lime, and a small quantity of oxyd of iron and water; lightish, generally breaking into indeterminate fragments, parasitical, falling spontaneously into granular fragments; soluble in nitric acid without effervescence, and often forming with it a gelatinous mass, easily frothing before the blowpipe and emitting a phosphorescent light, and melting into a white semitransparent enamel. Twenty-one species: the following are the chief.

1. Z. lamellosus. Lamellar zeolite. Stilbite. Solid, shining internally, white, with often a shade of red, diaphonous, lamellar, with the foliations undulate and brittle. Found in Ostrogoth and Iceland, sometimes breaking into crustose fragments, and is rather hard.

2. Z. fibrosus. Commou zeolite. Mesotype. Solid, shining like mother of pearl, fibrous, with the fibres convergent. Found in Scotland and various other parts of Europe, in basalts, and in the lavas of Iceland, often atcompanied with chalcedony, rarely in Hercy nia: colour white, reddish, brownish, yellow, or cinereous; lustre silky or pearly; refracis double, and absorbs water; when heated be comes electric: specific gravity 2.0833; contains silex 53 00; alumina 57·00; lime 9:46; water 10-00. (Vauquelin.)

3. Z. pri-maticus. White, pellucid, shining, hardish, in four-sided prisins, the prisms rectan gular or oblique-angled. Found in the Feroe Islands, Iceland, Hercynia, and Jemtia; the prisms commonly very sinall.

4. Z. viridis. Phrenite. Phrenit. Applegreen, hard, semi-pellucid, of a partly foliated, partly radiated texture; of a common form, or in that of a four-sided compressed prism. Found in Scotland, at the Cape of Good Hope, and in Dauphiny, sometimes so hard as to strike fire with steel, and to admit a fine polish; crystals in groups and confused; when amorphous, presenting a foliated or striated texture: specific gravity 2·6097 to 2-6996; contains silex 43 83; alumina 30-33; lime 18.33; oxyd of iron 5-65; air and water 1∙16. (Klaproth.)

5. Z. cvanites. Cyanite. Sappure or sappare. Disthine. Very brittle, transparent; shining, ponderous, hardish, striking fire with steel, breaking transversely into long splinters, texture foliated in a radiate manner. Found in Scotland, on the Carpathian mountains, on St. Gothard's near Lyons, in Siberia, Trao sylvania, and at Zitterthal, in Tyrol, generally in granite and gneiss rocks: colour white, with shades of sky or Prussian-blue, sometimes blueish-grey or yellowish-grey streaked with azure or deep-blue, often in spots reflecting a silvery white: found in distinct lamellar concretions,