being no ultimate state, no particular magnitude that is the ultimate magnitude of such a varying quantity. Under the word quantity in this definition must be included not only numbers, lines, &c. but more especially ratíos considered as a peculiar species of quantity.

Magnitudes thus considered do not consist of indivisible parts, but are imagined generated by motion. Lines, for instance, are described, and in their description are generated not by the apposition of parts, but by the continual motion of points, surfaces by the motion of lines, solids by the motion of surfaces, angles by the rotation of their sides, time by a continual flowing, and so in other things. These generations really take place in the nature of things, and are daily seen in the motion of bodies. The prime or ultimate ratios of mag nitudes, thus generated, are investigated by observing their finite increments or decrements, and thence finding the limits of the ratios of those variable magnitudes; not of the ratios to which the magnitudes ever arrive, but those limits to which the ratios of magnitudes per petually approach.

Many persons deny that quantities can have a first and a last ratio; we request their attentive consideration of the following

Proposition-If two quantities begin and tease to exist in any finite time, T, they have a first and a last ratio.

Demon-If they have not a first ratio, they have not a second nor a third ratio, &c.; therefore they have no ratio in the time T. But in the time T they are quantities; and therefore they must have a ratio; that is, they have a ratio, and they have not a ratio in the time T; which is absurd. Therefore they have a first ratio. Q. E. D.

They cease to exist at the end of the time T, by supposition: therefore, after the end of the time they are nothing; consequently, at the end of the time T they have no ratio. But in the time T they had a ratio; and after the end of the time they have no ratio: therefore they had a last ratio. Q. E. D.

See Newton's Principia, Lib. i.; Smith's Flixions; Ludlam on Ultimate Ratios, &c. ULTIMATELY. ad. (from ultimate.) In the last consequence (Atterbury).

ULTIMITY. s. (ultimus, Lat.) The last stage: the last consequence (Bacon).

ULTRAMARINE. (outremere, Fr.) An exquisitely beautiful, pure, and permanent pigment, of a deep sky blue, capable of sustaining a low red heat without injury, and not sensibly impaired by the action of air or weather. It is the colouring matter contained in the elegant mineral called lapis lazuli, (see LAZU LUS:) and according to Klaproth, appears to consist of little else than oxyd of iron. It is separated from the mineral with great difficulty and deficacy, and hence produces a very high price: The method is as follows. Let the lapis lazuli be heated just to redness, and then suddenly en enched in cold water and let this be repeated one becomes almost und down with a

three ti

L.

few drops of water in a clean iron mortar, or still better in an agate one, till it is reduced to a perfectly impalpable powder. Then take one pint of linseed oil, warm it over the fire in a clean vessel, and add one pound of bees'-wax, one pound of turpentine, half a pound of rosin, and half a pound of gum mastich: keep the ingredients over the fire, with constant stirring, till they are melted, and thoroughly incorporated together: the result will be a tenacious, adhesive mass. Of this take any quantity, as six ounces for example, melt it and pour it into a warm clean mortar; then sprinkle upon it three ounces of pulverized lapis lazuli, and incorporate it thoroughly by long beating with the pestle. This being done, pour in some warm water, and again work it about in the same manner as before. In a short time the water will become changed with the blue colouring matter. It must then be poured into a clear tall glass, and replaced by fresh water, proceeding in this manner till the paste will give out no more colour on the addition of fresh water. By standing a few days the colour will subside from the water in which it was suspended; when the clear fluid being decanted, and the rest evaporated, the deep blue powder which remains will be genuine ultramarine.

ULTRAMARINE. a. (ultra marinus, Lat.) Being beyond the sea; foreign (Ainsworth). ULTRAMONTANE. a. (ultra montanus, Lat.) Being beyond the mountains.

ULTRAMUNDANE. a. (ultra and mundus, Lat.) Being beyond the world. ULTRONEOUS. a. (ultro, Lat.) Sponfaneous; voluntary.

ULTZEN, or VELTZEN, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Lunenburg. It was formerly a hanseatic town, has now a considerable trade in wool, and is seated on the Ilme nan, 22 miles S. of Lunenburg. Lon. 10. 38 E. Lat. 52. 55 N.

ULVA, in botany, a genus of the class cryp togamia, order algae. Frond membranaceous or gelatinous; fructification solitary or clustered, within the substance or under the cuticle of the whole frond. Forty-one species, of which twenty-five are indigenous to our own country. They are all sessile, and without shoots, and grow in ditches, and on stones along the seacoast. Ulva umbilicalis is sometimes pickled with salt and preserved in jars, and afterwards stewed and eaten with oil and lemon juice. The species called laver or navel laver is flat, orbicular, sessile, and coriaceous.

ULVERSTONE, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Monday. The country people call it Ouston, and it is seated at the foot of a swift descent of hills to the S.E. near a shallow arm of the Irish sea. It is the port of the district of Furness. The principal inus are kept by the guides, who regularly pass the sands, to and from Lancaster, every Sunday, Tuesday, and Friday. It is 18 miles N.W. of Lancaster, and 267 N.N.W. of London. Lon. 3. 12 W. Lat. 54. 14 N."

ULYSSES, king of Ithaca, the son of Laertes, and father of Telemachus, and one of

those heroes who contributed most to the take ing of Troy. After the destruction of that city, he wandered for ten years; and at last returned to Ithaca, where, with the assistance of Telemachus, he killed Antinous and other princes who intended to marry his wife Penelope and seize his dominions. He at length resigned the government of his kingdom to his son Telemachus; and was killed by Telegonus, his son by Circe, who did not know him. This hero is the subject of the Odyssey.

UMA, or UMEA, a town of Sweden, in W. Bothnia, seated on the river Uma, in the gulf of Bothnia. The houses are built of wood; and it was twice burnt by the Russians. It is the residence of the governor of W. Bothnia, and 280 miles N. of Stockholm. Lon. 19. 9. E. Lat. 63. 58 N.

UMBEL, in botany. Umbella. Withering translates it the rundle. Receptaculum ex centro eodem elongatum in pedunculos filiformes proportionatos. A receptacle stretching out into filiform proportioned peduncles from the same centre. See CORYMB. It is

1. Simple or undivided; as in panax. 2. Compound; each peduncle bearing another little umbel, umbellet, or umbellule. The first or larger set of rays constituting the universal or general umbel; the second or subordinate set constituting the partial umbel. Dr. Withering puts spokes for what Linnéus calls radii.

3. Proliferous or superdecompound. An umbel also is

1. Concave. 2. Convex. 3. Fastigate, or rising gradually like the roof of a house. It is also either

1. Erect; or, 2. Nodding. Flowers growing in this manner are called umbellati, umbellate or umbelled flowers; by old authors umbelliferous. Hence,

UMBELLATÆ. The name of the twentysecond order in Linnéus's Fragments; and of the forty-fifth in his Natural Orders. Included in the second order of the fifth class, in the Artificial System. This order is called by Ray and others, umbelliferæ; by Casalpinus, ferulaceæ.

U'MBELLATED. a. In botany, is said of flowers when many of them grow together in umbels.

UMBELLIFEROUS. a. (umbel and fero, Lat.) Used of plants that bear many flowers, growing upon many footstalks.

UMBER. (from umbra, Lat. a shade, for which purpose it is chiefly used in painting.) Martial clay, iron ochre. See the article ARGILLA.

There are, however, two kinds of earth that pass under this name; 1st, Cologne umber, which is a variety of peat or of earthy brown coal. There are large beds of it wrought in the neighbourhood of Cologne, principally as an article of fuel; a pretty considerable quantity is also imported into Holland, where it is used in the manufacture, or more properly, in the adulteration, of snuff, for which purpose it appears to be better than the cominon peat of

UMBERED. a. (from umber, or umbra, Lat.) Shaded; clouded (Shakspeare). UMBILICAL. a. (from umbilicus, Latin.} Belonging to the navel (Ray).

UMBILICAL CORD. Funis umbilicalis. Funiculus umbilicalis. The navel-string. A cord-like substance, of an intestinal form, about half a yard in length, that proceeds from the navel of the fétus to the centre of the placenta. It is composed of a cutaneous sheath, cellular substance, one umbilical vein, and two umbis. lical arteries; the former conveys the blood to the child from the placenta, and the latter return it from the child to the placenta.

UMBILICAL HERNIA. Hernia umbilicalis. A protrusion of part of any of the abdominal viscera at the navel. See HERNIA.

UMBILICAL REGION. Regio umbilicalis. The part of the abdominal parietes about two inches all round the navel.

UMBILICUS MARINUS. Cotyledon marina. Androsace. Acetabulum marinum. Androsace mathioli. Fungus petræus marinus. A submarine production found on rocks and the shells of fishes, about the coast of Montpelier, &c. It is said to be in the form of pow der a useful antithelmetic and diuretic.

UMBLES. (q. humbles, inferior parts.) The eatable part of a deer's entrails, which being a perquisite of office, afford a treat to the keeper and his friends.

U'MBO. s. (Lat.) The pointed boss, or prominent part of a buckler (Swift).

U'MBRAGE. s. (ombrage, Fr.) 1. Shade; screen of trees (Philips). 2. Shadow; appear. ance (Bramhall). 3. Resentment; offence; suspicion of injury (Bacon).

UMBRA'GEOUS. a. (ombragieux, Fr.) Shady; yielding shade (Harvey).

UMBRA'GEOUSNESS. s. (from umbrageous.) Shadiness (Raleigh).

UMBRA TILE. a. (umbratilis, Lat.) Being in the shade.

UMBRE, in ornithology. See Scopus. UMBRELLA, a moveable canopy, made of silk or other cloth spread out upon ribs of whale-bone, and supported by a staff, to protect a person from rain, or the scorching beams

of the sun. For the latter purpose it has long been used in oriental nations; for the purpose of furnishing shelter from rain, it was brought into England little more than 30 years ago. At that period none but genteel people possessed them; now they are become so common that many who fancy themselves genteel people would rather get wet through than be seen to

carry one.

UMBRELLA TREE. See MAGNOLIA. UMBRIATICO, a town of Naples, in Cala bria Citeriore, with a bishop's see, though now reduced to a small place. It is seated on the Lipuda, 15 miles N. by W. of St. Severina. Lon. 17. 10 E. Lat. 38. 29 N.

UMBRI ERE. s. The visor of the helmet (Spenser).

UMBROSITY. s. (umbrosus, Lat.) Shadiness; exclusion of light (Brown). UMPIRAGE. s. (from umpire.) Arbitration; friendly decision of a controversy. UMPIRE. s. (from un pere, Fr. a father, Minshew.) An arbitrator; one who, as a common friend, decides disputes (Boyle).

UN. A Saxon privative or negative particle answering to in of the Latins, and of the Greeks, on, Dutch. It is placed almost at will before adjectives and adverbs. All the instances of this kind of composition cannot therefore be inserted. We have collected as many as can be necessary.

UNABASHED. a. Not shamed; not con

fused by modesty (Pope).

UNA'BLE. a. 1.Not having ability (Rogers). Weak; impotent (Shakspeare). UNABO'LISHED. a. Not repealed; remaining in force (Hooker). UNACCEPTABLE. a. Not pleasing; not such as is well received (Rogers). UNACCEPTABLENESS. s. State of not pleasing (Collier).

UNACCEPTED. a. Not accepted (Prior). UNACCESSIBLENESS. s. State of not being to be attained or approached (Hale). UNACCOMMODATED. a. Unfurnished with external convenience (Shakspeare). UNACCOMPANIED. a. Not attended. UNACCOMPLISHED. a. Unfinished; incomplete (Dryden).

UNACCOUNTABLE. a. 1. Not explicable; not to be solved by reason; not reducible to rule (Glanville). 2. Not subject; not controlled.

UNACCOUNTABLY.ad. Strangely (Ad

dison).

UNA'CCURATE. a. Not exact (Boyle). UNACCUSTOMED. a. 1. Not used; not habituated (Boyle). 2. New; not usual (Philips).

UNACKNOWLEDGED. a. Not owned

(Clarendon).

UNACQUAINTANCE. s. Want of familiarity; want of knowledge (South). UNACQUAINTED. a. 1. Not known; unusual; not familiarly known (Spenser). 2. Not having familiar knowledge (Wake). UNA'CTIVE. a. 1. Not brisk; not lively

UNADORNED. a. Not decorated embellished (Addison).

; not

UNADVISED. a. 1. Imprudent; indiscreet (Shakspeare). 2. Done without due thought; rash (Hayward).

UNADVISEDLY. ad. Rashly; impru dently; indiscreetly (Hooker).

UNADULTERATED. a. Genuine; not spoiled by spurious mixtures (Addison).

UNAFFECTED. a. 1. Real; not hypocritical (Dryden). 2. Free from affectation; open; candid; sincere (Addison). 3. Not formed by too rigid observation of rules (Milton). 4. Not moved; not touched.

UNAFFECTING. a. Not pathetic; not moving the passions.

UNAIDABLE. a. Not to be helped (Shakspeare).

UNAIDED. a. Not assisted; not helped. UNALLI'ED. a. 1. Having no powerful relation. 2. Having no common nature; not congenial (Collier).

UNALTERABLE. a. Unchangeable; immutable (Atterbury).

UNAMBITIOUS. a. Free from ambi

tion.

UNANE'LED. a. (un and knell.) Without the bell rung. This sense we doubt (Shakspeare).

UNANGULATE STEM, in botany, a stem of one angle: as in iris fcctidissima. UNANIMITY. s. Agreement in design or opinion (Addison).

UNANIMOUS. a. (unanime, Fr. unani mis, Latin.) Being of one mind; agreeing in design or opinion (Dryden).

UNANIMOUSLY. ad. With one mind. UNANOINTED. a. 1. Not anointed. 2. Not prepared for death by extreme unction (Shakspeare).

UNA'NSWERABLE. a. Not to be re

futed.

ton).

Unfit; not qualified (Taylor). 4. Improper; unfit; unsuitable.

UNAPTNESS. s. 1. Unfitness; unsuitableness (Spenser). 2. Dulness; want of apprehension (Shakspeare). 3. Unreadiness; disqualification; want of propension (Locke). UNA'RGUED. a. 1. Not disputed (Milton). 2. Not censured (Ben Jonson). ÚNAʼRMED. λ.. Having no armour; having no weapons (Grew).

UNARMED, in botany. Inermis. With out thorns or prickles. Applied to the stem, leaf, and calyx. It is used in a similar sense iu other branches of natural history.

UNARTFUL. a. 1. Having no art or cunning (Dryden). 2. Wanting skill (Cheyne). UNA'SKED. a. 1. Not courted by solicitation (Denham). 2. Not sought by entreaty or care (Dryden).

UNASPIRING. a. Not ambitious (Rog.). UNASSAILED. a. Not attacked; not assaulted (Shakspeare).

UNASSISTED. a. Not helped (Rogers). UNASSI'STING. a. Giving no help (Dry

den).

UNBEATEN. a. 1. Not treated with blows (Corbet). 2. Not trodden (Roscommon).. UNBECOMING. a. Indecent; unsuitable; indecorous (Dryden).

To UNBED. v. a. To raise from a bed (Welton). TING. a. Not becoming, not

UNBEFITTING Suitable (Milton).

UNBEGOT. UNBEGOTTEN. a. 1. Eter.. nal; without generation (Stilling fleet). 2. Not yet generated (Milton), 3, Not attaining existence (South).

UNBELIEF. s. 1. Incredulity (Dryden). 2. Infidelity; irreligion (Hooker).

To UNBELIEVE, v. a. 1. To discredit; not to trust (Wotton). 2. Not to think real or true (Dryden).

UNBELIEVER, s. An infidel; one who believes not the scripture of God (Hooker). *.

To UNBEND. v. a, 1. To free from Alexure (Taylor). 2. To relax; to remit; to set at ease for a time (Dryden).

UNBENDING, a. 1. Not suffering flexure (Pope). 2. Resolute; not yielding (Rowe). UNBENEFICED. a. Not preferred to a

den).

UNAVOIDABLE, a. 1. Inevitable; not to be shunned (Rogers). 2. Not to be missed in ratiocination (Tillotson).

UNAVOIDED. a. Ínevitable (Shaks.). UNAUTHORIZED. a. Not supported by authority; not properly commissioned (Dryden):

ÚNAWA'RE. UNAWARES. ad. (from aware, or wary.) 1. Without thought; without previous meditation (Milton. Pope). 2. Unexpectedly when it is not thought of; suddenly (Wake).

UNA'WED. a. Unrestrained by fear or reverence (Clarendon).

UNBA'CKED. a. 1. Not tamed; nor taught to bear the rider (Suckling). 2. Not countenanced; not aided (Daniel).

. UNBALLAST. UNBAʼLLASTED. a. Not kept steady by ballast; unsteady.

To UNBAR. v. a. To open by removing the bars; to unbolt (Denham).

UNBA'RKED. a. Decorticated; stripped of bark (Bacon).

UNBATTERED. a. Not injured by blows. To UNBA'Y. v. a. To set open; to free from the restraint of mounds (Norris).

UNBENEVOLENT. a. Not kind (Rog.). UNBENI'GHTED. a. Never visited by darkness (Milton).

UNBENIGN. a. Malignant; malevolent. UNBENT. a. 1. Not strained by the string (Dryden). 2. Having the bow unstrung (Shakspeare). 3. Not crushed; not subdued (Dryden). 4. Relaxed; not inteut (Denham). UNBESEEMING, a, Unbecoming (Thom UNBESOUGHT. a. Not intreated (Mil.). UNBESTOWED. a. Not given; not disposed of (Bacon).

son).

UNBEWAILED. a. Not lamented (Shak

speare).

To UNBI'ASS. v. a. To free from any ex ternal motive; to disentangle from prejudice (Pope).

UNBI'D. UNBIDDEN. a. 1. Uninvited (Shakspeare), 2. Uncommanded; spontane ous (Milton).

UNBI GOTTED. a. Free from bigotry (Addison).

To UNBIND. v. a. To loose; to untie (Dryden).

To UNBI'SHOP. v. a. To deprive of epis, copal orders (South).

UNBITTED. a. Unbridled; unrestrained (Shakspeare).

UNBLA'MABLE. a. Not culpable; not to be charged with a fault (Dryden). UNBLEMISHED. a. Free from turpi tude; free from reproach (Addison).

UNBLE'NCHED. a. Not disgraced; not injured by any soil (Milton).

UNBLE'ST. a. 1. Accursed; excluded from benediction (Bacon). 2. Wretched; unhappy (Prior).

UNBLOODIED. a. Not stained with

UNBLUNTED. a. Not made obtuse

(Corley).

UNBO'DIED. a. 1. Incorporeal; immaterial (Watts). 2. Freed from the body (Dryden).

To UNBOLT. v. a. To set open; to unbar. · UNBOLTED. a. Coarse; gross; not refined, as flour, by bolting or sifting (Shaks.). UNBONNETTED. a. Wanting a hat or bonnet (Shakspeare).

UNBOOʻKISH. a. 1. Not studious of books. 2. Not cultivated by erudition (Shakspeare).

UNBORN. a. Not yet brought into life; future; being to come (Dryden).

UNBORROWED. a. Genuine; native; one's own (Locke).

To UNBO SOM. v. a. 1. To reveal in confidence (Milton). 2. To open; to disclose (Milton)

UNBOTTOMED. a. 1. Without bottom; bottomless (Milton). 2. Having no solid foundation (Hammond).

UNBOUGHT. a. 1. Obtained without money (Dryden). 2. Not finding any purchaser (Locke).

UNBOUND. a. 1. Loose; not tied. 2. Wanting a cover (Locke).

UNBOU’NDED. a. 1. Infinite; interminable (Milton). 2. Unlimited; unrestrained. UNBOUNDEDLY. ad. Without bounds; without limits (Gov. of the Tongue). UNBOUNDEDNESS. s. Exemption from limits (Cheyne).

UNBO WED. a. Not bent (Shakspeare). To UNBOWEL. v. n. To exenterate; to eviscerate (Hakewill).

To UNBRACE. v. a. To loose; to relax (Spenser). 2. To make the clothes loose (Shakspeare).

UNBREATHED. a. Not exercised (Shak

speare).

UNBROKE. UNBROKEN. a. 1. Not violated (Taylor). 2. Not subdued; not weakened (Dryden). 3. Not tamed (Addison). UNBROTHERLIKE. UNBROTHERLY. a. Ill-suiting with the character of a brother (Decay of Piety).

T UNBUCKLE. v. a. To loose from buckles (Pope).

To UNBUILD. v. a. To raze; to destroy (Shakspeare).

UNBUILT. a. Not yet erected (Dryden). UNBU'RIED. a. Not interred; not honoured with the rites of funeral (Pope).

UNBURNED. UNBURNT. a. 1. Not consamed; not wasted; not injured by fire (Dryden). 2. Not heated with fire (Bacon), VOL. XI. PART II.

tion.

UNCAʼLLED. a. Not summoned; not sent for; not demanded (Milton).

To UNCALM. v. a. To disturb (Dryden). UNCANCELLED. a. Not erased; not abrogated (Dryden). UNCANO NICAL. a. Not agreeable to the canons.

UNCA PABLE. a. (incapable, Fr. incapax, Lat.) Not capable; not susceptible (Ham.). UNCA'RED for. a. Not regarded; not attended to.

UNCARNATE. a. Not fleshly (Brown). To UNCASE v. a. 1. To disengage from any covering (Addison). 2. To flay; to strip (Spenser).

UNCAUGHT. a. Not yet catched (Gay).
UNCAU'SED. a. Having no precedent

cause.

UNCAUTIOUS. a. Not wary; heedless. UNCELEBRATED. a. Not solemnized. UNCENSURED. a. Exempt from public reproach (Pope).

'UNCERTAIN. a. (incertain, Fr. incertus, Latin.) 1. Doubtful; not certainly known (Denham). 2. Doubtful; not having certain knowledge (Tillotson). 3. Not sure in conse quence (Pope). 4. Not exact; not sure (Dryden). 5. Unsettled; unregular (Hooker).

UNCERTAINTY. s. 1. Dubiousness; want of knowledge (Denham). 2. Inaccuracy (Locke). 3. Contingency; want of certainty (South). 4. Something unknown (L'Estr.).

To UNCHAIN. v. a. To free from chains (Prior).

UNCHANGEABLE. a. Immutable; not subject to variation (Hooker).

UNCHANGEABLENESS. s. Immuta→ bility (Newton).

UNCHANGEABLY. ad. Immutability; without change (South). UNCHANGED. a. 1. Not altered (Taylor). 2. Not alterable (Pope). UNCHANGING. a. Suffering no altera To retract an ac

tion.

To UNCHARGE. v. a. cusation (Shakspeare).

UNCHARITABLE. a. Contrary to charity; contrary to the universal love prescribed by christianity (Addison).

UNCHARITABLENESS. s. Want of charity (Atterbury).

UNCHARITABLY. ad. In a manner contrary to charity (Sprat).

UNCHARY. a. Not wary; not cautious. UNCHA'STE. a. Lewd; libidinous; not continent; not pure (Taylor).

UNCHA'STITY. s. Lewdness; inconti nence (Arbuthnot).

K