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Three-leaved valerian.
Mountain valerian.
Celtic valerian.
Tuberous-rooted valerian.
Pyrenean valerian.
Common corn-salad, or

11. V. officinalis. Officinal valerian. Found wild in our marshes, the root of which has been long extolled as an efficacious remedy in epilepsy, which caused it to be exhibited in a variety of other complaints termed nervous, in which it has been found highly serviceable. It is also in very general use as an antispasmodic, and is exhibited in convulsive hysterical diseases. A simple and volatile tincture are directed in the pharmacopoeias.

VALERIANUS (Publius Licinius), a Roman, proclaimed emperor by the armies in Rhotia, A. D. 254. The virtues which shone in him when a private man were lost when he ascended the throne. He took his son Gallienus as his colleague in the empire, and showed the malevolence of his heart by persecuting the Christians, whom he had for a while tolerated. He made war against the Goths and Scythians; but against Sapor, king of Persia, his arms were attended with ill success. He was conquered in Mesopotamia, and when he sought a private conference with Sapor, the monarch seized his person, and carried him to his capital, where he exposed him to the ridicule and insolence of his subjects. When the Persian monarch mounted on horseback, Valerian served as footstool. Sapor at last ordered him to be flayed alive, and salt to be thrown over his mangled body, so that he died in the greatest torments. His skin was tanned, and painted in red, and was nailed in one of the temples of Persia. Valerian died in the 71st year of his age, A. D. 260, after a reign of seven years.

VALERIUS. This name was common to many celebrated Romans, the most conspicuous of whom are the following:-1. Publius, a celebrated Roman, surnamed Poplicola, for his popularity. He was very active in assisting Brutus to expel the Tarquins, and he was the first that took an oath to support the liberty and independence of his country. He gained the victory in the battle in which Brutus and the sons of Tarquin had fallen. Valerius died after he had been four times consul, and received the thanks which a people redeemed from slavery usually pay to their deliverers. He was so poor, that his body was buried at the public expence. The Roman matrons mourned his death a whole year.-2. Corvinus, a tribune of the soldiers under Camillus. When the Roman army were challenged by one of the Senones, remarkable for his strength, Valerius undertook to engage him, and obtained an easy victory, by means of a crow that as sisted him, and attacked the face of the Gaul, whence his surname of Corvinus. Valerius triumphed over the Etrurians, and the neighbouring states, and was six times honoured

with the consulship. He died in the 100th year of his age, admired and regretted for many private and public virtues.—3. Marcus Corvinus Messala, a Roman, made consul with Augustus. He distinguished himself by his learning as well as military virtues.-4. Á Latin historian who carried arms under the sons of Pompey. He wrote an account, still extant, of the most celebrated sayings and actions of the Romans, and other illustrious persons, The work is divided into nine books, and is dedicated to Tiberius. Some suppose that he lived after Tiberius, from the want of purity in his writings.-5. A Latiu poet who flourished under Vespasian. He wrote a poem in eight books, on the Argonautic expedition, but it remained unfinished on account of his premature death.

VALET, a French word, employed by us to denote a servant whose office is to dress, undress, and wait upon his master.

VALET, in the old manage, was a stick armed at one end with a blunted point of iron, to prick a leaping horse. Some valets formerly had spur-rowels upon them, with the points beaten down. When a horse first began to be worked round a pillar, without a rider, they used to prick his flanks with the valet, to make him know the spur and obey it without resisting.

VALETTA, a city of Malta, the capital of that island, and wonderfully strong both by nature and art. It is seated on a peninsula, between two of the finest ports in the world, which are defended by almost impregnable fortifications. That on the S.E. side of the city is the largest; it runs two miles inland, and is surrounded by such high grounds, that the largest ships may ride in the most stormy wea ther, almost without a cable. This basin is divided into five distinct harbours, all equally safe, each capable of containing a vast num ber of shipping. The entrance is scarcely a quarter of a mile broad, and is commanded on each side by strong batteries, fronted by a quadruple battery, one above the other, the largest of which is on a level with the water. The harbour on the N. side, though only used for fishing, and as a place of quarantine, is likewise well defended; and in an island in the centre of it is a castle and a lazaret. Valetta has three gates, and the streets are all paved with flat square stones. The houses are neat, and built of stone; the roofs forming a flat terrace plastered with pozzolana; and most of them have a balcony to the street, where the inhabitants pass a great part of their time. The principal buildings are the palace of the grand master, the infirmary, the conservatory, and the magnificent church of St. John. The pavement of this church is composed entirely of sepulchral monuments of the finest marbles, porphyry, lapis lazuli, and a variety of other valuable stones, admirably joined together, representing the arms, insignia, &c. of the persons whose names they commemorate. The great source of water that sup plies Valetta rises near Citta Vecchia, and is

thence conveyed by an aqueduct, erected at the expence of one of the grand masters. Not withstanding the supposed bigotry of the Maltese, here is a mosque, in which the Turkish slaves are permitted to enjoy their religion. The Turks besieged this city in 1566; but, after many dreadful assaults, were com pelled to raise the siege, with the loss of 30,000 men. It surrendered to the French, under Bonaparte, in 1798; and they, in 1800, surrendered it to the British, after a blockade of two years. Valetta is situate opposite Cape Passero in Sicily. Lon. 15. 34 E. Lat. 35. 54 N. VALETUDINARIAN. VALETU'DINA RY. a. (valetudinaire, Fr. valetudo, Latin.) Weakly sickly; infirm of health (Derhum). VALÍANCÉ. s. (vaillance, Fr.) Valour; personal puissance; bravery (Spenser). VALIANT. a. (vaillant, Fr.) Stout; personally puissant; brave (Nelson). VALIANTLY. ad. (from valiant.) Stoutly; with personal strength (Knolles). VALIANTNESS. s. (from valiant.) Valour; personal bravery; puissance; fierceness; stoutness (Knolles).

VALID. a. (valide, Fr. validus, Latin.) 1. Strong; powerful; efficacious; prevalent (Milton). 2. Having intellectual force; prevalent; weighty; conclusive (Stephens). VALIDITY.'s. (validete, Fr. from valid.) 1. Force to convince; certainty (Pope). 2. Value. A sense not used (Shakspeare).

VALLADOLID, a city of Spain, in Leon, capital of a principality of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a university. It is surrounded by strong walls, has long and broad streets, and is adorned with handsome buildings, squares, and fountains. The market place, called El Campo, is 700 paces in circumference, surrounded by a great number of convents. There are 70 monasteries and nunneries, the finest of which is that of the Dominicans, remarkable for its church, which is one of the most magnificent in the city. The kings formerly resided at this place; and the royal palace, which still remains, is of very large extent, though but two stories high. The townhouse takes up the entire side of a square. The house of the inquisition is an odd structure, for there are no windows, but a few holes to let in the light. Here are some woollen manufactures, and many goldsmiths and jewellers. The environs of the city are covered with gardens, orchards, vineyards, meadows, and fields. It is seated on the Escurva, near the Pisuerga, 74 miles S.S.E. of Leon, and 100 N.N.W. of Madrid. Lon. 4. 47 W. Lat. 41. 42 N.

VALLADOLID, or COMAYAGUA, a city of Mexico, capital of the province of Honduras, and a bishop's see; seated in a plain, 280 miles E. of Guatimala. Lon. 88. 20 W. Lat. 14.35 N.

VA'LLANCY. s. (from valance.) A large wig that shades the face (Dryden).

VALLEA, in botany, a genus of the class polyandria, order monogynia. Calyx three or four-leaved; petals four or five, three-cleft;

stigma four or five-cleft; capsule two-celled, many-seeded. One species only; a tree of New Granada, with alternate, heart-shaped, entire leaves, and red panicled flowers.

VALLEY. s. (vallée, Fr. vallis, Lat.) A low ground; a hollow between hills (Milton).

VALLIER (St.), a town of France, in the department of Ardeche, seven miles N.E. of Tournon. Lon. 2. 5 E. Lat. 49. 10 N.

VALLISNERIA, in botany, a genus of the class diœcia, order diandria. Male: spathe two-parted; spadix covered with florets; corol three-parted. Female: spathe cloven; oneflowered; calyx three-parted, superior; stigma three-parted; capsule one-celled, many-seeded. Two species; one a native of Finmark, the other of Coromandel. Aquatic plants.

VALOGNE, a town of France, in the department of the Channel, noted for cloth and leather. It is seated on a brook, eight miles from the sea, and 158 W. by N. of Paris. Lon. 1. 26 W. Lat. 49. 30 N.

VALONA, a seaport of Turkey in Europe, in Upper Albania, with an archbishop's see. It was taken, in 1690, by the Venetians, who abandoned it after they had ruined the fortifications. It is seated on the gulf of Venice, near the mountains of Chimera, 50 miles S. of Durazzo. Lon. 19. 23 E. Lat. 41. 4 N

VA'LOROUS. a. (from valour.) Brave; stout; valiant (Spenser).

VA'LOROUSLY. ad. In a brave manner. VA'LOUR. s. (valeur, Fr. valor, Latin.) Personal bravery; strength; prowess; puissance; stoutness (Temple).

VALPARISSO, a town of Chili, with a well-frequented harbour, defended by a strong fort. It is seated on the Pacific ocean, at the foot of a high mountain. Lon. 72. 14 W. Lat. 33. 3 S.

VALPERGA, a town of Piedmont, in the county of Canavese, 11 miles S.S. W. of Ivrea, and 16 N. of Turin. Lou. 7. 44 E. Lat. 45. 21 N.

VALUABLE. a. (valuable, French.) 1. Precious; being of great price. 2. Worthy; deserving regard (Atterbury).

VALUATION. s. (from value.) 1. The act of setting a value; appraisement (Ray). 2. Value set upon any thing (Bacon).

VALUATOR. s. (from value.) An appraiser; one who sets upon any thing its price (Swift).

VALUE. s. (value, French; valor, Latin.) 1. Price; worth (Job). 2. High rate (Addi son). 3. Rate; price equal to the worth of the thing bought (Dryden).

To VALUE. U. a. (valoir, French.) 1. To rate at a certain price (Spenser). 2. To rate highly; to have in high esteem (Atterbury). 3. To appraise; to estimate (Leviticus). 4. To be worth; to be equal in worth to (Shakspeare). 5. To take account of (Bacon). 6. To reckon at, with respect to number or pow er (Shakspeare). 7. To consider with respect to importance; to hold important (Clarendon). 8. To compare with respect to price, or excel

lence (Job). 9. To raise to estimation: not in use (Sidney).

VALVE, in hydraulics, pneumatics, &c. is a kind of lid or cover to a tube, vessel, or orifice, contrived to open one way; but which, the more forcibly it is pressed the other way, the closer it shuts the aperture, like the clapper of a bellows: so that it either admits the entrance of a fluid into the tube, or vessel, and prevents its return; or permits it to escape, and prevents its re-entrance.

Valves are of great use in the air-pump, and other wind-machines; in which they are usually made of pieces of bladder. In hydraulic engines, as the emboli or suckers of pumps, they are mostly of strong leather, of a round figure, and fitted to shut the apertures of the barrels or pipes. Sometimes they are made of two round pieces of leather enclosed between two others of brass; having divers perforations, which are covered with another piece of brass, moveable upwards and downwards, on a kind of axis, which goes through the middle of them all. Sometimes they are made of brass, covered over with leather, and furnished with a fine spring, which gives way upon a force applied against it; but upon the ceasing of that, returns the valve over the aperture. See PUMP, and HYDROSTATICS.

VALVE OF THE COLON, in anatomy. The end of the iliac portion of the small intestine enters the large one obliquely, and projects somewhat within it, so as to form a kind of valve, called from its discoverer the valve of Tulpius, also the valve of the cœcum.

VALVES, in anatomy. (valva, from valveo, to fold up.) Thin and transparent membranes, situated within certain vessels, as arteries, veins, and absorbents, whose office appears to be to prevent the contents of the vessel from flowing back.

VALVES (Semilunar). See SEMILUNAR

VALVES.

VALVES (Tricuspid). See TRICUSPID

VALVES.

VALVES (Triglochin). See TRICUSPID

VALVES.

VALVE, VALVELET, or VALVULE, in botany. Valva s. valvula. There seems to be no occasion to use the diminutives in English; for Linnéus makes no distinction between valva and valvula. He uses valvula capsulæ, and valva glumæ; but more frequently the diminutive. Valvula-paries quo fructus tegi tur externe. The outer coat, shell or covering of a capsule or other pericarp; or the several pieces which compose it. There seems to be an impropriety in explaining valvula by paries: it is rather the door or opening by which the seeds are to go out or escape. If a pericarp be entire, it is said to be univalve, or to consist of one valve. If it be divided, according to the number of pieces or divisions, it is called bivalve or two-valved; trivalve or three-valved, &c.

The leaflets composing the calyx and corol in grasses are also named valves: as are also the substances or scales which close the tube in

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VALVULE TRICUSPIDALES.

CUSPID VALVES.

VALVULE TRIGLOCHINES. CUSPID VALVES.

See TRI

See TRI

VAMP. s. The upper leather of a shoe (Ainsworth).

To VAMP. v. a. To piece an old thing with some new part (Bentley).

VAMPER. s. (from vamp.) One who pieces out an old thing with something new. VAMPIRE, in zoology. See VESPER TILIO.

VAMPIRES, in the ancient superstitions, a name given to the mischievous apparitions of dead men; who, after they have been dead for many years, are seen to return, to speak, to walk, to infest villages, maltreat men and animals, suck the blood of their neighbours, &c. For an amusing summary of some of these legendary stories, see the Athenæum, vol. iii. pa. 520.

From the obvious relation to this class of imaginary beings, it happens, that one who affects great attachment to another, and hangs about him only that he may ruin his peace, his reputation, or his fortune, and thus suck his blood, is called a vampire.

VAN. s. (from avant, French.) 1. The front of an army, the first line (Dryden). 2. (van, Fr.) Any thing spread wide by which a wind is raised; a fan (Broome). 3. A wing with which the air is beaten (Milton).

To VAN. v. a. (from vannus, Lat.) To fan; to winnow: not in use (Bacon).

VAN, VANT, or VAUNT, a term derived from the French avant, or avaunt, signifying before, or foremost of any thing; thus we say, the van-guard of an army, &c.

VAN, in sea-language, denotes the foremost division of any naval armament, or the part that usually leads the way to battle, o. ́advances first in the order of sailing.

VAN, a strong town of Curdistan, with a castle on a mountain, in which the Turks

keep a numerous garrison. It is governed by a beglerbeg, and seated on a lake of its name (120 miles in circumference), 80 miles E. by S. of Betlis. Lon. 44. 30 E. Lat. 37. 10 N. VANBRUGH (Sir John), an able drama tic writer, was born in Cheshire, of good family: he became eminent by his poetical talents, and his skill in architecture; to both which he discovered an early propensity. His first comedy, called The Relapse; or, Virtue in Danger, was acted with great applause in 1697, which encouraged him to proceed in the same line. The reputation which he gained by his comedies was rewarded with greater advantages than usually arise from the profits of writing for the stage. He was appointed Clarenceux king of arms; a place which he held some time, and at last disposed of. In 1716 he was made surveyor of the works at Greenwich hospital; he also held the place of comptroller-general of his majesty's works, and surveyor of the gardens and waters. Several noble structures were raised under his direction, as Blenheim, in Oxfordshire; Claremont, in Surry; the old Military Academy, in Woolwich arsenal; the old Opera-house, in the Haymarket. He was the author of eleven comic pieces: he died in 1726.

This writer was noted for the heaviness of his buildings, and the lightness of his comedies. Every one knows the proposed inscription for his gravestone:

"Lie heavy on him earth; for he Laid many a heavy load on thee." VANDELLIA, in botany, a genus of the class didynamia, order angiosperinia. Calyx mostly four-cleft; corol ringent; two outer filaments from the disk of the corol; anthers connected by pairs; capsule one-celled, manyseeded. Two species.

1. V. diffusa. A plant with herbaceous stem, and axillary flowers, of Montserrat, 2. V. pratensis. A native of South Ame

rica.

VAN-DIEMEN'S LAND. See DIE

МЕМ.

VAN DYCK (Sir Anthony), a most illus trious painter, was born at Antwerp in 1599, and trained under the no less illustrious Rubens. Afterwards he went to Italy, staid a short time at Rome, and then removed to Venice; where he attained the beautiful colouring of Titian, Paul Veronese, and the Venetian school: proofs of which appeared in the pictures he drew at Genoa, where he left behind him many excellent pieces. After a few years spent abroad, he returned to Flanders, with a manner of painting so noble, natural, and easy, that Titian himself was hardly his superior; and no other master in the world equal to him in portraits. The prince of Orange, hearing of his fame, sent for him to draw the pictures of his princess and children. Cardinal Richelieu invited him to France; where, not liking his entertainment, he staid but a little time. Then he came over to England, soon after Rubens had left it, and was entertained in the

service of Charles I. who conceived a marvellous esteem for his works; honoured him with knighthood; presented him with his own picture, set round with diamonds; assigned him a considerable pension; sate very often to him for his portrait; and was followed by most of the nobility and gentry of the kingdom. He acquired great riches by his profession; married one of the fairest ladies of the English court, a daughter of the lord Ruthen, earl of Gowry; and, though he had little with her except her beauty and her quality, lived in a state and grandeur answerable to her birth. He grew weary, towards the latter end of his life, of the continued trouble that attended facepainting; and, being desirous of immortaliz ing his name by some more glorious undertaking, went to Paris, in hopes of being employed in the grand gallery of the Louvre. Not succeeding there, he returned to England; and proposed to the king, by his friend sir Kenelm Digby, to make cartoons for the banThe subject queting-house at Whitehall. was to have been the institution of the order of the garter, the procession of the knights in their habits, with the ceremony of their in stalment, and St. George's feast: but his demand of 8000l. being thought unreasonable, while the king was treating with him for a less and other distempers put an end sum, the gout to his life. He died in 1641, aged forty-two years; and was buried in St. Paul's cathedral, where his monument, whatever it was, perished by the fire.

VANE, in a ship, &c. a thin slip of some kind of matter, placed on high in the open air, turning easily round on an axis or spindle, and veered about by the wind, to shew its direction or course. See WEATHERCOCK.

VANES, in mathematical or philosophical instruments, are sights made to slide and move upon cross-staves, fore-staves, quadrants,

&c.

VANELLOE. A long, flattish pod, containing under a wrinkled brittle shell, a reddish brown pulp, with small shining black seeds. The plant which affords this fruit is the epidendrum vanilla; scandens, foliis ovatooblongis nervosis sessilibus caulinis, cirrhis spiralibus of Linnéus. Vauelloes have an unctuous aromatic taste, and a fragrant smell like that of some of the finer balsams heightened with musk. Although chiefly used as perfumes, they are said to possess aphrodisiac virtues. See EPIDENDRUM.

VANGUARD. s. (avant garde, French.) The front, or first line of the army (Milton).

VANGUERIA, in botany, a genus of the class pentandria, order monogynia. Calyx five-toothed; corol with a globular tube, and hairy throat; stigma bilamellate; berry inferior, four or six-seeded. One species only, a tree with glabrous branches, opposite entire leaves, and eatable fruit, supposed to be a native of China.

VANILLA. See EPIDENDRUM and VA NELLOE.

To VANISH. v. n. (vanesco, Lat.) 1. To

lose perceptible existence (Sidney). 2. To pass away from the sight; to disappear (Shakspeare). 3. To pass away; to be lost (Atterbury).

VANISHING QUANTITIES. See EVA

NESCENT.

VA'NITY. s. (vanitas, Lat.) 1. Emptiness; uncertainty; inanity (Eccles.). 2. Fruitless desire; fruitless endeavour (Sidney). 3. Trifling labour (Raleigh). 4. Falsehood; untruth (Davies). 5. Empty pleasure; vain pursuit ; idle show; unsubstantial enjoyment (Pope). 6. Ostentation; arrogance (Raleigh). 7. Petty pride; pride exerted upon slight grounds. VANLOO (Carlo), a distinguished painter, was born at Nice in 1705. After visiting Turin and Rome, he went to Paris with his brother John in 1719. In 1723 he gained the academy's first medal for design, and in the year following the first prize for painting. In 1735 he was received into the academy; he was afterwards honoured with the order of St. Michael, and named first painter to the king: he died in 1765.

VANLOO (John Baptist), brother to the preceding, a celebrated historic and portrait painter, was born about 1684; he died in 1746. His son, Louis Michael, became principal painter to the king of Spain, and Charles Philip to the king of Prussia.

VANLOO (Michael), nephew of the preceding, and knight of the order of St. Michael; an artist of considerable excellence. His historical pieces have genuine merit, and his portraits are elegant and agreeable.

VANLOO (Charles Andrew), brother and pupil of John Baptist, was born in 1705; he is known by the brilliancy and freshness of his colours, and great exactness of proportion; he was one of the professors of the academy for painting, at Paris: he died in 1765.

VANNES, a seaport of France, in the department of Morbihan, with a bishop's see. Its principal trade is in wheat and rye for Spain; and it has a trade also in pilchards and sea-eels. It is seated on the gulf of Morbihan, three miles from the Atlantic, 56 S.W. of Rennes, and 255 W. by S. of Paris. Lon. 2. 46 W. Lat. 47. 39 N.

To VANQUISH. v. a. (vancre, Fr.) 1. To conquer; to overcome (Clarendon). 2. To confute (Atterbury).

VANQUISHER. s. (from vanquish.) Conqueror; subduer (Shakspeare).

VANTAGE.s. (from advantage.) 1.Gain; profit (Sidney). 2. Superiority; state in which one hath better means of action than another (South). 3. Opportunity; convenience (Shakspeare).

To VANTAGE. v. a. (from advantage.) To profit: not in use (Spenser).

VA'NTBRASS. s. (avant bras, French.) Armour for the arm (Millon).

VA'PID. a. (vapidus, Lat.) Dead; having the spirit evaporated; spiritless; mawkish; Aat (Arbuthnot).

VA'PIDNESS. s. (from vapid.) The state of being spiritless; mawkishness.

VAPORATION. s. (vaporatio, Lat.) The act of escaping in vapours.

VA'PORER. s. (from vapour.) A boaster; a braggart (Gov. of the Tongue).

VAPORISH. a. (from vapour.) 1. Vaporous; full of vapours (Sandys). 2. Splenetic; humoursome; peevish (Pope).

VA'POROUS. a. (vaporeux, Fr.) 1. Full of exhalations; fumy (Derham). 2. Windy ; flatulent (Arbuthnot).

VA'POUR. s. (vapor, Lat.) 1. Any thing exhalable; any thing that mingles with the air (Milton). 2. Fume; steam (Newton). 3 Wind; flatulence (Bacon). 4. Mental fume; vain imagination; fancy unreal (Hammond). 5. (In the plural.) Diseases caused by flatulence, or by diseased nerves; hypochondriacal maladies; melancholy; spleen (Addison).

To VA POUR. v. n. (vaporo, Latin.) 1. To pass in a vapour or fume; to fly off in evaporations (Donné). 2. To emit fumes (Bacon). 3. To bully; to brag (Glanville).

To VAPOUR. v. a. To effuse, or scatter in fume or vapour (Donne).

VAPOUR, in meteorology, a thin humid matter, which, being rarefied to a certain degree by the action of heat, ascends to a particular height in the atmosphere, where it is suspended, until it returns in the form of dew, rain, snow, &c. On this subject we refer our readers to the articles EVAPORATION and METEOROLOGY.

VAPOUR BATH. See BATHS and BATHING.

VAR, a department of France, including part of the late province of Provence. It takes its name from a river which has its source in the county of Nice, and falls into the Mediter ranean, four miles W. of Nice.

VARALLO, a strong town of Italy, in the Milanese, 28 miles N.N.W. of Novara, and 47 W.N.W. of Milan. Lon. 8. 25 E. Lat. 45. 49 N.

VARAMBON, a town of France, in the department of Ain, seated on the Ain, 14 miles N.N.W. of Bourg. Lon. 5. 15 E. Lat. 46. 23 N.

VARENIUS (Bernard), a Dutch physician, who wrote in Latin an excellent System of Universal Geography; which was re-published with great improvements, by sir Isaac Newton, in 1672, and has been translated into English, in 2 vols. 8vo. He is also the author of a curious description of Japan, and the kingdom of Siam, in Latin. He died in 1660.

VARI. See JONTHI.

VARI, in zoology. See LEMUR.

VARIA. The small-pox. See VARIOLA VARIABLE. a. (variable, Fr. variabilis, Latin.) Changeable; mutable; inconstant (Shakspeare).

VARIABLE QUANTITIES, in geometry and analytics, denote such as are either continually increasing or diminishing; in opposition to those which are constant, remaining always the same. Thus, the abscisses and ordinates of an ellipsis, or other curve line, are variable quantities, because they vary or change their

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