purposes, and places for the relatives and friends of the local wire-pullers who control the nominating conventions, but also by sedulously “nursing” the constituency during the vacation. No habit could more effectually discourage noble ambition, nor check the growth of a class of accomplished statesmen. There are few walks in life in which experience counts for more than it does in Parliamentary politics. It is an education in itself, an education in which the quick-witted Western American would make rapid progress were he suffered to remain long enough at Washington. At present he is not suffered, for nearly one-half of each successive House consists of new men, while the old members are too much harassed by the trouble of procuring their re-election to have time or motive for the serious study of political problems. This is what comes of the doctrine that a member ought to be absolutely dependent on his constituents." Speaking of the system of salaried legislators in the United States, Mr. Bryce also makes the following remarks: "It contributes to keep up a class of professional politicians; for the salary, though small compared with the incomes earned by successful merchants or lawyers, is a prize to men of the class whence professional politicians usually come. "On the other hand, the benefit which the English advocates of paid legislators dilate on, viz., the introduction of a large number of representative working men, has hitherto been little desired and nowise secured. Few such persons appear as candidates in America, and until recently the working class has not deemed itself nor acted as a special body with special interests."-The American Commonwealth, i., 259. "In Victoria (Australia) members of the popular House receive a salary of £300 a year. I understand that this has had, so far, no considerable effect in enabling working men to enter the assembly."-Id., i., 261. THE MURDER OF INSPECTOR MARTIN. THE FACTS OF THE CASE. THE Rev. Father McFadden, of Gweedore, had long been conspicuous among the Parnellite priests for his seditious opinions, and his defiance of the authority of the law. Plan of He was treasurer of a fund for erecting a monument to Patrick O'Donnell, who was executed for the murder of James Carey, the witness through whose evidence the assassins of Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke were brought to justice. He was tried and imprisoned in 1888 for advocating the adoption of the " Campaign" among tenants who were perfectly able to pay their just rents. Shortly after he came out of prison he was again charged, in conjunction with Mr. John Kelly, an organiser of the National League, with taking part in a conspiracy_to induce the tenants not to pay their rents. He refused to obey the summons, and a warrant was issued for his arrest. Inspector Martin was one of the police officers to whom was entrusted the duty of executing the warrant. He endeavoured to effect this in the ordinary way, at Father McFadden's house, on Monday, January 28th, 1889, but was refused admission, and Father McFadden for a time disappeared. The police inspector was, therefore, bound, in the discharge of his duty, to execute the warrant at the first possible opportunity, which occurred on the following Sunday. What followed is thus described by an Irish newspaper : "The Rev. James McFadden held Mass at Derrybeg Chapel. On emerging from 'the chapel District-Inspector Martin with four men tried to arrest him, but he pushed on to the door of his house, one hundred yards from the chapel. On reaching it he stopped, and the crowd thereupon rushed up and attacked the police with sticks and stones. District-Inspector Martin was felled to the ground with a large stick, and the others all received wounds, and some were knocked down. The crowd then hastily dispersed. Fifty police who had been four hundred yards off, under County-Inspector Lennon, now arrived, and Father McFadden was arrested at noon. The injured officer was attended to by Surgeon Cowen, but was found to be dying, and he expired at 3 p.m." At the inquest, Dr. Cowen deposed to finding four lacerated wounds of the scalp, and the top and back part of the scull were completely smashed in. There were nine fragments of bone completely detached, and two portions driven into the substance of the brain. A large portion of the bones of the skull were almost detached. The bones of the nose were broken. There was a punctured wound on left forehead, with extensive bruising. There was a large bruise on left cheek. There was a circular wound one inch and a half in diameter on the right elbow, and there was a contusion on the left shin. Such was the fate of the brave and fearless inspector at the hands of a Nationalist mob. It is satisfactory to remember that, owing to the vigorous action of the Government, several of the ringleaders were brought to trial, and having pleaded "guilty" to the charge of manslaughter, were sentenced to varying terms of penal senvitude, and that Father McFadden himself pleaded guilty to obstructing the police. THE persistence with which Mr. Gladstone and his allies continue to represent the Irish Criminal Law and Procedure Act of 1887, as being directed against legitimate combinations and not against crime, makes it desirable to state the real facts of the case, both as regards the actual offences aimed at by the Act and the methods adopted by Mr. Gladstone in 1881 and 1882 to cope with crime in Ireland. The leading provisions of the measures of the two Governments are, therefore, reproduced here side by side. It will be seen that Mr. Gladstone's Government was able to exercise almost unlimited powers of arrest and imprisonment without trial, unlimited powers of search, trial by a Commission of judges without a jury, and was able to suppress meetings and newspapers. These measures either have no counterpart in Mr. Balfour's Act or appear in a modified form. MR. GLADSTONE'S ACT OF 1881. 1. The Lord Lieutenant THE ACT OF 1887. was given 1. A similar power is conferred on the power to proclaim certain districts, Lord-Lieutenant. 66 within which the Act was to be in force. 6. A Special Commission of three judges was constituted to try, without a jury, persons charged with murder, manslaughter, aggravated crimes of violence, arson, or attacks on dwelling-houses. 7. The prosecution was entitled to demand the removal of the trial to another county in certain cases. 8. The prosecution was also empowered to claim a special jury. 9. Intimidation (i.e., boycotting) was made punishable by six months' imprisonment, on summary conviction by two magistrates. 10. Rioting, keeping forcible possession after eviction, assault on officials, or belonging to an unlawful association, was also made similarly punishable with six months' imprisonment. THE ACT OF 1887. 6. No such machinery is provided. 7. A similar provision is made, but the defendant is also granted a right of appeal against the change. 8. A similar power is given, but the privilege is also extended to the defence. 9 and 10. Summary jurisdiction is given to two stipendiary magistrates in these cases, with powers to inflict a maximum of six months' imprisonment. The magis trates are empowered to act only after sworn information has been laid before the Attorney-General, and an appeal is granted against their decisions. One new provision was, however, contained in the Act of 1887, by which any dangerous association, whose operations are accompanied by crime, violence, intimidation, or the disturbance of law and order, might be prohibited or suppressed by the Government. In that case Parliament must be at once informed, and must be immediately called together if not in session, thus securing full Parliamentary control over the Acts of the LordLieutenant and the Ministry. OBITUARY OF PROMINENT POLITICIANS-1889. He ADDINGTON.-Lord Addington died at Addington Manor, Winslow, Aug. 28th, in his 85th year. He was better known as Mr. John G. Hubbard, M.P. for the county of Buckingham from 1859 to 1868, and for the City of London from 1874 (when he was made a Privy Councillor) to 1887, when he was raised to the peerage. was also a director and past governor of the Bank of England, was one of her Majesty's lieutenants of the City, director and past governor of the Guardian Fire and Life Insurance Company, was from 1853 to 1875 chairman of the Public Works Exchequer Loan Commission, and was an eminent City magnate for many years. ANDERSON.-Mr. Charles H. Anderson, Q.C., and M.P. for Elgin and Nairn, died August 26th, at Johannesburg, Africa, aged 51. He was an advanced Liberal, and a supporter of Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule Policy. BRIGHT.-The Right Hon. John Bright, whose career it is unnecessary to record here, died on March 27th, 1889, aged 77. BRODIE.-Mr. Brodie, of Brodie, who was to have been the Unionist candidate for Elgin and Nairn, died Sept. 22nd. He unsuccessfully contested the seat in 1879 and 1885. He was born in 1840, and was for some time in the Royal Artillery. BUCKINGHAM.-The Duke of Buckingham and Chandos died March 26th. Born in 1823, he entered into political life in 1846, and up till 1857 he represented Buckingham in the House of Commons. In 1852 he was a Lord of the Treasury, Lord President of the Council in 1866, and Colonial Secretary in 1867, which post he resigned on the fall of Mr. Disraeli's Ministry in December, 1868. On the return of Mr. Disraeli to power, the Duke was appointed Governor of Madras, which post he held from 1875 to 1880. On the death in 1886 of Lord Redesdale his Grace was appointed Chairman of Committees and Deputy-Speaker of the House of Lords. By his death the dukedom became extinct. His nephew, Mr. W. S. Gore-Langton, succeeded to the earldom of Temple, and his daughter, Lady Mary Morgan, to the Scotch barony of Kinloss. CAITHNESS.-The Earl of Caithness died very suddenly May 25th, aged 31. He succeeded to the earldom in 1881, sitting and voting in the Upper House as Baron Barrogill, of the United Kingdom. was colonel of the Caithness Artillery Volunteers from 1832, and had held the office of Lord-Lieutenant of Caithnessshire from 1881. He CRAWFORD.-Mr. R. Wigram Crawford, a director of the Bank of England, and formerly and for many years one of the Liberal members of Parliament for the City of London, died Aug. 4th, aged 75. In later years, after his retirement from the House of Commons, Mr. Crawford was a Liberal Unionist. DAWNAY.-The Hon. Guy Dawnay was killed by a wounded buffalo, at Ngiri, Masailand, on the 28th February. He was born in 1848, and sat in Parliament for the North Riding of Yorkshire from 1882 to 1885, when he unsuccessfully contested Cleveland. Owing to the knowledge that he had of Zululand, he was appointed intelligence officer on the staff during the Zulu war (1879), for which he received the medal with clasps. He also served as a volunteer in Egypt and at Suakim from 1882 to 1885. He was Surveyor-General of Ordnance in Lord Salisbury's first Ministry. DEVON. The Earl of Devon died at Powderham Castle, near Exeter, on Nov. 18th, 1888, aged 81. He was secretary to the Poor Law Board from Nov., 1852, to March, 1858; Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from July, 1866, to May, 1867; and President of the Poor Law Board from May, 1867, to Dec. 1868. DIGBY.-Lord Digby died Oct. 16th, in his eighty-first year. He was formerly an officer in the 9th Lancers, and latterly lieutenant-colonel of the Dorset Yeomanry Cavalry. In May, 1856, he succeeded to the barony, which carried with it the patronage of eight livings. Du CANE.-Sir Charles Du Cane, Chairman of the Board of Customs, and formerly Governor of Tasmania, died Feb. 25th. He was a Civil Lord of the Admiralty from 1866 to 1868, and a Royal Commissioner under the Factory and Workshop Act, 1875. He sat for Malden as a Conservative in 1852-53, and for North Essex from 1857 to 1868. DUNCAN. Colonel Duncan, M.P., died Nov. 16th, 1888, aged 52. He entered the Royal Artillery in 1855, and rose to the rank of colonel in 1885. He served in Egypt in command of the Egyptian Artillery, in 1883-5, being at one time employed at Assouan, where he received, cared for, and sent on to Lower Egypt, over 2,000 refugees from Khartoum and other places, sent across the desert by General Gordon. At the election in Nov., 1885, he was returned, in the Conservative interest, for the Holborn Division of Finsbury, retaining his seat at the election in 1886. EWART.-Sir William Ewart, Bart., M. P. for North Belfast, died Aug. 1st, aged 72. He was Mayor of Belfast in 1859 and in 1860, and was one of the deputies from Belfast for the arrangement of a treaty of commerce with France in 1864. A baronetcy was conferred upon him in 1887, and he had sat for Belfast since March, 1878, in the Conservative interest. 354 OBITUARY OF PROMINENT POLITICIANS, 1889. FERRAND.-Mr. W. B. Ferrand, of St. Ives, near Bradford, died March 31st, in his eightieth year. For many years Mr. Ferrand was a parliamentary celebrity. He sat for Knaresborough 1841-47, and distinguished himself by his advocacy of the Ten Hours Factory Bill no less than by violent attacks on free trade and poorlaw legislation. He was returned for Devonport in 1863 and again in 1865, but was unseated on petition. FIRTH.-The death was announced on Sep. 5th of Mr. J. F. B. Firth, M.P. for Dundee, at the age of 47. Mr. Firth was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1866, sat on the London School Board for Chelsea from 1876 to 1879, and for many years took an active part in the movement for the municipal reform of London. He was elected in 1880, for the Borough of Chelsea; but in 1885 was defeated in the contest for the newly-created Borough of North Kensington by Sir Roper Lethbridge, the present Conservative member. On Mr. Lacaita's resignation, in February, 1888, Mr. Firth was elected as Gladstonian member for Dundee. He represented Haggerston on the London County Council, of which body he was elected deputychairman at a salary of £2,000 a year. FITZGERALD.-Lord Fitzgerald died Oct. 16th. He was born in 1816, educated at Trinity College, and called to the Bar in 1838. In 1852 he sat for Ennis, in 1855 was Solicitor-General for Ireland, was twice subsequently Attorney-General, and in 1862 was appointed a judge of the Queen's Bench. Since 1882 he had been a Lord of Appeal, with a life peerage. FITZWILLIAM.-The Hon. W. John W. Fitzwilliam, M.P., was thrown from his horse, and died from his injuries September 11th, at the age of 37. He was formerly captain of the 1st West York Yeomanry Cavalry, and had sat for Peterborough since October, 1878, as a Liberal Unionist. He was first returned to Parliament at a bye-election, caused by the death of Mr. G. H. Whalley (Liberal), to which party Mr. Fitzwilliam also belonged. He was again returned for Peterborough, in 1880, as a supporter of Mr. Gladstone, together with Mr. G. H. Whalley, son of the previously deceased member. In 1885, his candidature was opposed by Mr. Sydney Buxton, a more advanced Liberal, but the latter was defeated by 258 votes. The introduction of Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule Bill led to Mr. Fitzwilliam's secession from the majority of the Liberal party. LEES.-Major-General W. Nassau Lees died March 9th, at his residence in Grosvenor Street, at the age of 64. He served in the Indian Army for nearly forty years, and was Conservative candidate for Helston in 1874. LEVEN AND MELVILLE. - The Earl of Leven and Melville died Oct. 22nd, aged 72. He succeeded to the title in 1876. He was educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge, was a deputy-lieutenant of Nairnshire, and a partner in the banking firms of Williams, Deacon, and Co., London, and of Nevile, Reid and Co., Windsor. The deceased Earl was a Conservative and a representative peer for Scotland. LUCAN.Field - Marshal the Earl of Lucan died Nov. 10th, 1888. He entered the army in 1816, and became, in 1826, lieutenant-colonel of the 17th Light Dragoons. In 1828 he was present at the siege of Varna, on the Staff of the Emperor Nicholas. From 1826 to 1830 he sat as Lord Bingham in the House of Commons in the Conservative interest, as member for Mayo, and in 1839 he succeeded his father as third Earl, and in 1840 was elected a representative peer of Ireland. In 1854 he was selected to command the Cavalry Division in the Crimea. He took part in the Battles of the Alma, Balaclava and Inkermann. At the Battle of Balaclava he ordered the " Charge of the Light Brigade." MALMESBURY.-The Earl of Malmesbury, died at his residence, Heron Court, Christchurch, May 17th, at the age of 82. For a few months in 1841 he represented Wilton in the House of Commons, succeeding his father in the peerage in that year. He was Foreign Secretary in Lord Derby's first Administration (1852), and was the first diplomatist to recognise the French Empire. Lord Malmesbury was also Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in Lord Derby's second Administration in 1858-59, and used all his influence to avert the war between France and Italy and Austria. When Lord Derby was in 1866 forming his third Ministry the post of Foreign Secretary was again offered to Lord Malmesbury, but he declined on the ground of failing health. He became Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal, which office he retained till December, 1868. He was reappointed Lord Privy Seal in Feb. 1874, on the formation of Mr. Disraeli's Ministry, resigning office in 1876. MENZIES.-Mr. Robert Stewart Menzies, M.P. for East Perthshire, died suddenly Jan. 26th, aged 34. He was a supporter of Mr. Gladstone, and had represented East Perthshire since the county was divided under the Redistribution Act. MILLICAN. Mr.W. Millican, of Leicester, died November 3rd, aged 59. He was several years leader of the Conservative party in Leicester, and in 1885 contested |