tion. In most instances of murder taking place between associates, it is the result of deep-rooted revenge, for some supposed injury which has instigated the act, or the deadly blow has been given under the momentary impulse of passion ; but the one before us is characterized by selfishness, cowardice, treachery, and deceit.

In what manner did Pugh perpetrate his horrid purpose ? By taking Harrison, under a mask of mutual interest and friendship, (which his powerful Secretiveness enabled him to do,) to a dark and unfrequented field at midnight, where, in the most dastardly manner, he strangled his unsuspecting victim.—To have done this deed he required large Destructiveness, with little Conscientiousness and Benevolence, precisely as we find these organs in the cast.

It is curious to remark the powerful aid that Phrenology furnishes in tracing the nicer tints of human motives. It has been noticed, that the midnight assassin and the unfeeling incendiary have Destructiveness and Secretiveness large, but Combativeness generally moderate. How-strikingly do Pugh's cast and the circumstances attending the deed for which he suffered corroborate these views ! Combativeness in him is smaller than Destructiveness; and the love of concealing (from Secretiveness being large) may have suggested the private place and mode by which the murder was effected.

In announcing the murder to Ellson, he gratified his Love of Approbation and Self-esteem, by stating that it was he " that griped um by the throat ;"—nor did he anticipate any thing else but their warmest applause; but this would not have been the case if his intellectual faculties had been larger, for he would have reflected, that the manner of committing the murder must be repugnant even to individuals besotted with crime, if they had much Adhesiveness and Combative

ness.

But to return to the facts themselves: Was it any thing else than Self-esteem, acting with Cautiousness and Secretiveness, that induced Pugh, the night after the murder was commit

VOL. V. -No XX.

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ted, to remove Harrison to a more concealed spot ? ~ When he was apprehended, his large Hope and Love of Approbation, acting with Self-esteem, (not being influenced or directed by the higher and more humane faculties,) induced him to expose the whole affair, and attempt to save himself, and sacrifice, if possible, his depraved and dissolute companions.

In a verbatim report of the trial in the Shrewsbury newspaper, it is stated by Ellson in his evidence, that "Pugh "told him, in the presence of the Coxes, that he fetched Harrison "from his father's house, intending to steal some bacon, and that he took him to the Townfield, by the pinfold over against young «Rees's barn, where they stopped, and John Cox the younger, and "Robert Cox, came up; they then took him down to Deal's hay-stack, "and told him to lie down awhile, as it was too soon to go and steal the bacon-he (Pugh) catched him by the windpipe, John Cox "pressed him by the legs, while Robert was digging the grave!"

In this description we have a strong illustration of a large Individuality acting with large Self-esteem and Love of Approbation, (without intellect or moral feeling,) by the minute detail of a most horrid and treacherous transaction, given in a tone of levity, as if the act had been one highly praiseworthy. It must be instructing to the moral philosopher, who desires to investigate the motives for action in different individuals, to trace how far they are compounded with Self-esteem and Love of Approbation, where these aid and excite other faculties, or repress their indulgence; and what are the effects upon characters as a whole, where these two organs preponderate, even in a well-organized being? I cannot help thinking, when the two latter organs (particularly Self-esteem) are largely developed, combined with large Secretiveness, Acquisitiveness, and Destructiveness, (as in Pugh's case,) and the very little reasoning and moral faculties, that there is not a crime but what such a being would perpetrate whenever it interfered with his personal comforts and safety. He was hired to murder; but in this act he could only gratify Selfesteem and Acquisitiveness, he chose the hour of midnight and a dark unfrequented place to do the foul deed,—and in this he could only gratify Secretiveness, Cautiousness, and

Destructiveness; he boasted of the deed-entered into the most disgusting detail of the facts, in order to please Love of Approbation, &c., with Ellson's applause. When apprehended, he forgot all his accomplices, and attempted to save himself by turning king's evidence, for his Self-esteem whispered the probability, and his Hope inspired Love of Approbation to anticipate a discharge from the magistrates, for the exposure of the circumstances; and, acting upon this impression, he went with a constable and pointed out the spot, &c.-And when called on for his defence, we find him the same unprincipled, lying, and selfish wretch as his whole preceding conduct evinced. He said " he was working the day "before Harrison was missing-Harrison came home that "night, and he never saw him again. When Ann Harris "brought my dinner, she said she had poisoned Harrison, “and gave me and Jack Cox 50s. to bury him." In these sentences he manifests miserable deficiency of the moral sentiments of Conscientiousness and Benevolence, whilst Secretiveness, Cautiousness, Self-esteem, and Love of Approbation are exercised with all their selfish and blind energy.

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His low and selfish organization became worse by assotheciating with bad characters, having sensual and depraved habits, leading him on from one crime to another, till, in his nineteenth year, his career was cut short to 83 tlua

We will draw to a conclusion an account of one of the ¿most unnatural monsters "wearing the human form divine," and regret that such beings are ever found, as they degrade the very name of human nature!

Bath (Even Burk and Hare fall short of this man

ARTICLE XIII.

LETTER FROM AN EMINENT TEACHER IN ENGLAND TO A GENTLEMAN IN EDINBURGH, ON THE SUBJECT OF PHRENOLOGY.

»January 23, 1829:)

I HAVE long thought there might be more in Phrenology "than is dreamt of in our philosophy;" but I could not manipulate. A few instructions from Dr Spurzheim will, I hope, - enable me to do this; and I will endeavour, in my sphere, to ascertain facts to confirm or refute it. I have an advantage in being able to examine the heads of pupils, who are rather pleased than otherwise to undergo the scrutiny. You cannot say to society-Sir-Ma'am-I wish to ascertain the exact shape of your skull. I always felt assured, that Phrenology, if true, left the puzzling questions of fate, free-will, materiality, &c. just where it found them; and till we can without it explain how free-will-can be consistent with the foreknowledge of God, or how necessity can be reconciled with responsibility, we really have no reason to cast a stone at this new science. I find a confirmation then, for that all the boys who give me trouble are deficient in Veneration, high in Self-esteem, and large at Combativeness; and several whom I cannot feel confidence in are large in Secretiveness and low in Conscientiousness. Dr S., from the little organs in the front, pronounced an exact account of the capacity of one boy for learning history well, but feeling difficulty to retain the dates. One youth, who has, with many good qualities, vexed me excessively, whose Benevolence is very large, and his Conscientiousness full, has depressed Veneration, and Love of Approbation quite deficient. I see you are not one of those who think ridicule the test of truth, or that facts can be confuted by conjectures and assertions. I must therefore add a little more. Last Saturday we were fortunate to obtain two human brains; and we were delighted

and interested most deeply with the dissection. I think every divine should study anatomy. He can have but an imperfect idea of the wisdom and skill of the Creator without it. We had no slicing and confusion, but a clear tracing of the wonderful mechanism of that sublime machine. And how a man can see and understand all this, and not adore a First Cause, is to me most incomprehensible. We have three more lectures yet to come, and those the most interesting; and in future, if I believe more, I shall trouble you with talking less about it.

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ARTICLE XIV.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHRENOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

December 4, 1828.-Mr Walter Tod read the first part of his Essay on the Relation of Cause and Effect, and the Importance of our Belief in this Relation to the Progress, Happiness, and Virtue of Mankind. Mr Combe then read a Notice by him of Mr James Thom, the Sculptor of "Tam o' Shanter" and "Souter Johnnie."

December 18.-Mr Tod read the remainder of his Essay on the Relation of Cause and Effect. A letter from Sir G. S. Mackenzie, accompanying a bust of himself, modelled by himself, was read. The thanks of the Society were voted to Sir George for the donation.

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December 20.-The Society dined in Barry's Hotel.

January 8, 1829.-Mr William Scott read an Essay on Tragedy, with some Remarks on the Character of Hamlet. Mr Combe presented a donation of five Greek skulls from Cephalonia, said to be ancient, which had been sent to him by a friend to Phrenology; and read two letters from that friend, accompanying the skulls, and giving some account of them. The Society's thanks were voted to the donor. The