by this (ie., one of the foundation piers) | drum of a column the sculpture was so and a wall connecting it with the adjoin- much defaced that it could not be made ing pier" (p. 168). Unfortunately, they out. The Romans themselves carried off had been so hacked and mutilated by the destroyers in ancient times, that it was impossible to obtain such measurements as would give their original shape and dimensions. At last, however, one of the great capitals was found, which, though much mutilated, served to identify the ruins with the temple of Pliny and Vitruvius (p. 147). Still more satisfactory was the finding of the base of one of the great columns in position.* Proofs also were afforded of the roof having been burnt, in the layer of ashes, in some places six inches deep, and the splinters of calcined marble. At length the sculptured drum of a column from one of the columnæ cælate mentioned by Pliny † was discovered. It was "an immense mass of marble, measuring exactly six feet high, a little more than six feet in diameter, and weighing more than eleven tons" (p. 189). It took fifteen men fifteen days to raise this huge stone, which was at last safely enclosed in a wooden case, and is now deposited with others of the same kind in our national museum. It required twenty powerful dray-horses to remove it from the docks to the British Museum (p. 197). statues and sculptured ornaments from the Greek temples in the provinces, as we know from the orations and the letters of Cicero. But Pliny, nearly a hundred years after Christ, found the Temple of Ephesus intact; and the inscriptions prove that in the times of Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius,* when Pausanias wrote, the worship of the goddess was still kept up with the same grandeur as we have it described in the nineteenth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles. Again, it is not easy even to conceive how so vast a pile was so completely overthrown. The roof may have been burnt, and earthquakes may have disjointed and dislodged heavy friezes and cornices; t but the removal of more than a hundred heavy marble columns, some sixty feet in height, was no slight labor. Even the comparatively few pieces of sculpture recovered were almost all mutilated. A large capital was found at the east end of the excavations, but "the work of destruction had been commenced by ruthlessly chopping off the beautiful egg and spear enrichment which surrounded the abacus" (p. 196). In our times, when gunpowder is used Two lithographic views of the excava- for blasting and splitting stones of any tions, looking east and west (p. 192), give magnitude, destruction is comparatively the reader an idea of the utter destruction easy. But how could such enormous which this spacious and noble temple had masses have been moved away, — and if undergone at some remote period. Allow so, where to? or broken up into mere ing for a vast quantity of the material used fragments on the spot? In a word, what for the building churches and mosques, or has become of the material of so vast a consumed for making lime, there must structure? In page 238 Mr. Wood menhave been deliberate and systematic de- tions the discovery of a limekiln on the facement. Nothing seems so likely to very site of the temple, "into which doubtaccount for this as the fanatical zeal of the less much of the sculpture had been early Christians, who regarded with hor-thrown and burnt for lime." In the memror all idol-worship, and showed their zeal ory of the writer, St. Mary's Abbey at in mutilating ancient works of art, just as in England the old abbeys and cathedrals were defaced by the zealots of the Reformation. Mr. Wood says (p. 217) that the single foundation-pier left intact on the north side supported base-stones which "were chipped all round, till not a vestige of moulding remained upon them, and only one small fragment of the face of the square plinth could be seen." Again (p. 223), on two very large blocks of the sculptured • A drawing of this is given (on p. 176) as it appeared in the excavation. It is now "re-erected in the British Museum, and gives a very fair notion of the grand scale on which the last temple was built." Pausanias seems justly to have called it a temple "which for size and wealth cannot elsewhere be seen" (vii. 5, 4). † N. H. xxxvi. 14, § 95. York for many years supplied a limekiln with material; and any observer must have seen barns, bridges, walls, and houses Mr. Wood (p. 218) thinks "the interior of the temple might have been restored or rebuilt in the time of Marcus Aurelius, whose name, with that of his wife Faustina, and his daughter Fadilla, was found upon the architrave of the west door of the cella." † The effects of an earthquake are described in p 217. "The pavement had been raised in one part nearly five feet above its original level, and with it a large mass of mortar which had been mixed upon it. Three of the foundation-piers had been overthrown, Mr. and the walls of the cella had been disturbed." Dr. Wordsworth ("Greece," p. 224) remarks of the great Temple of Jupiter Olympius at Athens, of which only a few columns remain, that "it is difficult to conceive when and how the enormous masses have disappeared of which this temple was built." constructed largely out of the ruins of adjoining monasteries in this and doubtless in other countries. The history of iconoclasm is a secret testimony to the influence of art over the human mind. The conflict, so long waged, and not extinct in our times, between the aesthetic and the spiritual, has for its end the triumph of one side or the other in the alternate periods of the creation and the demolition of the beautiful. tions to prevent the rising of the damp. Charcoal he did find, but between two layers of a "putty-like composition," four inches thick, which he afterwards analyzed and found to be a species of mortar, containing a large proportion of silica. Below all was the natural soil, being sandy gravel. It was ascertained that not less than three temples had been built in succession on the same site, and of the same size. This discovery "accounts for Pliny's statement Very much remained still to be done in that the temple was two hundred and exploring the temple. A grant from gov- twenty years building, the earliest of the ernment was now asked for, sufficient to three having been probably commenced clear out the whole of the temple site; and about 500 B.C., and the latest in the time Mr. Lowe, “interested as a great classical of Alexander the Great." The proporscholar in the completion of the enter- tions of the edifice were magnificent. "The prise, unhesitatingly granted the £6,000 temple itself was one hundred and sixtyasked for, with the unanimous consent of three feet nine and one-half inches, by the House of Commons" (p. 214). In the three hundred and forty-two feet six and progress of the work two very important one-half inches, and was octastyle, having discoveries were made, in laying bare a eight columns in front; and dipteral, hav portion of the lowest step of the platforming two ranks of columns round the cella. at the east end, a similar portion having This accords with the description of it by before been found on the north side. By Vitruvius" (p. 264). these data the exact length as well as the breadth of the temple were ascertained,* | viz., 418 by 239 feet. Remains were also found of a portico which had surrounded the temple on at least three sides, at a distance of thirtyone feet from the lowest step, and in width twenty-five feet. Beyond it, on the south side, the ruins were partially explored of another large building about seventy feet from the temple. It was raised on three steps, and was Doric in its details. A small portion of the sculpture from one of the cornices is given in p. 251, and indicates the finest period of Greek art. This portico recalls the low surrounding wall which Euripides describes as the ἀνακτόρων κρηπὶς at the Temple of Delphi. Mr. Wood was naturally curious to ascertain what truth there was in the statement of Pliny ‡ that a bed of charcoal and fleeces of wool were laid in the founda P 246. See ground-plan on p. 262. The dimensions given by Pliny very nearly correspond, 425 by 225 Roman feet. (The precise length of the Roman pes is unknown.) By "universum templum" (N. H. Xxxvi. 14) he means the temple taken as a whole, i.e., including the platform. Mr. Wood, p. 264, limits the expression to the platform; but, of course, this does not affect his calculation. † Androm. 1112 (quoted in Addenda to the Introduction, p. xi.). See also Ion, 510. There were probably degrees of sanctity attaching to the neighborhood of a temple; eg, first, the asylum, or outer limit; secondly, the TELEVOC; thirdly, the space round the steps of the basement; fourthly, the pronaos and front court (av); fifthly, the naos (cella, or chapel for the statue). + N. H. xxxvi. 14, § 95. "Ne in lubrico atque instabili fundamenta tantæ molis locarentur, calcatis ea substravere carbonibus, dein velleribus lanæ.' The columns of the peristyle were, as Pliny has described them, one hundred in number, twenty-seven of which were the gifts of kings." They were six feet six and one-half inches in diameter at the base, and, including the base, fifty-five feet eight and three-fourths inches high, if we follow the proportion given by Vitruvius for the improved Ionic order. The lower parts of these grand columns at the east and west ends were richly sculptured. Mr. Wood gives us careful drawings of both elevations, but does not decide the question how far the sculpture extended up the shaft. It is shown, though rudely and grotesquely, in two medals, respectively of Hadrian and Gordianus, engraved on pp. 266-7. Above the sculpture, to whatever height it was carried, the columns were doubtless fluted (p. 267). "Tem Pliny, in the passage already quoted, says, plum Ephesia Dianæ cxx annis factum a tota Asia" (ed. Teubner). This might mean that it had been built for one hundred and twenty years, as the late Roman writers often so use the ablative of time. But we think Mr. Wood has understood the passage rightly, though he seems to have quoted from a less correct text. P. 263. The second temple was destroyed by fire on the same day that Alexander the Great was born Herostratus (Strabo, 640, 22). The third and last tem(Cic. de Div. i., § 47). by the deliberate act of one ple was built on the same foundation by Dinocrates, a Macedonian architect, and to this building belongs most of the sculpture and fragments of architecture from the temple now in the British Museum (p. 278). The first temple was built from the designs of Chersiphron, of Cnosus, in Crete, according to Strabo, 643, 22, and Pliny, N. H. vii. 37, and xxxvi. 14, Operi præfuit Chersiphron architectus." P. 265. This does not quite agree with Pliny's words as quoted below. Pliny, in a very interesting passage,* | hundred-ton gun. But there are stones gives a most curious account of the contrivance for placing the capitals on the shafts : Universo templo longitudo est ccccxxy pe: dum, latitudo ccxxv, columnæ centum viginti septem a singulis regibus factæ lx pedum altitudine, ex iis xxxvi cælatæ, una a Scopa; operi præfuit Chersiphron architectus. Summa miraculi epistylia tantæ molis attolli potuisse. Id consecutus est ille aeronibus harenæ plenis, molli clivo super capita columnarum exaggerato, paullatim exinaniens imos ut sensim onus in loco sederet. Difficillime hoc contigit in limine ipso quod foribus impone bat; etenim ea maxuma moles fuit nec sedit in cubili, auxio artifice mortis destinatione suprema. Tradunt in ea cogitatione fessum nocturno tempore in quiete vidisse præsentem deam cui templum fieret hortantem ut viveret; se composuisse lapidem; atque ita postera luce adparuit, pondere ipso correctus vide batur. These aerones were hampers filled with sand, and the writer seems to say that they were interposed between the architraves (epistylia) and the capitals as a kind of cushion, and gradually emptied, till the great stone settled on the shaft. But the device of the mollis clivus (probably an inclined plane constructed of strong timber, though exaggerato might seem to indicate an earthwork), some sixty feet high, up which the epistylia may be supposed to have been conveyed by rollers, seems hardly credible. At all events, it presumes the means and the material for erecting scaffolding of enormous strength. Nevertheless, some such device - perhaps an earthwork - is the most plausible theory that has been proposed to account for the position of the enormous topmost stone on the trilithic monuments of Stonehenge. It seems by no means improbable that Pliny refers in the above passage to the great doorway in the west wall of the cella, which Mr. Wood estimated to have been fourteen feet eight and a half inches wide, by nearly thirty-five feet high. He describes the two large blocks resting on a massive foundation, on which was sunk the groove in which the bronze wheel bearing the doors moved (p. 263). How the ancients contrived to move these vast weights is still a mystery to us, who, even with our steam-cranes and powerful mechanism, regard it as a great feat to hoist a N. H. xxxvi. 14, $95. We quote his words because Mr. Wood merely alludes to the passage so far as the size of the temple and the sculpture on the columns are concerned; and his rendering, or his text, does not appear quite correct. in the lower walls of Jerusalem which Captain Warren found to be fully of that weight, and some of those in the Great In walls of the rude prehistoric masonry Pyramid are said to be not much less. called "Cyclopean," blocks may be seen, as we are assured by one who has measured them, weighing twenty tons and more. On this subject we have very little information. The stones, thirty feet long, of which the Great Pyramid is built, were raised, according to Herodotus,* by sucof short timbers, and resting on the stepcessive stages of wooden platforms made like projections of the work. But how this could be done to a height of four hundred and eighty feet is a problem difficult to solve. It is well known that in Gothic buildings of the best age the stones used are seldom much larger than could be lifted by workmen's hands. But the absence of the arch in Greek buildings necessitated immense stones for the friezes and architraves; and how these were lifted, without such aid as modern machinery seems alone able to supply, is a curious subject for future inquiry. At present we must turn our attention to the origin and history of the temple at Ephesus rather than to the mode of its construction. Setting aside the statement of Pausanias (vii. 2. 7), that a very ancient temple to the goddess was founded traditionally by the Amazons, but in reality by the indigenous heroes, Coresus and Ephesus, so far as we know, the earliest mention of the Diana of Ephesus (Apremis n 'Epɛcia) is in the "Anabasis " of Xenophon, written little later than B.C. 400, where the author says (lib. v., ch. 3) that the Grecian generals took charge of a tithe of the money obtained from the ransom or sale of captives, to be sent to the shrines of Apollo and the Ephesian Artemis. He goes on to say, very explicitly, that on leaving Asia with Agesilaus for Boeotia, he deposited the offering to the goddess in the hands of Megabyzus, one of her temple-warders, with instructions that if he, the dedicator of it, should not return, an offering should be made and consecrated to the goddess, in whatever form he thought would gratify her." Xenophon ultimately received the money, and purchased a spot of land for the goddess at Scillus, near Olympia, 66 ii. 125. It is thought that strong timbers were placed against a wall at a low angle, and the great stones pushed or pulled along them by the aid of rollers, just as we see heavy casks lifted on to a wagon by a short ladder from behind it. "through the middle of which the river signification of a temple-sweeper. NeverSelinus flowed," this being the name of theless, in quite early times, the post of the river, a confluent of the Cayster, at temple-keeper, as a religious service, was Ephesus.* held in great respect. I had rather be a This is highly interesting, and we won- doorkeeper in the house of my God," says der that Mr. Wood has not more fully the Psalmist," than dwell in the tents of the commented on it, because the site of the ungodly." This is illustrated by the "Ion" great temple is close to and half surround- of Euripides, in which the young priest ed by the Selinus, on the north-east side bearing that name comes forward to exof which the precinct and sanctuary stand. press in a long introductory monologue his The writer expressly adds, " And at Ephe- happiness at serving the god Apollo by sus, too, the river Selinus runs past the brushing the floor of his temple at Delphi Temple of Artemis." This is really with a wisp of bay-leaves and myrtles, and an indication of its site so strictly accu- sprinkling it with water.* The whole pas rate, that some may be tempted to wonder sage is interesting, from the pure-minded that the search for the long-lost temple and religious tone which pervades it. extended through so many years. To How curious is the transition from the know, however, that a temple stood some- name of a menial servant to the proud title where near a river, is not very much. It of a city which called itself the metropolis may indeed prove what is an unlikely site, of Asia! Another term, somewhat more but it does not help us very much in ascer- obscure, occurs in the inscriptions several taining the true one. As the goddess of times, vewoins and veorológ. This (if both hunting (Ayporépa) we must suppose she words are the same, which is perhaps was principally worshipped at this early doubtful) should mean “shrine-maker,” period, because Xenophon goes on to de- and it seems reasonable to interpret it of scribe a general hunt in honor of her, in a particular guild at Ephesus who had the which his own sons took part (Onpav to privilege of making silver shrines, probaoùvto eis tǹv éoprǹ), on and near her new bly enclosing statuettes or sacred portraits estate at Olympia; and as it was evidently of the goddess. This explains the dehis intention to carry out the worship scription, "Demetrius, a silversmith, who established in Asia, it was likely that he made silver shrines for Diana," in Acts would adopt that feature of it which took xix. 24. It is expressly stated that he had precedence of all other attributes. He a large and lucrative trade, and he dreaded also built to her an altar and a shrine, and the influence which St. Paul had already makes the significant remark that "this obtained in Asia, in persuading men not shrine (or temple, vaòs), for a small one, is to worship idols made with human hands.† made to resemble the large one at Ephe- We read that when the tumult against the sus." apostle became great, he was persuaded by some of the Asiarchs (a title also found in the inscriptions) not to trust himself to the fury of the people in the theatre.‡ That theatre has been explored by Mr. Wood, and a plan of it is given in his work (p. 69). A vast building it was, nearly five hundred feet in diameter, and capable of holding some twenty-five thousand persons.§ Here we stand on the very site Megabyzus, we have said, is called VE@Kópor, a temple-warder. This is a rather important word. It is the term used in he Acts of the Apostles, xix. 35, "What man is there that knoweth not that the city of the Ephesians is the worshipper (Lat. Vulg. cultricem) of the goddess Artemis, and of her statue that fell from heaven?" It occurs repeated in the inscriptions recovered by Mr. Wood, and usually as the attribute of the city, either as the special guardian and protectress of the goddess, or as vεwkópos Tv LeBаOTOV, "temple-warder of the Augusti," meaning, probably, of the deified Roman emperors. But in its origin the term had the humble Compare Strabo, p. 387, with Pausanias, v. 65, who confirm the account of Xenophon. This is quoted by Mr. Wood, p. 18. He is perplexed by the statement of Pliny (N. H. v., § 116) that there are two rivers called Selinus. It seems probable that Pliny confounded the Selinus in Elis with the socalled branch of the Cayster. The words are, "Templum Diana complexi e diversis regionibus duo Selenuntes." * Ion, 102-6, 113, 121, 145-7, 794, τὸν νεανίαν ὃς τόνδ' ἔσαιρε ναόν. The frequent mention of gold and silver shrines of the goddess, and the detailed account of their weight, in the great "Salutarian" inscription found in the theatre (PP. 73, 4), prove that such a manufacture was carried on at Ephesus on a large scale. The term generally used is άTEIKоviouara, meaning probably "copies from the great statue." Mr. Wood thinks (p. 154) that VEOROLÓS meant "a person who decorates the temple with a votive offering in gold or silver." In some of warder" a meaning which the context seems to sugthe inscriptions we find vEwToing rendered "templegest, In one (No. 2 from the Augusteum) it is vɛOTOLOS, and rendered "temple-builder," with the suggestion, "curator, or shrine-maker." Acts xix. 31. SP. 68. This corresponds sufficiently well with the A third, very archaic in type but with the same general characteristics, is engraved on page 270 of Mr. Wood's volume, from a statuette of white marble which he met with at Mylassa. We have before us impressions of three gems, all of Roman workmanship, and in all the same famous image may be identified. where for two hours the populace kept | Another, and but slightly different, reprecalling out,*"Great is Diana of the Ephe- sentation, may be seen in page 114 of sians." The clerk, ypauuares, who qui- Mr. Murray's "Manual of Mythology." eted the people by his judicious address,† is an official of whom very frequent mention is made in the inscriptions. On the whole it may truly be said that many important illustrations of the recorded action of St. Paul at Ephesus have resulted from Mr. Wood's discoveries. At page 58 the author gives a drawing of a beautiful circular building surmounted by a dome, which he was able to restore from the fragments discovered. He had every reason to believe this was the tomb of St. Luke, who, according to one tradition at least, died at Ephesus. There was a tradition as early as the time of Euripides, that the statue of Artemis at Tauri (in the Crimea) had fallen from heaven. The same epithet, doneris, is applied to it by the poet which we find in the Acts of the Apostles; and A singular object was found in digging there can be little doubt that the tradition on the east side of the forum. This was refered to the fall of an aerolite at some a large basin of stone (breccia), raised on remote time, like that of the Roman ancile, a pedestal. It was fifteen feet in diame- which was supposed to be the shield of ter, and Mr. Wood supposes (but as a the god Mars, dropped from the sky.t conjecture only) that it was used in early The Ephesian Artemis, however, has all Christian times for the public baptism, in the appearance of having been a wooden large groups, of converts to Christianity effigy (5óavov), and perhaps it was one of (p. 31). It is figured on page 32 in sec- those natural growths which, being abnortion, and shows a shallow receptacle for mal and rudely resembling the human water (about nine inches deep), with a form, were regarded as supernatural, and raised centre on which one (the supposed worshipped accordingly. Such an effigy baptizer) could stand dryshod. Near it is described in Pindar, as dedicated by were found the remains of a pipe and a the Cretans in the temple of Apollo, at reservoir. This conjectural use is made Delphi. He calls it ivopiavra poνóspoτov an argument against baptism by immer-purov, "a statue cut in a single piece, and sion in the third century. We may per- of vegetable growth." haps grant that the basin may have been converted to the above use; but we believe it was originally used in the temple itself for the holy water," which, as is still practised in Catholic churches, was sprinkled with an aspersorium, probably a wisp of myrtle or bay. To this Euripides alludes when he makes the young priest say in the "Ion," "I will go into the water-stoup and throw down water on the pavement – Ελθὼν εἰς ἀπορραντήριον δρόσον | Katnow. This is confirmed by what Mr. Wood says (he does not tell us on what authority). "A basin similar to this has been described as having been formerly in use in or near the Temple of Artemis; and this, he adds, "may be the one now found in the forum." So much interest attaches to the extraordinary statue or image of the Ephesian goddess, that we make no apology for a fuller account of it. Mr. Wood has given a good engraving of it in page 271, from the statue in the Museo Reale at Naples. statement in Plato, Symp. p. 175, E, that the theatre at Athens held more than thirty thousand citizens. Acts xix. 34. See p. 74 of Mr. Wood's work. ↑ Acts v. 5. At first sight the Ephesian effigy reminds us of a Hindu or Buddhistic symbol of prolific generation and nurture. She is represented as having a great number of breasts, an idea quite alien from the usual attribute of Artemis as the virgin goddess. Mr. Murray remarks,§"Her appearance altogether wants the simplicity, humanity, and truth to nature which characterized the Greek deities; and, what is more, bears the most obvious signs of maternity. It would seem that the Greeks, who settled as colonists in very early times on the coast of Asia Minor, found this goddess being worshipped by the native population of that land, and adopted her in the place of Artemis, who, leaving out the fact of her |