The

the city, whereas Dr. Schliemann's instinct | its position, or with débris of houses led him to infer that Agamemnon and his mixed with countless fragments of archaic companions were buried within the wall of pottery wherever the covering was missthe citadel. Following this clue he began ing. This circumstance could leave no three years ago to sink many shafts in doubt that the cross slabs were removed different parts of the Acropolis, and met long before the capture of Mycena by the with such encouraging results near the Argives (B.C. 468). The entrance to the Lions' Gate mentioned by Pausanias that double circle was from the north side. In he devoted his main attention to diggings the western half of the circle Dr. Schliein this quarter. There were, however, so mann discovered three rows of tomb stelès, many hindrances, that it was only in last nine in all, made of calcareous stone. All July he was able to carry out his plans. stood upright; four only which faced the west had sculptures in relief. One stelè, precisely that beneath which was found the body with the golden plates representing the lion sacrificing the stag to Hera Bois, represents a hunting scene. two next sculptured sepulchral slabs represent each a battle scene. The Mycena slabs, Dr. Schliemann said, were unique of their kind. The manner in which they fill up the spaces not covered by men and animals with a variety of beautiful spiral ornaments reminds us of the principles of the painting on the so-called Orientalizing vases. But in the Mycenæan sculptures nowhere do we see a representation of plants so characteristic of ancient Greek ornamentation of this class. The whole is rather linear ornamentation, representing the forms of.the bas-relief. Hereby we have an interesting reference to the epoch in Greek art preceding the time when that art was determined by Oriental influences, an epoch which may approximately be said to reach far back into the Second Millennium (B.C.).

In the Acropolis Dr. Schliemann had entirely cleared the famous Lions' Gate, which he went on to describe, discussing also the old question of the symbolism of the lions surmounting the gateway, and of the altar surmounted by a column, on either side of which rest the fore paws of one of the two lions. One theory was that the column related to the solar worship of the Persians, another that the altar is a fire altar, guarded by the lions; a third that we have here a representation of Apollo Agyieus. Dr. Schliemann himself was of this last opinion, which, he thought, was borne out by the Phrygian descent of the Pelopida. The lion-cult of the Phrygians was well known. Besides, among the jewels found in the tombs, and especially in the first tomb, this religious lionsymbolism reappeared. On two of the repoussé gold plates there found was seen a lion sacrificing a stag to Hera Bonis, who was represented by a large cow's head, with open jaws, just in the act of devouring the sacrifice. On entering the Lions' Gate were seemingly the ancient dwellings of the doorkeepers, of whom some account was given. Further on, as at Troy, was quadrangular Cyclopean masonry, marking the site of a second gate of wood. Still further on were two small Cyclopean water-conduits; to the right of the entrance passage were two Cyclopean cisterns. A little further on came to light that large double parallel circle of closely-jointed, slanting slabs, which has become so famous during the last three months. Only about one-half of it rests on the rock, the other half rests on a twelve-feet-high Cyclopean wall, which has been expressly built to support it in the lower part of the Acropolis. The double circle had been originally covered with cross slabs, of which six are still in situ. Inside the double slabs was, first, a layer of stones for the purpose of holding the slabs in their position. The remaining space was filled up with pure earth mixed with long thin cockles, in the places where the original covering remains in

Here then in the Acropolis of Mycena are tombs which are no myth, but an evident reality. Who were these great personages entombed here, and what were the services rendered by them to Mycena which deserved such splendid funereal honors? It was argued at length that the inhabitants of these tombs could be none other than the very persons spoken of in the extract Dr. Schliemann had cited at the outset from Pausanias. Dr. Schliemann then proceeded to state the details of what he had found below the ruins of the Hellenic city. He spoke of the vast masses of splendidly archaic vases. Iron, he remarked, was found in the upper Hellenic city only, and no trace of it in the prehistoric strata. Glass was found now and then in the shape of white beads. Opal glass also occurred as beads or small ornaments. Sometimes wood was found in a perfect state of preservation, as in the board of a box (vipe5), on which were carved in bas-relief beautiful spirals. Rock-crystal was. frequent, for beads and

From The Academy. SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELLA.

also for vases. There were also beads of | forthcoming work. Of the value of the amethyst, onyx, agate, serpentine, and the discoveries themselves there can be but like precious stones, with splendid intaglio one opinion. Those alone which have ornamentation representing men or ani- been made in the Acropolis of what many mals. When towards the middle of No- have been inclined hitherto to regard as a vember he wished to close the excavations, half mythical city are of themselves suffiDr. Schliemann excavated the spots cient to entitle him to an important place marked by the sepulchral slabs, and found in the field of scientific research. Both below all of them immense rock-cut tombs, to the historian and ethnologist his reas well as other seemingly much older searches must prove of the greatest value, tombstones, and another very large sepul- and all who have been stirred with the chre from which the tombstones had dis- recital of the deeds of the Homeric heroes appeared. These tombs and the treasures will rejoice to have henceforth reasonable they contained, consisting of masses of external evidence for regarding them as jewels, golden diadems, crowns with foli- something more than myths. age, large stars of leaves, girdles, shoulder-belts, breast-plates, etc., were described in detail. He argued that as one hundred goldsmiths would need years to prepare such a mass of jewels, there must have been goldsmiths in Mycena from whom such jewels could have been bought readymade. He spoke of the necklaces, too, and of the golden mask taken from one of the bodies, which must evidently be a portraiture of the deceased. Dr. Schliemann then proceeded to show that in a remote antiquity it was either the custom, or, at least, that it was nothing unusual that living persons wore masks. That also immortal gods wore masks was proved by the bust of Pallas Athenè, of which one copy was in the British Museum and two in Athens. It was also represented on the Corinthian medals. The treasures of Mycena did not contain an object which represented a trace of Oriental or Egyptian influences, and they proved, therefore, that ages before the epoch of Pericles there existed here a flourishing school of domestic artists, the formation and development of which must have occupied a great number of centuries. They further proved that Homer had lived in Mycena's golden age, and at or near the time of the tragic event by which the inmates of the five sepulchres lost their lives, because shortly after that event Mycena sank by a sudden political catastrophe to the condition of a poor powerless provincial town, from which it had never again emerged. They had the certainty that Mycenae's flourishing school of art disappeared, together with its wealth; but its artistical genius survived the destruction, and when, in later centuries, circumstances became again favorable for its development, it lifted a second time its head to the heav-ially in wet weather — and there is much

ens.

No doubt Dr. Schliemann's theories will be subjected to much criticism when the full details and drawings appear in his

NOT more than seven days' journey from London by way of Paris, Bordeaux, and thence by one of the Pacific Company's magnificent steamships to Coruña, stands, on its mountainous site, the to Englishmen little-known city of Santiago de Compostella, the Rome, or the Jerusalem, of Spain. Take it all in all, Santiago is one of the most curious and strikingly situated cities I have ever seen. Like Siena, it is tumbled about upon lofty hills, but instead of being surrounded by the rich fields of fertile Tuscany, it is hemmed in by bare rolling moors covered with brown heather and russet ferns, from which, now and then, protrude huge boulders of dark grey granite. Like the Jerusalem that now is, Santiago is a holy city and nothing else, and as it owed its original existence to the possession of the relics of St. James, so it continues to exist now solely by the vast but now impoverished ecclesiastical establishments which grew up around them. Nothing but its being a vast reliquary can account for its being what it is. No commerce-laden river flows near it, there is no fertility of soil, no charm of position. From the midst of wild, windswept moors, dark, damp, and dreary, like those of Cornwall or Dartmoor, its vast grey-granite towers and pinnacles rise up in solitary grandeur, and its deep-toned, ever-speaking bells, heavy with the reminiscences of the past, sound forth over a howling wilderness which reaches to the very walls. Though the granite, espec

rain at Santiago—is of too dark a tint for perfection of color, yet nothing can be more striking than the view of the huge cathedral and surrounding palaces and

decay. Much of the ancient color is still left upon the figures and interlacing ornaments, and adds greatly to their effect. The only other ancient front, which opens into a small plaza at the entrance of the Rua de Villar, with its two tiers of win

convents, when seen from the environs. | of which a cast exists in the South KenPerched high up upon mountains, the hills sington Museum. Scarcely a nobler ennevertheless stand round about Santiago trance can be found in the world. It was even as they stand round about Jerusalem. executed in the thirteenth century by one Amid its wild, heathery moors, the very Maestro Mateo. The material is granite, rococo richness of the over-ornamented ex- the work marvellously fine. Over the centerior of the cathedral, wrought as it all is tral door is a large figure of the Saviour in granite, does from its utter incongruity with angels, saints, and prophets, and the and unexpectedness add to, rather than side pillars rest on grotesque heads of diminish from, the general striking effect great power and expression. The aureole of the whole. We pardon the rudeness of around the Saviour's head is gemmed with the carving of a capital or doorway in a large crystals. The sculptures around the small parish church in Cornwall on account right-hand doorway represent the blessed of the difficulty of the material employed. in charge of serene angels, and the wicked Yet, here we have a granite cathedral of tormented by fiends. One big devil, who the first class with carvings executed to a is biting off the heads of two of the wicked nicety, and in quantity absolutely super- at once, is a marvel of force and expresabundant. The great church stands on sion. This extraordinary portal originally the steep sides of a hill, and the ground opened to the outer air, but it is now enbelow it slopes down to a small brooklet, closed within a Renaissance front - a on the further side of which the wild moor- piece of barbarism which at any rate preland begins at once. Its main features serves the better and earlier work from consist of a nave, transepts, and choir proper, with radiating chapels around it, all in the round-arched, or what we should call the enriched Norman, style of architecture. In the nave and transepts there are simple round arches with a lofty clerestory without windows above, and a sim-dows and enriched window-arches, bears ple vaulted barred roof. The work of these a very striking general resemblance to the portions is all original, but the cffect of entrance of the Church of the Holy Sepulthe clerestory is spoiled by an ugly late chre at Jerusalem. To the left of this wooden gallery with balustrades. The front is the noble cloister, of late date incoro, as is almost always the case in deed, but Gothic in feeling, and to the Spanish cathedrals, extends across the right rises the huge bell-tower. The bells transepts and occupies several bays of the of Santiago are very musical, and have navea plan which may be seen at Nor- that depth and richness of tone which is wich. It is fitted up with stall-work of characteristic of the south of Europe, richly-carved dark word, and has two over-where the bells differ as much from those gorgeously decorated organs, one on either of the north as the climate does from that side. The choir proper has its originally of England. The "ting-tang" of a cheap simple arches overlaid and encrusted with modern church is an impossibility in the additions of barbaric richness, but the south. general effect of the profuse gilding, the precious marbles, the exquisite brass screens and pulpits, and the candlesticks of solid silver, is magnificent in the extreme. Over the high altar is a huge painted image of the patron saint, St. James, said to have been carved in the Ar the patriarchal age of nearly ninety, twelfth century. In the nave are numer- there died on Tuesday, the 13th of March, ous confessionals like those in St. Peter's in the Villa Novello, at Genoa, almost the at Rome, which so much affected the Puri- very last of the intimate friends of Lamb, tan-bred novelist Hawthorne, with inscrip- Keats, Hazlitt, and Leigh Hunt - one to tions in different languages inviting pil- whom Lamb was Charles and Leigh Hunt grims of different nations "Pro lingua Leontius. Himself an accomplished man Gallica," "Pro linguâ Hungaricâ," and of letters, Charles Cowden Clarke was the The greatest glory, however, of cherished associate of wits, poets, critics, the church, which alone would render it and essayists, with whose writings his own worth while to undertake a journey to could never for an instant be brought into Santiago, is the wonderful series of three comparison. He was born as long ago as portals called, and rightly, La Gloria, | 1787, in the village of Enfield. His inter

the like.

From The Athenæum.

MR. COWDEN CLARKE.

66

course with Elia and his companions | enumerated. Not one among them was helped to confirm him in his natural lean- in any way ambitious in its character, and ing towards literature. Yet the very earli- when massed together they fail to be est publication of his in book-form with voluminous. Having edited the works of which we are acquainted is a little duo- Chaucer, as already mentioned, in 1825, decimo tale, called " Adam the Gardener," he eight years afterwards brought out printed in 1824, its writer having then Tales from Chaucer." During the same attained the mature age of thirty-seven. year, 1833, he produced a graceful little The year afterwards he issued, in 1825, volume, reprinted in 1840, called "Nyren's with notes and a memoir, a new edition of Cricketer's Guide." In 1828 he published Chaucer. For twenty years together he "Readings in Natural Philosophy." Beenjoyed a wide popularity as a lecturer sides lecturing on the poets of Great upon English poets and writers of poetic Britain, Cowden Clarke passed through prose. The most important event in his the press new editions of several among life befel him in 1828, when he was already them, interspersed with notes, and fre forty-one years of age. This was his mar- quently preceded by a compact biography. riage with Mary, the eldest daughter of In this way he paid his tribute, in 1863, to Vincent Novello, his bride being no more George Herbert; in 1868 to Thomson; than nineteen. For nearly half a century in 1871 to Cowper; in 1872 to Pope; and the names of Charles and Mary Cowden in the same year also, and in the same Clarke have been as intimately associated way, to Burns. As evidence that he himin the literary world as have been those of self could poetize, he brought out, in 1859, William and Mary Howitt. Husband and a collection of pieces in verse, modestly wife at frequent intervals during the last entitled "Carmina Minima." In 1835 he forty-nine years have appeared as collabo-published a book, afterwards reissued in rateurs upon many a title-page. Their 1870, called the "Riches of Chaucer." labors have been so interwoven, that it is As companion volumes, he published at impossible to speak of one without refer- Edinburgh, in 1863, his book of “Shakeence to the other. Even when either has speare Characters," chiefly, by the way, published a work separately, it has been the minor or subordinate characters; and difficult to disassociate from that book the in 1865, also in Edinburgh, his book of one who ostensibly had nothing whatever "Molière Characters." When we have to do with it. Cheered-there can be no mentioned his series of essays published doubt of this by her husband's encour-in 1871 in the Gentleman's Magazine, on agement, Mrs. Cowden Clarke, within a the comic writers of England, we have period of sixteen years, beginning about a run through the slender catalogue of the twelvemonth after the date of her mar-writings of this gentle and equable man of riage, contrived between 1829 and 1845, when the now famous "Concordance" was published, to perfect her wonderfully minute analysis of the works of Shakespeare. Gleams have been caught every now and then, from books with which the husband had doubtless nothing whatever to do, of the brightness of the humor gladdening his hearth during more than half his lifetime, as, for example, in 1848, through the adventures of "Kit Banı, Mariner;" or in 1854, through the novel of "The Iron Cousin; " or again in 1856, through the wild and freakish fun of "The Song of Drop o' Wather, by Harry Wandworth Shortfellow." Among the works avowedly produced together by husband and wife, two demand especial commemoration: first, a birthday book, published by them in 1847, called "Many Happy Returns of the Day," and secondly, in 1869, a new and elaborately annotated edition of the plays of Shakespeare. Mr. Cowden Clarke's own independent labors as a man of letters may be only too easily

letters, our chief interest in whom arises from the fact of his intimate association fifty years ago with Elia and his contemporaries; and who, advancing along the even tenor of his way, survived them all until he was a nonogenarian.

From The Academy. ROTATORY MAGNETIC POLARIZATION. IN 1845 Faraday discovered that a pow erful magnet exercises an action on many substances placed between its poles, such that if a ray of plane-polarized light trav erses them in the direction of the line of the poles, the plane of polarization is deflected through a certain angle. The direction of displacement-according to the further experiments of Verdet - depends upon whether the medium between the poles is a diamagnetic or a paramagnetic substance. M. Henri Becquerel has lately presented to the French Academy an im

From The Gentleman's Magazine. AUSTRALIAN PEARL-FISHING. SOMERSET HARBOR, the first Australian port of call, we entered in the midst of a

portant memoir in which he endeavors to find some relation between the rotatory magnetic polarization of a substance and its refractive index, and has with this object investigated the optical properties of a great number of substances of high refract-tropical storm that made the little pearling power which have never before been shelling vessels rock like paper boats. examined from this point of view. It We remained long enough to learn someappears from the numbers given that the thing of this same pearl-fishery. One inrotatory magnetic polarization increases formant proved that it was a most thriving with the refractive index, but much more business, and deplored that, by some asrapidly than in a simple ratio. With respect tonishing oversight, the Queenslanders to solutions of salts it appears that the allow the entire profit of the enterprise to rotation increases with the concentration, go to another colony. Nearly the whole and, moreover, that anomalous rotatory of the boats hail from Sydney, some of dispersion is accompanied by negative whose merchants are making rapid formagnetic rotation. In connection with this tunes out of the trade, upon which, added subject we may mention some observations my complainant, there was no tax; not which have been made by Mr. G. F. Fitz- even a boat-license, he said, was imposed gerald, on the subject of Dr. Kerr's ex- by the government of Queensland. The periment. It will be remembered that at vessels engaged in the business are smart the last meeting of the British Association little fore-and-aft schooners, and last year Dr. Kerr announced the discovery that there was taken from the port of Somerthe plane of polarization of a ray of light set not less than two hundred tons of reflected from the polished pole of a mag-pearl-shells, the selling price of which net is rotated. Mr. Fitzgerald (Proc. would be about £200 per ton. One firm Royal Soc., xxv. 441) offers an explana- in Sydney received seventy-two tons, and tion of this remarkable fact by reference I heard of one Birmingham house that had to the action of a diamagnetic transparent already brought £30,000 worth of the substance in a powerful magnetic field material. As is the case with many other on a ray of plane-polarized light passing important industries by which large forthrough it. The plane-polarized ray may tunes are made in a short time, the pearlbe regarded as the resultant of two circu shelling capabilities of Queensland were larly-polarized rays, one right and the other discovered by accident. The hardy sealeft handed, the former of which has a men and native divers engaged in the higher refractive index for the medium bêche de mer trade, about four years ago, than the latter, if the rotation is towards brought up an occasional pearl oyster, and the right, and a less, if the rotation is as the matter was talked about in the towards the left. Applying this considera- straits it was remembered that the blacks tion to the case of reflection of a polarized along the coast were in the habit of wearray from the reflecting surface of a south ing crescent-shaped pearl-shell ornaments magnetic pole, Mr. Fitzgerald arrives at about their necks. The industry was then the conclusion that the reflected beam is organized, and with the most gratifying elliptically polarized, the major axis of the pecuniary results. The pearl oyster averellipse making a small angle to the right ages from seven to nine inches in diamof the plane of incidence. This theoreti- eter, and the inside is lined with a beautical result was confirmed by a direct ex-ful coat of the mother-of-pearl from which periment, and appeared also to be in harmony with Dr. Kerr's experiments. We understand that Dr. Kerr has obtained some further results in addition to those which he communicated to the British Association. We shall be glad when these are published, so that we may see their bearing on Mr. Fitzgerald's conclusions.

are

buttons and other articles are made. At Somerset I was presented with a pair that, mounted, make capital card-trays, being fully eight inches across. The people engaged in pearl-diving seem to be a very miscellaneous set. The white men mostly big, rough-bearded fellows, who would not thank you for inquiring too closely into their antecedents, and who adopt a remarkably "conciliating" way of dealing with their colored assistants. Very often in Australia you hear that the blacks of a certain district have been conciliated that is to say, knocked down or shot. But it is only a very few aboriginals