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days of British Christianity it was quite leadership of his party. With reference to a common practice to give Bible names to this announcement, the English hymn was converts on their baptism? Consequently amusingly, if somewhat profanely, parodied we find that in Wales proper and in West a skit upon Gladstone-perhaps in Wales such names as Matthew, David, Truth, but I regret that I cannot give the John (Jones), Paul, Peter, and others, reference. EDITH MAYNE. with variations of spelling, have been very usual; and that many of them exist at the present day. It is not at all necessary to look to the Continent for the early generations of a family with any of the above surnames. A similar custom holds in India among the native Christians. FRANK PENNY,

ZODIAC OF TEN SIGNS (11 S. vi. 309).What degree of credit may be due to the names of H. P. Blavatsky and Eliphaz Lévi in a question of the history of astronomical science I do not know, but as no evidence has so far been produced in 'N. & Q.' to support the view that a zodiac of ten signs was in use before the zodiac of twelve signs, it seems worth suggesting that it may be based on the statements of certain Latin writers that the Roman year in early times was one of ten months. The best known, though not the most important, passages where this system is mentioned are in Ovid, 'Fasti,' i. 27 sqq., and iii. 99 sqq. Recently such statements have been regarded by scholars with very great suspicion, and supposed to rest on a misunderstanding among the ancient authors. See Dr. G. F. Unger in vol. i. pp. 784 ff. of the second edition of Iwan Müller's Handbuch der klassischen Altertums - Wissenschaft' (Munich, 1892), and Dr. J. S. Reid under Chronology in J. E. Sandys's A Companion to Latin Studies' (Cambridge, 1910). REFERENCES WANTED (11 S. vi. 309, 434). -3. Epitaphs.-An interesting little book that might be mentioned in addition to the titles given at the latter reference is Roman Sepulchral Inscriptions: their Relation to Archæology, Language, and Religion,' by John Kenrick, M.A., F.S.A. It was published at London (John Russell Smith) and York (R. Sunter, and H. Sotheran), 1858.

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EDWARD BENSLY.

HYMN BY GLADSTONE (11 S. vi. 449).-In addition to the translations mentioned in the query as Gladstone's only efforts at hymnwriting, there is a translation by him into Latin of the hymn "Art thou weary?" It begins "Scis te lassum," and was published in The Contemporary Review for December, 1875. At the time when it was published, Gladstone was in retirement, and had announced his intention of not resuming the

EXCISEMAN GILL (11 S. vi. 490).-An old inhabitant told me many years ago that the " Riding Officer Gill of Folkestone was supposed to be the original Exciseman Gill; his son was a surgeon"; but from the following extract from Seymour's Survey of Kent,' published 1776, it would appear that Gill was doctor and custom-house officer combined :

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Dr. Gill has laid out his garden in a pretty whimsical state....This gentleman, who is one of the officers of Customs, deserves, by his unwearied zeal in the execution of his duty, some He is also a favour of the Honourable Board. man of great skill and knowledge in his profession." In 1711 there was a Lytcott Gill, an apothecary, who became a freeman of Folkestone, 18 Aug., 1712, on payment of 51. He was buried 27 Jan., 1771, aged 86.

In 1777 John Gill was riding officer at a salary of 607. Licence to marry, dated 29 Aug., 1780, was issued to John Gill, bachelor, and Margaret Minter, a minor, with parents' consent. Witnesses, Michael Minter and John Gill.

In 1792 I find under Physic' John Gill, surgeon, and in a general list John Gill, riding officer, both freemen.

In 1806 John Gill is Mayor of Folkestone, and in 1844 John Gill, the oldest member of the Corporation, is buried, aged 83; he died at Sandgate. R. J. FYNMORE.

CAMPDEN HOUSE (11 S. vi. 468).-With reference to MR. JAMES's inquiry, I may say that my mother was educated at Great Campden House, and I have an old number (undated) of The Sunday at Home containing a description of the house and school. The house was built about 1612, and burnt down on 23 March, 1863. The article contains two illustrations one of the house, which represents a mansion fronting a spacious lawn. There is nothing to indicate High Street (or Church Street), but it may have been behind the house. The other illustration is of the "little schoolroom, 1820."

If MR. JAMES would care to see the article, I should be glad to lend it to him. I am sure he would treat the pamphlet tenderly. WILLOUGHBY DADE,

6, Montague Road, Richmond Hill, Surrey.

TO BE "OUT" FOR A THING: "UP TO ONE TO DO A THING (11 S. vi. 409, 494).-I believe the latter expression to be purely modern American. I heard it for the first time in California about five years ago; it was continually cropping up in conversation so often, indeed, that, correctly or otherwise, I regarded it as quite the latest argot. But here is another expression, for some time current in the Navy and Army, and now becoming general-i.e., to carry on, meaning to continue. Thus a squad of men, being stopped in their work to hear some explanation or instruction, are ordered to carry on "-i.e., to proceed with what they were doing. Or an officer will say to a brother-officer, "If I'm not there, carry on without me." D. O.

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"DOPE," TO DOPE," "DOPER" (11 S. vi. 508). This term seems to signify the unfair administration of a stimulating drug before or during a race, but it is not confined to horses, as I remember to have seen it frequently used at the time when Dorando ran at the Stadium. I do not know the origin of it, but it has always been connected in my mind with the South African word dop," the meaning of which is apparent enough to those who have read The Dop Doctor.' W. F. PRIDEAUX.

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Esh- and Eash- postulate a Kentish *esc. Kentish ē mostly equates West Saxon : cf. Kentish dēd, ned, slēpon (our "deed," 'need," and "to sleep"), with West Saxon dad, nad, slæpan.* Consequently, if the hypothetical Kentish Esc is real, we ought to get a West-Saxon Esc. That, of course, is the well-known name given in the Saxon Chronicles to the eponymous ancestor of the Kings of Kent. This prince's name occurs in "Eashing and in "Esher." For the former see King Alfred's will (c. 885), wherein we get "æt Escengum (Birch, No. 553). The latter appears in Kemble, No. DCLVI.* (dated 987), as Escere."

Ese was a very famous name; but it is very rare, and I know of two persons only who bore uncompounded forms of it. The legends about Esc, King of Kent (†492 or 514), must at one time have been numerous, and they were very widely spread. He is mentioned, wittingly or unwittingly, in

Merlin,' and by Malory, Geoffrey, Gaimar, the Saxon Chronicles, Bede, and Ravennas; and they severally call him Escam, Duke Eustace of Cambernet, Aschillius, Aschis, Esc, Oise, and Auschis (vide N. & Q.,' 11 S. ii. 473-4). ALFRED ANSCOMBE.

The word "dope" is American. "Doping' is the stupefying men with tobacco prepared in a peculiar way, as the gipsies of old were wont to use Datura stramonium. I fancy it is only another form of " dupe." Latterly GRAY AND THE ANTROBUS FAMILY (11 S. it has been applied in connexion with stimu-vi. 461).-May I add one or two notes on lant for racehorses, administered internally or by hypodermic syringes. The Jockey Club passed a rule in 1903 to put a stop to the practice as far as possible. If MR. PIERPOINT is interested in the ingredients utilized for doping, he will find a lengthy article on the subject in The Daily Telegraph of 2 Oct., 1903. WILLOUGHBY MAYCOCK.

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THE ETYMOLOGY OF ESHER (11 S. vi. 487). -The identification of Esher with the Aissele of Domesday Book depends upon the recognition of Aisse- as having a long diphthong with thickening of s, and upon proof of a Norman tendency to confuse the reverted r's and I's of the Kentish dialect with each other.*

MR. MAYHEW wishes to derive Aissele of Domesday Book from O.E. cesc +heale.

"A reverted sound [is] formed by the under surface of the tip of the tongue being turned to the hard palate."-Wright, O.E. Grammar,' $7, p. 11

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Mrs. William Antrobus? This lady, the widow of the Rev. W. Antrobus, was the daughter of Alderman Nutting, a merchant of Cambridge, on whom Cole has some curious remarks. She survived her nephew, the poet Thos. Gray, dying in 1773. There were two other daughters of Alderman Nutting a Mrs. Scarfe, who kept the wellknown "Three Tuns," and who was afterwards married again to a surgeon in Aldermanbury, London; and a Mrs. Hide, whose husband was book-keeper to her father, and whose son was a b ewer and merchant in the University town.

Mrs. Wm. Antrobus "had the Post Office reserved to her on her father's death." She had (besides other children) two daughters, Mary and Dorothy, the latter of whom

* Kentish represents W.S. a; W.S. a after palatal c, g, sc; W.S. ie and y, the i-umlauts of ea (Germanic au) and u, respectively. In late Kentish manuscripts W.S. a, i-umlaut of ā, also; vide Wright, u.s., §§ 188, 190, 191.

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WRECK OF THE ROYAL GEORGE (11 S. vi. 110. 176, 374, 436, 496).-The poet's account of this disaster certainly states, as mentioned at the last reference by R. B., that

A land-breeze shook the shrouds ; but I have always taken this to be a poetical way of saying that there was not much wind at the time. The real cause of the sinking of the vessel is given in the previous stanza : Eight hundred of the brave, Whose courage well was tried, Had made the vessel heel

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he seems to have drawn upon the book referred to at 11 S. vi. 374, as the passage quoted there, about the men at the portholes looking as if they were trying to get out of the top of a chimney, is reproduced nearly word for word. According to the account in 'Poor Jack,' the ship was careened over to port in order to repair the water-cock, which was about 3 ft. below the water-line. The whole account is most graphic and interesting.

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T. F. D.

'HOGMANAY (11 S. vi. 506).-Is there any connexion between this word and Old Norse hökunótt, explained by Eiríkr Magnússon ("Saga Library," vol. vi. p. 349) as

Midwinter night [which], corresponds to HogAnother many night, the last day of the year. form is höggunótt, which comes nearer to the English form. But as midwinter night in Norway was the 9th of January, it is possible that the resemblance between the Engl. and Icel. term is accidental, yet höku, höggu defies etymological explanation, and has all the appearance of a loan-word."

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King Hakon the Good of Norway, or Athelstan's fosterling" (934-61), who had been brought up as a Christian in England,

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made a law that Yule should be holden the same time as Christian men hold it.... But aforetime was Yule holden on [Hökunótt], that is to say, midwinter night, and Yule was holden for three nights." "Saga Library," vol. iii. p. 164.

This name must be much older than the tenth century in Norway, and so could not be borrowed from England. ALFRED W. JOHNSTON. 29, Ashburnham Mansions. Chelsea.

CURIOUS ENTRY IN REGISTER: NICKNAMES (11 S. vi. 429, 513).—The burial of people described by their nicknames is so common in Lancashire that in many registers printed by the Parish Register Society a list of them forms a separate entry in the Index of Names.

In the Registers for Blackburn between 1600 and 1660 there are forty-nine such entries; and at Ribchester, a small parish, between 1598 and 1695 thirteen nicknames appear. Amongst them are some very curious names, such as Thinke on, Numbd hard, Chrunchon, Dicked, Baculus, Thick Skin, My Lordes, Guyley, Frapps.

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HENRY FISHWICK.

"TROW' (11 S. vi. 510).-MR. PENRY LEWIS asks if a trow" is a "ketch." Not necessarily, though existing trows are probably ketches in a majority of cases. word trow "denotes a flat-bottomed type of vessel, used originally for river navigation,

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but latterly for short coasting voyages. Etymologically the word is, I suppose, the same as trough"; and as trug," meaning a trough-shaped garden basket. The term "ketch," on the other hand, has for at least 100 years past applied exclusively to the rig of a vessel, and not at all to its form of hull. It is not to the point here that the term "ketch is applied now to a rig entirely different from that which was denoted by it in the eighteenth century. An article by Mr. R. Morton Nance in The Mariner's Mirror for July, 1912, describes and illustrates trows rigged as cutters, sloops, ketches, schooners, and in other fashions as well. But the ketch-rig has been increasing in favour for some years past on all parts of the coast, and perhaps nowhere more so than in the Bristol Channel, to which the " trows" belong.

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L. G. C. L.

HERALDIC: BEARER OF COAT SOUGHT (11 S. vi. 410, 475).-The nearest coat to this in Papworth's Ordinary is: Or, on a bend engrailed az. a plate in chief (Clarke, Baron of the Exchequer, on the authority of Withie's additions to Glover's 'Ordinary,' Harl. MS. 1459).

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CHRISTIE OF BABERTON (11 S. vi. 488).I have the Chippendale book-plate of John Christie Esquire of Baberton (No. 5825 in the Franks Catalogue). The arms are: Or, a saltire engd. sa. between four mullets arg. (The mullets should be sable, I think, as in all the Christie coats given in Burke's General Armory'; otherwise the heraldry is bad.) Motto: "Sic viresco."

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S. A. GRUNDY-NEWMAN, F.S.A.Scot. Walsall.

RECORDS OF NAVIGATION IN INDIA (11 S. vii. 9). MR. KNOTT might consult Indian Shipping: a History of the Sea-Borne Trade and Maritime Activity of the Indians from the Earliest Times,' by Radhakumud Mookerji, M.A., Professor of Indian History in the National Council of Education, Bengal, 4to (Longmans, 1912). Wм. H. PEET.

TOKEN - MONEY (11 S. vi. 248). May I place on record that a reply to this query appeared in The Guardian of 29 Nov., 1912, referring to the token-books of St. Saviour's, Southwark, in use in 1559, and to the trial, in 1634, of John Richardson, who farmed the tithes and oblations of "The Chapelrie of St. Margaret's, Durham," recorded in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 1906-7, pp. 454-5? A. C. C.

ANTHONY WOOD'S ATHENE OXONIENSES' (11 S. vi. 381, 404, 474).-There is little doubt about the identity of Anthony Ettrick suggested by W. B. H. The particulars of his career are given in the recently published Middle Temple Bench Book by Mr. A. R. Ingpen, K.C., and show that, like Aubrey, who was also a member of the Middle Temple, he was at Trinity College, Oxford. To the reference given by Mr. Ingpen to Burke's Commoners.' iii. 16, may be added Hutchins's Dorset,' iii. 218, 245. C. E. A. BEDWELL.

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CHAINED BOOKS (11 S. vi. 69, 136, 177, 215, 274, 373, 473).-John Angier, pastor of the Church of God at Denton, Manchester, by his will, dated 27 Aug., 1677 (P.C.C. 112 Hale), bequeaths to Denton Chapel Mr. Hildersham's Lectures upon the One and Fiftieth Psalm' and Bishop Jewell's Works against Harding'" as a remaining testimony of my love, to be chained up in a convenient place at the charge of the Chapelry," and hopes that others will make additions.

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WILLIAM GILBERT.

35, Broad Street Avenue, E.C.

IN

1588 :

LONDON'S "TERRITORIALS LAMBARDE MSS. (11 S. vi. 323, 364, 457).— Yes, the manuscript of William Lambarde's 'Perambulation of Kent' is at Bradbourne Hall, Sevenoaks. One page is missing. But I cannot trace his own copy of the 1576 edition, from which the second edition was published in 1596. F. L.

REGIMENTAL SOBRIQUETS (11 S. iv. 446, 515; v. 136; vi. 496).-To be quite correct, the title of the 97th-a regiment that formed one of the ten original foreign battalions in our Peninsular army-was Queen's Own Germans." HAROLD MALET, Col.

Notes on Books.

being alien to the love of God, were the beginning of the work of redemption, consummated by the advent of the Redeemer. Without recognition of this, it is impossible to set in its right place the quasi-secular side of medieval work.

An Account of Medieval Figure-Sculpture in England. By Edward S. Prior and Arthur Gardner. (Cambridge University Press.) OUR authors reckon that scarcely 1 per cent of the English figure-sculpture of the Middle Ages has come down to us. What remains of it, having through remote position or some other happy chance survived the iconoclastic frenzy of the sixteenth century, affords but a fragmentary illustration of its development, or of the character-tenth centuries, is of a separate origin, coming from istics of its separate schools. Yet the fragments are those of a splendid and individual tradition, and, seeing how imperfectly in general they are known or understood, this magnificent volume, with its 855 photographs and its careful and vigorous text, should receive such a welcome and such attention as only a handful of books in a lustrum can justly lay claim to.

The arrangement of the subject-matter is excellent. Book I. deals broadly with the materials and subjects of mediæval sculpture, and with the personality of the nameless comentarii who were the sculptors. The word "mediæval" here covers the period from 1130 to 1530, within which time the fifty years from 1250 to 1300 constitute the golden age, when spiritual beauty of intention was seconded by the utmost perfection of technique, free as yet from luxury, pedantry, or selfseeking. The unswerving reference of this sculpture when at its best, not to some separate end, but to the integrity and adornment of the building to which it belonged, and the reference again of that to a system of ideas which possessed and unified the whole of the Occidental life of the time, make of Gothic figure-sculpture, as the authors truly observe, a creation of style that was an event in the life of humanity." grateful for the section at the beginning of the work on The Preservation of Medieval Sculpture.' This unique inheritance, already much impaired by destruction and ignorant "restoration," stands in danger of further diminution. Details of ruthless carelessness are given which have come under the writers' notice within the last few

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Book II., in its twelve sections, deals in detail with the long array of works of sculpture, from the Anglian Crosses onwards, leaving only aside for treatment in Book III. the monumental effigy. The authors consider that the Saxon sculpture, of which the Bewcastle Cross is the most signal example, is to be derived, principally through Wilfrid, from the work of Byzantium; and argue that the Gosforth Cross, with the other work which must be attributed to the ninth and the imagination and craftsmanship of the Vikings. Yet again, belonging to a date a century or so later, we have evidence of another line of development, a Saxon sculpture of Southern England which drew its inspiration from the illuminations and goldsmiths' work of the monasteries. The chapter which deals with these three schools is one of the most interesting in the whole volume; and it should play a good part in dissipating the popular misconception according to which the Norman conqueror introduced art to a people which had known nothing hitherto but the roughest and most barbarous exhibitions of artistic faculty. It is here contended that while the Conquest opened up an era of great enthusiasm for building, and brought English sculpture into its happy close connexion with architecture, it had no effect on English style, which developed onwards to its "Norman characteristics from the Irish-Viking tradition, the second of those noted above. trated in some good pages on early Tympanum The argument is set out and illussculpture. Excellent again are the sections setting forth the influence of the craft of the painters and metal-workers upon the AngloNorman workers in stone.

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The volume reaches its culminating point of interest in the chapters on the architectural carving of what it is proposed to call the First Gothic Period, i.e., from 1200 to 1280. This study, naturally, is centred in the Angel Choir at Lincoln, in the Westminster transepts, and the Wells front. These are here most closely and carefully analyzed and described; and the rash historic expert quoted on p. 108, who declares that "in hardly go down to the ages alongside of some ...sculpture....even architecture, Britain will other nations-nor were the plastic or pictorial arts ever really popular," might well convert himself to a better opinion by spending half a day in the contemplation of the photographs belonging

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The function of painting and sculpture, as means of instruction and edification when books were expensive and reading rare, is sufficiently well known; yet there is something to pause and reflect on in the fact that the ecclesiastic who determined on such or such a subject could rely-in the uneducated public-on a knowledge of attributes these chapters. Both their characteristic and symbols such as is, in some cases, beyond the the astonishing spiritual affinity with the highest English quality and, in the finest examples, power even of the archæologist to recover. venture to think that the authors of the book upon, though any direct influence from the Greek, We work of Greek sculpture are very properly dwelt are themselves somewhat too slightly equipped which some students are inclined to surmise, is, for interpretation on the side of liturgiology and in our opinion, quite rightly rejected. It was kindred matters. To give one instance, which yet surely in part a likeness of conditions, in part a implies a good deal, they speak of the chasuble as an apron-like vestment"! On the other hand, tions between the visible and the invisible world, likeness in the common conception of the relatheir treatment of the "nature" themes and the which produced this likeness in expression. Greek "anecdotal" sculptures strikes us as both happy or Gothic, these statues and well-informed; and they bring out effectively enduring witness against the arch-heresy of seem to stand as the medieval theory, perhaps insufficiently appre- "art ciated, that the arts and sciences, so far from materialism and its end pedantry. for art's sake,' whose beginning is

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