At the Restoration he was condemned to be drawn on a sledge yearly, on 27 January, from Tyburn to the Tower, a sentence afterwards altered to transportation to Tangier. He appears, however, to have died in Antwerp. The later Mildmays number among them several examples of longevity, the most notable being the Carew Hervey Mild may who died in 1784 in his 94th year, and Jane, Lady Mildmay, in whose hands the greater part of the Mildmay wealth came to be concentrated, who died in 1857, aged 92.

We have nothing but praise for the care with which family and public records have been ransacked to furnish details; but we confess we could have wished for a somewhat more skilful handling of all this material, in itself both interesting and valuable. It is not merely that the writing is apt to be careless; the arrangement also is often confused. A full genealogical table would have been of service, that in the appendix being inadequate; and, in the absence of an index, it would have been as well to give some indication as to where mention of the minor members of the family might be looked for.

Books that Count. Edited by Mr. W. Forbes Gray. (A. & C. Black.)

THIS "Dictionary of Standard Books," edited by Mr. W. Forbes Gray, will prove, as the careful compiler desires, a help to the ordinary reader, and to the young student." The survey embraces 5,500 books, and includes works published as recently as last October. The arrangement is alphabetical, and divided into fourteen sections. The first is Biography. After the names of eleven Dictionaries, of course including the monumental Dictionary of National Biography,' we have, under Individual Biographies,' five hundred recorded. The head-lines give the work selected by Mr. Gray as being the chief biography; this is followed by other biographies that have appeared on the same subject. As was to be expected, there are omissions; for instance, under Bacon mention should have been made of Hepworth Dixon's 'Personal History of him from unpublished papers (Murray). It is strange that there is no reference to Dixon in any part of the book. Under London his history of the Tower entitled Her Majesty's Tower,' in four volumes, the most important on the subject, ought to have been included. Visitors to the Tower should remember Dixon with gratitude, for it is owing to his influence that it is open free to the public. Under London might also have been included his London Prisons' as well as Mayhew's London Labour

and the London Poor.'

Under Green's Short History' the illustrated edition in four volumes is omitted, Mr. Gray having apparently mistaken the History of the English People' for an enlargement of the 'Short History. An illustrated edition of the Short History' was published in four volumes, edited by Mrs. Green, after Green's death. In this she was assisted by Miss Kate Norgate, whose services in forming the wonderful collection of plates she gratefully acknowledged. The History of the English People' is an entirely distinct work. Mrs. Green states in her Introduction to the illustrated edition of the Short History' that her husband "had at first proposed merely to prepare a library edition of the Short History,' revised and corrected. In his hands, however, it

became a totally different book, the chief part of it having been rewritten at much greater length and on an altered plan." On referring to Macmillan's most valuable 'Bibliographical Catalogue' of works published by them from 1843 to 1889, we find that the four volumes were issued at intervals, the first in 1877, and the fourth in 1880, the price being sixteen shillings each (not ten shillings, as stated by Mr. Gray).

Under History we should have liked to see Miss Kate Norgate's Angevin Kings,' a work of great research, like all she writes.

In offering these suggestions we congratulate Mr. Gray on having produced a very useful book, and as he requests inaccuracies and omissions to be pointed out, and suggestions for improvements to be sent to him, each edition should increase in value.

The Deaths of the Kings of England. By James Rae. (Sherratt & Hughes.) THESE studies were originally offered as a thesis for the Doctorate of Medicine at Aberdeen, and the main substance of them has appeared in The Clinical Journal. The method is, first, quotation from contemporary, or the earliest available, accounts of the death of each king, and then a diagnosis based on the information thence obtained. Medical details almost exclusively are attended to; and the grim and painful story of the death of Philip II. is given a place. In an interesting Introduction the writer makes such few generalizations as the subjectmatter admits of. The book might have been yet more valuable if its scope had been somewhat less narrowly circumscribed. Thus, to give one example, though the state of health of Henry VI. has no direct bearing upon the mode of his death, it being certain that he was murdered, the accounts in the Chronicles of his attacks of melancholia would have been at least as well worth giving and discussing as the passages from Fabyan and Leland imputing his murder to the Duke of Gloucester which are given at length.

THE most important article in this month's. Burlington Magazine is that by Mr. Baldwin Brown and Mrs. Archibald Christie on 'St. Cuthbert's Stole and Maniple at Durham.' This is only a first instalment, and consists of a very minute discussion of the technique of the weaving and embroidery, though there is subjoined a detailed description of the designs and figures on the vestThe whole ments, which are also illustrated. should be carefully studied by any one who is interested in ancient figure-work, whether in embroidery or in stone. Mr. G. F. Hill continues his useful Notes on Italian Medals,' and Mr. Aymer Vallance his papers on Early Furniture.' There is a curious silver-gilt cup in the Treasury of St. Mark at Venice, the provenance of which has not been made out: this Sir Martin Conway gives reasons for attributing to an Ostrogothic artificer, and, if these hold good-the objects for comparison are but few-it does, indeed, seem as likely as not that the cup once belonged to Theodoric. The early date of the Bewcastle and Ruthwell Crosses, which there is an inclination in some quarters to impugn in favour of a twelfthcentury origin, is vindicated in two papers by Mr. Baldwin Brown and Mr. Lethaby, which could not, of course, be other than scholarly and highly instructive. Critical, again, in their scope are the

gives a list of "errata "at the end, wanting in the first impression.

On p. 60 of one impression and p. 61 of the other there is the following passage about Peters :

"He also, during his imprisonment in the Tower, wrote some sheets of Paper to his daughter, leaving them with her as his last legacy, containing in it very much sound and wholesome advice as to her soules health. It carries with it such a savour as denotes it proceeds from a spirit that hath learned experience in Christ's schoole and hath been acquainted sometimes with sunshine as well as foul weather, it's too long here to be incerted, but if it be made publick by it selfe, doubtlesse the Ex

perienced Reader will be no looser by perusing this legacy."

Accordingly there appeared in the same year, 1660 (which may mean up to 25 March, 1661),

:

"A Dying father's last legacy to an only child or, Mr. Hugh Peter's advice to his daughter. Written by his own hand, during his late imprisonment in the Tower of London; And given her a little before his death. London. Printed for G. Calvert and T. Brewster and are to be sold at the Black Spread Eagle, and at the three bibles at the West end of Paul's, 1660." (Reissued during Oates's plot in 1683.)

This book was not likely to be followed by a prosecution for high treason, like the Speeches and Prayers, and thus no risk attached to its publication. But it stands or falls with them, and is not a whit more truthful. Calvert and Brewster, with Livewell Chapman, gave Dover and Creeke their instructions to print the 'Speeches and Prayers,' and as regards the first two men something may be here added to the information given in Mr. H. R. Plomer's Dictionary of Printers and Booksellers.' Brewster died in Newgate in April, 1664, when imprisoned for his share in the ' 'Speeches and Prayers,' but Calvert died in August, 1663, his will, dated 11 Aug., being proved by his widow Elizabeth on 28 Aug., 1663 (P.C.C. Juxon 106).

66

Elizabeth Calvert survived her husband until 1675, when she also died, bequeathing her body to be decently buried among the baptists." Her will was proved on 5 Feb., 1675 (P.C.C. Dycer 12). The fact that the Calverts published large numbers of Quakers' tracts up to the Restoration is explained when I point out that Martha Simmons, the noted Quakeress, was Calvert's sister, and that Calvert was one of the few pub.

lishers who dared to attack Cromwell. The Preface to the "Dying father's "legacy is initialled " G. F.-N. B.' The reader will not, therefore, need to be told that this was an impudent attempt to father the work upon George Fox and Broad, the Quaker

Most of my readers will be aware that these Speeches and Prayers,' under one or other of their titles, have been much

quoted in modern times, as if they were genuine, though their mere perusal should convince any one that he is reading a mass of horribly blasphemous lies (I shall set out the evidence refuting them in later articles); but State Trials has been entirely responsible for the excision of the preface of six pages to the 'Exact Narrative of the trial of Twyn and the other printers, which states :

"As to the pamphlets whereupon the other three [Brewster, Dover, and Brooks] were indicted, viz., King's judges,' &c. Be it known to the reader, that The Speeches and Prayers of some of the late this book was not, as it pretends to be, a true account of the words (written, or spoken) of dying men, but a meer forgery and imposture, fathered upon those that were executed; but contrived by the traytors that 'scaped; as deeming it their safest way to publish the designs of the living in the words of the dead; and the most conducing to their project of destroying the present King to persuade the multitude into a good opinion of the murder of the last; To conclude. Notorious it is that the counterfeit and framed only by recommending one whole libel is a cheat, the letters and speeches a rebellion to stir up another." An Exact Narrative of the tryal and condemnation of John Twyn,' &c., 1664, Preface, p. 3 (British Museum press-mark, 1132. b. 57).

I may add that if the regicides had written their speeches, as was frequently done by those executed for high treason, there would be something to be said for the book. But the document expressly states that they did not do so, and the great length to which the book runs renders it ridiculous on the face of it.

J. B. WILLIAMS. (To be continued.)

Streitberg's Notes' on pp. 7 and 8 therein, I found them prejudiced and uncritical. They convey a mass of valuable but contradictory items of information, which the learned author has neither distributed nor assimilated. His primary contention is that the Latin word Gothus ought to have been written with t instead of th. No explanation is afforded of the fact that, though Latin had no p, 0, the digraph th appears in Gothus and all its derivatives.

What we do find, however, though at another place, is the statement that Latin authors, in their transliteration of Gothic p, waver between th and t, and that th prevails in the older sources: "In den ältern Quellen überwiegt th" (p. 59, § 35, note 9). This statement is antagonistic to Prof. Streitberg's main contention. Because, since Latin has no inter-dental spirant, on the one hand the use of t by classical Latin authors in place of 0, or th, is not improper, and could not furnish an argument against the presence of p in a Gothic word; and, on the other, the use of the digraph th in order to express simple t would be absurd.

Moreover, Flavius Vopiscus (c. 310), Ammianus Marcellinus (c. 370), Claudius Claudianus (c. 400), Hydatius Lemicensis (c. 450), and Apollinaris Sidonius (c. 480) all used the digraph th in Gothus. Æmilius Dracontius (c. 595) wrote "Gotthus." Prof. Streitberg would have us believe that all these authors are incorrect, and that they ought to have written Gotus (ŏ).

When we turn to Greek authors of the fifth and sixth centuries we find that Zosimus (c. 450), Malchus (c. 480), and Procopius (c. 537) wrote For0-ol. Prof. Streitberg quotes all three writers, but he ignores the fact that they made use of 70 to express the alleged simple Gothic t. The Latin th is bad enough, but Greek 70 for Gothic t is ten times worse. Procopius should have received more attention, and the fact that he served under Narses in the Gothic war in Italy in 536-9 should have been appreciated. If the Ostrogoths were calling themselves *Gut-ans, which is what Prof. Streitberg maintains, a writer and man of action like Procopius would have had no reason for calling them TóTO-OL.

Older Greek writers are treated in Prof. Streitberg's 'Notes in an equally perfunctory fashion. The Tourwves of Strabo († c. A.D. 24) and the rúdoves of Ptolemy (A. c. 160) are alleged to be the same. But Tour of Strabo is O.N. Gaut-, O.E. Geat-, O.S. Gōt-, Gothic Gáut-. Tú0- of Ptolemy is Goth- of Latin writers. The two themes are

66

distinct, and they occur together in the Gothic personal name Gautigoth," i.e. Gaut-+Gup; cf. N. & Q.,' 11 S. vi. 201.

66

66

Of older Latin writers, Pliny († A.D. 79) wrote Gutones" in accord with Latin orthoepy and Gothic vocalization; while Tacitus († c. 118) wrote "Gotones " and Gothones." The forms handed down in Pliny and Tacitus point to the Túowves of Ptolemy, and all these variants indicate a purely Gothic *Gup-. (It will be remembered that there was no short o in native Gothic words.)

These facts warrant one conclusion only, namely, the final consonant of the stem of the folk-name we are considering was not the tenuis, as Prof. Streitberg maintains. It was a sharp, inter-dental spirant, and that is the reason why Greek and Latin authors from Strabo to Emilius Dracontius wrote 70, th and tth, and thereby indicated the true pronunciation.

The assertion that þ had no place in the native form of the Gothic folk-name is based upon a misconception. In a sixthcentury Gothic calendar the form "Gutþiuda occurs. This word is broken up into Gut- and þiuda, and the folk-name is said to be Gut-. But this reasoning is spurious. We cannot take a compound, split it up into its component parts, and then assert that each is a vocable. The personal names Gut-bert, Gutt-ulf, Gutt-ard, Got-lac, do not point to a stem gut-, but to a theme and vocable gup. Similarly the O.E. mitty and latteow do not present the words "mit" (cum) and “tỹ” (quia), “lāt ” (via) and "teow (servus). There are no such O.E. words. What these compounds really do represent are mid+by and lād+pēnu : cf. Dr. Wright's ‘O.E. Grammar,' 1908, §§ 300, 305. Similarly "Gutþiuda represents Gup+þiuda, and that form is reflected in the Edda Sæmundar,' wherein we get Goppiōd": cf. Wilhelm Grimm, 'Die Deutsche Heldensage,' 1829, p. 5.

66

66

ALFRED ANSCOMBE.