PAGE 91, 6. Sir Charles Grandison, &c.; the hero and heroine of Samuel Richardson's once famous novel, Sir Charles Grandison, which few people now have the courage to read through. 25. This little poem, reprinted in Sir C. Lawson's book. Mr. Shore, Sir John Shore (Lord Teignmouth) was GovernorGeneral from August, 1793 to March, 1798. He had been the trusted colleague of his predecessor, Lord Cornwallis. 36. in Leadenhall Street, at the India House, pulled down in 1862. PAGE 92, 30. Grattan, Henry, the famous Irish orator of 'Grattan's Parliament' (1782-1800). 40. Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, who fought Rome from 219 to 201. B. C. Themistocles, the Athenian politician in the time of the Persian war (480 B. C.). PAGE 93, 14. Wedderburn, Alexander; appointed Lord Chancellor by Pitt in 1793. PAGE 94, 5. to the trunkmakers, as waste paper, used in the making of the old style of trunks. 11. Burke could not complain of hard words. He called Hastings, among other things, a captain-general of iniquity, thief, tyrant, robber, sharper, swindler', &c., &c. Disgust at his foul language found utterance in the House of Commons during the debate of June 28, 1794. In 1789 he had been censured by the House for the violence of his expressions (post, p. 117), but he did not take the hint, and continued to rave. 14. The King, George III, permitted himself to take a side in politics, and had partisans known as the 'King's friends'. 17. Lord Mansfield, Lord Chief Justice, an excellent, although unpopular judge. 18. Lord Lansdowne, created Marquess of Lansdowne in 1784, was better known as the Earl of Shelburne, Prime Minister for a short time in the previous year. 34. Lord Chancellor Thurlow, a great supporter of the King. 41. the young Minister. Pitt was only twenty-six in 1785. PAGE 95, 12. Mr. Dundas. See note to p. 81, line 36, ante. 41 foll. Brooks's, a fashionable Whig Club, still existing. There were plenty of caricatures on the other side also. PAGE 97, 10. the coalition, of Charles Fox and Lord North, which produced in 1783 a short-lived ministry with the Duke of Portland as nominal head. Burke lost his post as Paymaster of the Forces by the fall of that ministry. 31. great crimes. The editor hopes that the reader of these notes will not agree. 35. Las Casas or Clarkson. Bartolomé de Las Casas (14741566), a noble-minded Spanish Bishop, devoted his life to trying to save the Indians of Mexico from the cruelty of his countrymen, and in his books told the truth fearlessly. Thomas Clarkson shared with Wilberforce the honour of carrying the laws for the abolition of the slave trade (1807) and of West Indian slavery (1833). The earlier measure is celebrated in Wordsworth's poor sonnet :-'Clarkson! it was an obstinate hill to climb.' PAGE 98, 26. a real country and a real people, to Burke's lively imagination, but not in the least like the truth. 32. the imaun; a corruption of 'imaum' (imām), a leader of worship among Muhammadans. It is not correct to speak of Muhammadan 'priests', for there are none. 33. the devotee swinging, with hooks passed through the muscles of his back (charkh-pūjā). The practice, now discouraged and rare, is said to prevail still in the Madura District, Madras. 36. yellow streaks of sect, marks on the forehead to show whether the wearer is a worshipper of Vishnu, Siva, or other deity. PAGE 99, 1. Beaconsfield, in Buckinghamshire, where Burke lived. 8. His bunch of iron rings is strung on the staff which he carries, and is shaken to scare tigers, &c. Nobody is afraid of 'hyenas'. 10. Lord George Gordon's riots, in 1780, led by a mad nobleman against the Roman Catholics of London, in the course of which vast damage was done, and 210 rioters killed. The riots are vividly described in Dickens's Barnaby Rudge. 11. Dr. Dodd, a fashionable clergyman and sometime chaplain to the king, was hanged in 1777 for forgery, under the same law as Nandkumar. 29. his eloquence was out of date. Here lies our good Edmund, whose genius was such, We scarcely can praise it, or blame it too much; Who, born for the universe, narrow'd his mind, And to party gave up what was meant for mankind. . . And thought of convincing, while they thought of dining. . . (Goldsmith, Retaliation) 34. the Stamp Act of 1765, an attempt to tax the American colonies, which led to the War of Independence (see ante, note to p. 52, line 29). PAGE 100, 1 foll. the last years of his life. Burke died in 1797. The Commercial Treaty of 1787. The Regency rendered necessary by the insanity of King George III. Burke's Reflections on the French Revolution appeared in 1790. The Bastile (Bastille) was taken by the Paris mob in 1789. Marie Antoinette, queen of Louis XVI. 23. content to make his escape. Why should he? Hastings was more able to endure, As more exposed to suffering and distress. PAGE 101, 9. drawn by Burke with great ability, a very dis putable opinion. They are believed to have been mostly the work of Francis. 40. Serjeant-at-arms, the executive officer of the House of Commons. See post, p. 108, line 1. PAGE 102, 28. coffee-houses, fashionable institutions in the eighteenth century, but both name and thing are now obsolete. PAGE 103, 38. The House was thunderstruck. No better explanation of Pitt's action than that suggested by Macaulay has been offered. The real responsibility for the impeachment rests upon Pitt. 41. the horrors. See ante, notes to pp. 28-32. PAGE 104, 9. demanded too much. No fine was ever' demanded'. See ante, note to p. 72, line 24. 11. during sixty years. The last impeachment before that of Warren Hastings was that of Lord Chancellor Macclesfield in 1725. The only later one was that of Lord Melville (Dundas) in 1806. PAGE 105, 7. works of supererogation, superfluous acts of merit, beyond what are necessary for salvation; or as Article XIV of the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion of the Church of England defines them with disapproval : 'Voluntary Works besides, over and above, God's Commandments.' 32. William Wilberforce (died 1833), who, with the aid of Clarkson (ante, note to p. 97, line 35), carried the abolition of the slave trade. 39. the treasury bench, or front bench' in the House of Commons, on which the Prime minister (First Lord of the Treasury) and his colleagues sit. PAGE 106, 40. Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, author of The School for Scandal, The Rivals, &c. PAGE 107, 5. loud clapping of hands, a shocking breach of parliamentary manners. 17. Mr. Windham. William Windham, a prominent politician of those days, and himself a fine speaker. See post, p. 112, line 29. 23. the late Lord Holland, the third baron (died October, 1840). He was a nephew of Mr. Fox'. 29. scraped down, by noises produced by scraping the feet on the floor, a rather unparliamentary proceeding. PAGE 109, 18. from right to left. Persian and Urdu are so written, but the other languages of India are written from left to right. 25. the great hall of William Rufus, Westminster Hall, rebuilt by William Rufus. 28. Lord Somers, Lord Chancellor and trusted minister of William III, was impeached in 1701 and acquitted. The cases of Bacon (1621), Strafford (1641) and Charles I (1649) are too familiar to need explanation. 37. Garter King-at-arms, the herald of the Order of the Garter, first appointed by Henry V. 40. as the Upper House then was. The House of Lords (Feb., 1911) now has more than 600 members, and an enormous increase is threatened by one party, while another desires the reduction of the members to 300, nearly as in the eighteenth century. PAGE 110, 4. defence of Gibraltar, during the prolonged siege between July, 1779, and October, 1781; the period of England's gravest danger from all sides. 21. Siddons, Sarah, the great tragic actress. She lived till 1831. 24. the historian, Edward Gibbon, author of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, who was then a Member of Parliament. 26. Verres, the oppressive governor (propraetor) of Sicily, prosecuted by Cicero in famous orations. 27. Tacitus, the historian, led the prosecution against an African proconsul in A. D. 99. His speech is not extant. 30. Reynolds, Sir Joshua, the prince of portrait-painters. His pencil was striking, resistless, and grand; His manners were gentle, complying, and bland. (Goldsmith.) 34. Parr, Samuel, a learned Latinist, who seems to have been overrated by his contemporaries. He left behind him eight huge and unreadable volumes, but Macaulay, who could read anything, may have read them. 39. her to whom, Mrs. Fitzherbert, to whom the Prince of Wales had been privately married. 41. the beautiful mother, Mrs. Sheridan, painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds in the character of St. Cecilia, the patron saint of musicians. PAGE 111, 3. that brilliant society, of more or less learned ladies, nicknamed the 'Blue-stockings', entertained at the houses of Mrs. Montague and other hostesses who had tired of card-playing (post, p. 156). 9. Georgiana Duchess of Devonshire, is said to have won a vote for Fox at the Westminster election of 1784 by a kiss. 26. The picture, now No. 225 in the draft Catalogue of Pictures destined for the Victoria Memorial, Calcutta (1908), and temporarily exhibited in the Indian Museum, in that city. It formerly hung in the Council Chamber of Government House, but was sent to England to be cleaned, deposited in the National Portrait Gallery, and replaced by a copy to which the inscription was affixed. Recently the original has been returned to Calcutta. The artist was Arthur William Devis, who was in India from 1791 to 1795, after Hastings had retired, and is said to have copied the likeness from a portrait by Zoffany. It has been reproduced by Sydney G. Grier (p. 420). It was painted for Mr. Larkins, Hastings's agent in India, and left by him to Mr. C. Chapman, I. C. S., who transferred it to Hastings's cousin, Mr. Turner, who gave it back to Chapman, by whom it was placed in Government House. The likeness is good, but the painting is said to be of poor quality. 28. Proconsul, the governor of a province in the Roman Empire. Originally the term meant 'deputy-consul', the consuls being the highest officers in the time of the Republic. 37. Lord Melville (Dundas). See ante, note to p. 81, line 36. PAGE 112, 7. a bag, i.e. a bag-wig, then worn in full dress. 19. Demosthenes, the renowned Athenian orator, the opponent of Philip of Macedon. 20. Hyperides, another orator, friend and pupil of Demosthenes. In Macaulay's time the character of his orations was known only from tradition, but in recent years two have been discovered. PAGE 113, 7. Charles Earl Grey, who died in 1845, carried the Reform Bill of 1832 as Prime Minister. PAGE 114, 11. a desert. An audacious falsehood. 27. in opposition, i. e. to the Ministry of the day. PAGE 115, 3. his father was a teacher of elocution. 25. lacs, &c. A ‘lac' (lakh) = 100,000; a 'crore' (karōr) = 100 lakhs; zemindar' (zamindār), a Persian word meaning landholder; 'aumil' (amil), a revenue collector; 'sunnud' (sanad), a formal grant; 'perwanneh' (parwāna), a written order or warrant; 'jaghire' (jāgir), a fief held on condition of military service; 'nuzzur' (nazar), a present made officially to a superior as an act of homage. PAGE 116, 7. The States-General, the representative body of nobility, clergy, and burghers of France, had not met since 1614. The revival was the beginning of the French Revolution. PAGE 117, 5. partridge-shooting, begins on September 1. 15 foll. rules of evidence, much modified since Macaulay's time, when technicalities were largely used to modify the cruelty of the penal law of that age. It is not fair to suggest that the acquittal of Hastings was due to the technical application of rules of evidence. PAGE 118, 21. In the spring of 1795, April 25. The first day of the hearing was February 13, 1788, and the last, the 148th, was June 16, 1794. The trial was the longest in the history of the world. 37. the woolsack, the seat occupied by the Lord Chancellor when presiding over the House of Lords, which is a settee without back or arms, stuffed with wool. Its use goes back to the fourteenth century. PAGE 119, 1. The great seal of England, in the custody of the Lord Chancellor. PAGE 120, 22. cuddy, an obsolete word, equivalent to 'saloon'. 36. addresses. The addresses appear to have been perfectly |