Names can be inserted by writing, hand stamp, sticker or any other means that will not be open to the charge of infringing the secrecy of the ballot.

Names inserted can be marked, but this is not necessary.

Names printed on the ballot must not be inserted.

(Note.-When a candidate has died or withdrawn, and a substitute is nominated after the ballots are printed, the new name is to be printed on an official sticker. See section 12. This should obviously be inserted over the name of the deceased or withdrawn candidate.)

4. Help in Preparing Ballots.-Voters unable to prepare their own ballots can be helped to do so, but only in case of actual disability, which must be explicitly declared to the judge. Section 29.

(Note. To preserve order, this should be done before the voter enters the enclosed space.)

A voter desiring help must himself select another voter of the district to help him. Section 27.

A voter who receives such help without being actually unable to prepare his ballot, will be liable to indictment for unlawfully showing his ballot. Section 31.

A voter who attemps to influence the vote of one whom he is helping will be liable to indictment for unlawful electioneering. Sections 24, 31.

(Note.-A voter who, in helping another, prepares the ballot otherwise than as desired, will be liable to indictment for forgery.)

5. Folding and Giving in Ballots.-Bal lots must be folded so as to show only the endorsement. Section 26.

Where a ballot has been spoiled accidentally, another can be obtained in its place on surrendering it. Section 26.

No ballot, whether marked or not, can be taken from the room. Section 26.

(Note. As the Constitution provides that every ballot "shall be numbered in the order in which it shall be received," each voter must give up each ballot to the inspector to number and deposit it, as had been the rule heretofore. By the new law the inspector must, in the presence of the voter, fasten the corner securely down over the number, and voters should see that this is done and that the ballot is then placed in the box.)

6. Challenges should be made before a voter receives his ballot, if possible, but may be made at any time before he casts it.

THE

TRADE SCHOOLS.

THE labor troubles at Homestead and Pittsburg have revived interest in trade schools, where the city youth may be educated as skilled workmen. By the present system the city boy is almost entirely shut out from the trades. The labor unions have their hands raised against him. They refuse to allow him to learn a trade in the old way, for fear that the master mechanics may use these juniors or learners to break the force of strikes ordered by the unions. The result is that in the trades the American boy, especially the city boy, has little opportunity to become a skilled mechanic. He must become a member of one of the professions or a common laborer.

Colonel Richard T. Auchmuty, the founder of the New York Trade Schools, has gathered statistics to show that out of $23,000,000 paid annually for mechanics in the building trades of New York city, less than $6,000,000 goes to men born in this country. He further shows that the trades unions are controlled by foreign-born mechanics, and that much of this large sum paid annually for skilled labor goes to "harvesters or workmen who come from Europe every spring, work through the season, and return to their homes on the other side of the Atlantic in the fall with their savings.

The demand for skilled workmen is ever on the increase in this country, but the number of new journeymen trained in America is not even sufficient to fill the vacancies, much less to supply the growing demands. Practically the only places where the American boy may learn a trade are in the country, where the unions cannot dictate, and in the few trade schools. The unions do not say explicitly that the boys shall not have a chance, but they place their limit on the number of learners so low that not one-tenth of the boys who would may enter the trades as learners. The one who secures this privilege is fortunate and envied by a dozen who would be glad of the same opportunity.

Last winter J. Pierpont Morgan gave $500,000 to the New York Trade Schools, established eleven years ago by Colonel Auchmuty. Chicago has its Manual Training School, and Mr. Crane has provided for a training department in one of the West Side public schools. Boston, Philadelphia, and Brooklyn have such schools, and a number of normal schools established for the education of the colored youth in the

South have their trade departments where the boys, and the girls, too, go into the shops and learn to become skilled mechanics. The old apprentice system has gone never to return, because civilization now recognizes that the parent alone has direction of his children, and they cannot be bound out to task-masters. The labor unions shut out fully nine-tenths of the boys who want this education. The only way for these to become skilled mechanics is to attend a trade school, where they may be educated in the use of tools, and turned out as completely equipped for work, as skilled workmen, as the professional schools equip their graduates.

The bright city boys are learning, too, that there is dignity in skilled labor, and also better remuneration than in many of the professions. The old demagogic cry of "starvation wages " has been made ridiculous by the scale of wages at Homestead, where the strikers admitted that they received from $8 to $18 per day, and by the statement of Mr. Ayers, of Youngstown, that there were skilled mechanics in his employ in the steel mills of that city who

of wealth and representatives of capital in great enterprises. In 1887 the gifts from private individuals to colleges amounted to $12,507,000. That was not an exceptional year in the recognition of the needs of education. We have scientific schools, schools of law, medicine, theology and art, normal schools and business colleges, agricultural colleges where the farmers' boys may learn the best methods in agriculture, but our trade schools where the boys may fit themselves for good wages at skilled work are very few. In Europe this is not so. great commercial and manufacturing centres there have their trade schools, maintained at public expense. If the American boy is to have a chance in skilled labor, we must have more and better trade schools, where the hand, the eye, and the mind are all educated together. When we have these we shall have fewer strikes and labor riots.— Chicago Inter-Ocean.

CORRECT COLUMBUS DAY.

The

HE recent action of Congress changing

statement also points out the arbitrary dictation of the union in a peculiar way. The President of the company wanted his son to learn all about the business, and put him in the mills to learn to become a skilled workman. The union gave the President the alternative of removing the boy or a strike. They would not allow the son of their employer to learn their trade, because they held a monopoly on that skill. They had no thought for the future, but only for the présent and their power to dictate.

If Mr. Carnegie and his associates at Pittsburg would use a portion of their boasted wealth in endowing trade schools they would do more to help the country and at the same time save themselves such troubles as they have had at Homestead. This has been done by the Carriage-makers' Association in New York, by the master plumbers of Philadelphia, Baltimore and Chicago, by the Cambria Iron Works at Johnstown, Pa., by the Baltimore and Ohio and the Pennsylvania Railroad Companies, and by the great printing press firm of R. Hoe & Co.

The business men at the head of these great enterprises have recognized that the surest way to escape the dictation of labor unions, controlled by foreign-born workmen, is to give the American boys a chance to become skilled mechanics. But the suggestion is not alone for Mr. Carnegie and his associates at Pittsburg; it is for all men

celebration from October 12th to October 21st is a step in the direction of scholarly accuracy, and it is remarkable that it should have been so long overlooked.

If there is to be a national observance of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America it should take place on the date which marks the true century-point. It is obviously stupid to await the recurrence of a date which, by reason of arbitrary changes in the methods of reckoning time, has lost its significance and does not indicate the true cycle of years.

Every American knows that Columbus discovered this hemisphere on October 12, 1492, and at first thought October 12, 1892, would seem to mark the 400th anniversary of that event. But it will be remembered that time was then calculated upon a different basis than is now in vogue among educated nations.

For many centuries the Julian calendar was the accepted authority for all calculations, although its inaccuracy was not unknown. In 1582 a reformation took place. The Gregorian calendar was then introduced in Europe., and this calendar is now used by all civilized nations, with the exception of Russia, which still adheres to the Julian method of computing time. When this reformation occurred, it was found necessary to drop ten days from the calendar;

and October 4, 1582, became October 15, 1582. These dropped days were the accumulations of many centuries of erroneous

GROOVE-RUNNING TEACHER.

THE most useless of stupidities

that a year contained 365 days, and as this was II minutes and 14 seconds too long, the error amounted to 3 days every 400 years. The Gregorian calendar corrected this defect by making every centurial year a common year unless divisible by 400, whereas by the Julian calendar every year (centurial year included) divisible by 4 was a leap year. Thus by the new style of computation the years 1500, 1700, and 1800 were not leap years.

As previously stated the reformation took place in 1582, and ten days were suppressed. But as the discovery of America was previous to the year 1500, which by the Gregorian calendar was common, there are but 9 days to omit. Consequently on October 21, 1892, the sun will occupy the same relative position to the earth as on the 12th of October, 1492, when for the first time Columbus beheld these shores.

For these reasons, together with the fact that every precedent is in favor of adopting the "new style" of reckoning, we favor the change.

The Gregorian calendar was not introduced into Great Britain until 1751, ignorance and prejudice defeating the change up to that time. Consequently it has been necessary to correct the dates of our American anniversaries which commemorate events previous to 1751. Washington was born February 11th, but by the "new style" his birthday falls on the 22d, and that is the day we celebrate. The anniversary of Forefathers' Day and of the founding of the city of Boston are both observed on the cor. rected date. It is unfortunate that the Act of Congress of April 25, 1890, naming October 12th, 1892, as the date for the dedication of the World's Fair grounds, has not been amended by a change of date to October 21st. The Fair will practically be a year late, and the dedicatory exercises should take place on the true anniversary, which is October 21st. Congress has already shown its good sense by placing the popular and general celebration of which the public schools are to be the centers on the correct date. It only remains for Congress to extricate the nation from the comical predicament of a two-headed celebration of Discovery Day, by changing the Chicago date to correspond with the corrected date it has already set for the popular public school celebrations.

swallowed text-books without digesting them, and feeds his pupils with the morsels, as old pigeons feed squabs, until, like himself, they are all victims of mental dyspepsia, which is a curious synonym for education. Children subjected to such diet are as likely to get fat and strong as so many grist mill hoppers that swallow the grain without grinding the kernel.

Take English grammar under the man of grooves. Hear them defining a preposition, as connecting words and showing the relation between them," when not one pupil in a hundred ever finds out if it is a bloodrelation, or a relation by marriage. Hear them parse "John strikes Charles :" John is a noun, masculine gender, third person, because it's spoken of, sing'lar number, nom'ative case, t' 'strikes.' 'Strikes' is an irreg'lar, active, trans'tive verbstrike, struck, stricken-indicative mode, present tense, third person, singular, and 'grees with John.' Verb must 'gree with ، it's nom'ative case, 'n number and person. 'Charles' is a noun, masculine gender, sing'lar number, third person, 'cause it's spoken of, objective case, and governed by 'strikes.' Active verbs govern the objective case-please, sir, S'mantha and Jo is amaken' faces!" And all in the same breath! What ardor! What intellectual effort! What grooves! Meanwhile grammars mended, amended, and emended, multiply.

Take geography: The young lady fresh from school, who from a steamer's deck was shown an island, and who asked with sweet simplicity, "Is there water the other side of it?" had all the discovered islands from the Archipelago to Madagascar arranged in groups and at her tongue's end.

Take arithmetic: Show a boy who has finished the book, and can give chapter and verse without winking, a pile of wood, and tell him to measure it, and ten to one he is puzzled. And yet he can pile up wood in the book, and give you the cords to a fraction; but then there isn't a stick of fuel to be measured, and that makes it easier, because he can sit in his groove and keep a wood yard. "So you have completed arithmetic," said the late Prof. Page to a new.come candidate for an advanced position; "please tell me how much thirteen and half pounds of pork will cost at eleven and a half cents a pound?" The price was

chalked out in a twinkling. "Good,” said the Professor; 66 now tell me what it would cost if the pork were half fat?" The chalk lost its vivacity; the youth faced the blackboard doubtingly, and finally turning to the teacher with a face all spider-webbed with perplexity, and with a little touch of contempt at the simplicity of the "sum," and, possibly, of himself, he said, "It seems easy enough, but I don't know what to do with the fat." That fellow was not a fool, but a groove-runner. A little condition was thrown in that he had never seen in the book, and that groove of his had never been lubricated with fat pork.-Summer Savory.

THE

RETAIN THE VETERANS.

BY JOHN HANCOCK.

An

HE artists and artisans of Europe excel those of America for two reasons. One is, that an antecedent culture and technique is handed down from father to son. other is, that longer apprenticeship and more constant employment have developed a higher degree of skill than we have had time to attain in this country of deal and paint. Experience is valuable anywhere; but the intelligence of the school-room has tenfold the value of them all. The teacher without extended experience is but an apprentice, whatever his mental acquirements may be from nature or training. As well might we expect a jeweler's shop boy at the first to make a first class watch, as that the first-term teacher can accomplish the intellectual results that flow from the hands of the veteran in the school-room. There ought to be a law against changing a teacher in public schools under five years, except for unworthiness in office.

Communities should secure a good man or woman, and then retain them at all hazards. It is not infrequently the case that each term is spent in going over the work of the preceding. No progress can be made under such management. Teachers and pupils scarce become well acquainted until forced to separate. Moreover, preference should always be given the enthusiastic teacher, who has set apart his life to it, over the interloper, who only expects by dint of a term's teaching to recruit finances. Too much of this latter kind of work is now on the school market. It is but shoddy that frequently takes the place of other wares, and is dear at any price.

Keep the same teacher! His work is

done in retirement. The healthful stimulus of public criticism fails to reach his domain. All heroic acts done by him must be prompted by silent conviction of duty, rather than noisy applause. Shut out from the world, and left alone with his pupils, his inspiration must come from a just appreciation of trust and an ardent love for his work. The teacher's task has a greater tendency to routine than almost any other calling. It requires the very strongest nerve on his part to prevent its becoming monotonous. Very little time should be spent upon their details alone.

"re

put on polite manners as they do their Sunday shoes, which sometimes pinch at first. To be at ease in society one must be refined at home. If you take your pie in your hand or eat with your knife when "just our folks' are at the table, you will be sure to do it some time when you have a fine visitor. We knew a girl who did not have very elegant table manners at home, and took dinner with a very particular aunt. "Now, Mary, Mary," her mother said, in parting, member your aunt is very particular; you must show her at the table how to behave nicely." Poor Mary tried her best, saying "please" and "thank you," and handling the elegant china carefully; but she became so absorbed in keeping her knife out of her mouth that she did not notice where her plate was, and down it went into her lap, roast turkey, gravy, cranberry sauce, and all! You can imagine Mary's apron and pretty merino dress, and her aunt's fine carpets, were the worse for that dinner.

We know a lady who, as a child, heard the carving knife always called butcher-knife. "It is no use," I heard her say, "my father was not a butcher, but people will think so, for I can not remember carving knife, no matter what elegant people are at my table."

Now, it is just as well to call things by their proper names at home, and to observe the polite ways called " company manners.” "Good morning" and "good night" are easily spoken. Thank you" and "please" help to sweeten the common every-day life. The pleasant smile with which you greet the occasional visitor will be just as welcome to the tired father when he comes home at night. When little children are visiting

your home, you take great pains to make them have a good time. Try the same plan with your little brothers and sisters. There is a story which imagines a man who had two bodies and two natures; one very beautiful and good, and one ugly and bad. Many people have one face and one voice for strangers, and entirely different ones for their own loved ones, and the sad thing is, the disagreeable one they keep for the home.

So, not only are "company manners" at home a preparation for being sure of them when away, but they make every one happier. "Be courteous" is not a matter of choice, it is a Bible command. Boys and girls, begin now to keep that commandment, and is will be more of a pleasure than a duty.-Epworth Herald.

COLUMBUS ANNIVERSARIES.

UST before this time of year, 400 years ago, Christopher Columbus began his wonderful work of destroying ancient superstitions and discovering a new world.

erman's boat. His companions on deck, Pedro Gutierrez and Rodrigo Sanchez, also saw it, but it was at two o'clock next morning that the signal of "Land in sight" was given from the Pinta. The first man to see it was a sailor named Rodrigo de Triana. After two days on the island Columbus started-October 13-23-to explore the vicinity, reached the next island on the 1625, and after various discoveries landed on the soil of Cuba, October 28-November 6.

December 6-15 Columbus discovered the present Hayti; January 4-13, 1493, he sailed for Spain, leaving a small garrison at La Navidad; February 15-24 he saw the first Old World land, and after many mishaps reached Palos once more March 15-24, having been absent seven months and twelve days. He left Cadiz on his second voyage September 25-October 4, 1493. His birth date is unknown, but he died at Valladolid, in Spain, May 20-29, 1606, being about seventy years of age.-Exchange.

RELICS AT THE FAIR.

discovered land on Friday, did several other memorable things on the same day, and proved for the second time that the land near the equator was habitable. He had proved it already in his famous discussion with the learned council of Salamanca.

He did not sail August 3, however, or discover land October 12, as all the school books say, for it was in the fifteenth century then, and they reckoned by Old Style, and so nine days must be added to every date to make it right with the Almanac of to day. President Harrison and the World's Columbian exposition managers have properly recognized this, and we shall celebrate accordingly.

Let us say, then, combining the "styles," that Columbus sailed from the bar of Saltes, port of Palos, Spain, August 3-12, 1492: saw the last Old World land (in the Canary isles) September 9-18; observed the varia tion of the needle for the first time in history September 13-22; was deceived by Martin Alonzo Pinzon's claim that he saw land on September 25-October 4; was 707 leagues west of the Canaries on October 110; had to encounter a mutiny of the sailors on the night of October 10-19 and first saw land at dawn of October 12-21.

On the preceding evening he had seen a light which he judged to be carried by some one on shore, or rising and falling in a fish.

Fair will be legion. It is safe to say that the collection will be ten times as numerous as has ever been witnessed in one place before. The Columbus relics alone will be very great in number, and will include the majority of the important portable reminders of the famous explorer. They will be brought from Spain, Italy, Rome, the West Indies, and other widely separated parts of the earth. Every department, almost, of the great Exposition will have its relics on view-old records, view-old records, portraits, machines, models, inventions, etc., each having historical interest, or marking a stage of progress in its own line. Particularly numerous will be these historical exhibits from the United States. Almost every State will contribute to the number something which will be viewed with interest because of its history or association. One of the best contributions will be shown by Pennsylvania, the collection being furnished mainly from Philadelphia, under the auspices of a committee of its city council. Among the ob jects in this collection are the following: the chair occupied by Thomas Jefferson when writing the Declaration of Independence; the table on which it was signed; the silver inkstand used on that occasion: Thomas Jefferson's sword; chair of memorial woods, including part of Columbus'