Chap. IV. EXPLORERS. suspended breath, the great drama in the Crimea-a famous Book III, compatriot was continuing the task so nobly initiated by Austen LAYARD. Sir Henry RAWLINSON (made by this time Consul-General at Baghdad) carried on new excavations, both at Nimroud and at Kouyunjik. In these he was ably assisted by Mr. W. K. LOFTUS, as well as by Mr. Hormuzd RASSAM, the helper and early friend of LAYARD, and (in the later stages) by Mr. TAYLOR. Another obelisk, with portions of a third and fourth; thirty-four slabs sculptured in low-relief; one statue in the round; and a multitude of smaller objects, illustrating with wonderful diversity and minuteness the manners and customs, the modes of life and of thought, as well as the wars and conquests, the luxury and the cruelty, of the old Assyrians, were among the treasures which, by the collective labour of these distinguished explorers, were sent into Britain. Another recension,' so to speak, of the early Annals of SENNACHERIB, King of Assyria, inscribed upon a cylinder, was not the least interesting of the monuments found under the direction of Sir Henry RAWLINSON, whose name had already won its station-many years before his consulship EARLY at Baghdad-beside those of GROTEFEND, of BURNOUF and of LASSEN, in the roll of those scientific investigators by whose closet labours the researches and long gropings of the RICHES, the BOTTAS, and the LAYARDS, were des- TIONS. tined to be interpreted, illustrated, and fructified for the world of readers at large. For it is not the least interesting fact in this particular and most richly-yielding field of Assyrian archæology that several men in Germany;-more than one man in France; and one man, at least, in Persia, had been working simultaneously, but entirely without concert, at those hard and, for a time, almost barren studies which LABOURERS ON THE ING OF INSCRIP BOOK III, THE TRAVELS AND RE SEARCHES CHARLES THE ANA LOGIES AND THE CON TRASTS BETWEEN FELLOWS AND LAYARD. were eventually to supply a master-key to vast libraries of inscriptions brought to light after an entombment of twentyfive hundred years. Scarcely smaller than the debt of gratitude which Britain owes to Mr. LAYARD and to Lord STRATFORD De Redcliffe, for the Marbles and other antiquities of Assyria, is the Idebt which she owes to the late Sir Charles FELLOWS for those of Lycia. Nor ought it to be passed over without remark that the admirably productive mission to the Levant of Mr. Charles NEWTON seems to have grown, in germ, out of the applications made at Constantinople on behalf of Sir Charles FELLOWS. In that merit he has but a very small share. The merit of the Lycian discoveries is all his own. He has now gone from amongst us,-like most of the benefactors whose public services have been recorded in this volume. How inadequate the record; how insufficient for the task the chronicler; no one will be so painfully conscious, as is the man whose hand-in the absence of a better hand has here attempted the narrative. The Museum story has been long. What remains to be said must needs be put more briefly. But because Sir Charles FELLOWS has been so lately removed from the land he served with so much zeal and ability, I shall still venture to claim the indulgence of my readers for a somewhat detailed account of the work done in Lycia, and of the man who did it. In one respect, it was with Charles FELLOWs as with Austen LAYARD. A youthful passion for foreign travel, and what grew out of that, lifted each of them from obscurity into prominence. But LAYARD achieved fame at a much earlier age than did Sir Charles FELLOWS. Sir Charles was almost forty before his name came at all before the Public. LAYARD was already a personage at eight and Book III, ANOTHER : Chap. IV. GROUP OF ARCHEOLO EXPLORERS. twenty. This small circumstantial difference between the fortune of two men whose pursuits in life were, for a time, so much alike, deserves to be kept in mind, on this account Sir Charles lived scarcely long enough to see any fair GISTS AND appreciation of what he had accomplished. Even those whose political sympathies incline them to a belief that Mr. LAYARD'S official services will never suffice to console Englishmen for the interruption of his archæological services, hope that he may live long enough to enjoy a rich reward for the latter in their yearly-increasing estimation by his countrymen at large. They will delight to see the fervid member for Southwark utterly eclipsed in the fame of the great discoverer of long-entombed Assyria. Sir Charles FELLOWS was the son of Mr. John FELLOWS, of Nottingham. He was born in 1799. In the year 1837, he set out upon a long tour in Asia Minor. Archæological discovery no more formed any part of a preconcerted plan in Mr. FELLOWS' case than it did, two or three years afterwards, in Mr. LAYARD'S. Both were led to undertake their respective explorations in a way that (for want of a more appropriate word) we are all accustomed to call 'accidental.' THE TRAVELS IN ASIA MINOR, AND WHAT THEREOUT. written during an Excursion in Asia Minor, In February, 1838, he found himself at Smyrna. After a good deal of observation of men and manners, he betook himself to an inspection of the buildings. He soon found Journal that not a little of the modern Smyrna was built out of the ruins of the Smyrna of the old world. Busts, columns, entablatures, of white marble and of ancient workmanship, were everywhere visible, in close admixture with the recently-quarried building-stone of the country and the period. But not only had the old marbles been built into the new edifices; they had been turned into tombstones. pp. 8, seqq. (edit. 1852). Book III, ANOTHER GROUP OF GISTS AND EXPLORERS. Ibid., p. 9. THE EX IN ANTI FIIELLUS AND ITS VICINITY. 1838, April. Certain Jews, of an enterprising and practical turn of mind, had bought, in block, a whole hill-full of venerable marbles, in order to have an inexhaustible supply of new tombstones close at hand. In another part of the suburbs of the town, the walls of a large corn-field turned out, on close examination, to be built of thin and flat stones, of which the inner surface was formed of richly-patterned mosaic, black, white, and red. From that day, the traveller, wheresoever he journied, was a scrutinising archæologist. And the traveller, thus equipped for his work, was busied, two months afterwards, in exploring that most interesting part of Asia Minor (a part now called 'Anadhouly'), which includes Lydia, Mysia, Bithynia, Phrygia, Pisidia, Lycia, Pamphylia, and Caria; and much of which was never before trodden— so far as is known, and the knowledge referred to is that of the best geographers in England, discussing this matter expressly, at a meeting of the Geographical Society-by the feet of any European.* On the eighteenth of April, Mr. FELLOWS found himself PLORATIONS in the romantically beautiful, but rugged and barren, neighbourhood of Antiphellus. The ancient town of that name possessed a theatre, and a multitude of temples, grandly placed on a far-outjutting promontory. For miles around, the rocks and the ravines were strewn with marble fragments. The face of the cliff, which, on one side, overhangs the town, was seen to be deeply indented with rock-tombs, richly adorned. They contained sarcophagi of a special *And in which not a few readers will be sure to feel all the more interest, because of its sacred associations, when they call to mind those first-century travels of certain famous travellers who, after they had passed throughout Pisidia, came to Pamphylia, and . . . . when they had gone through Phrygia, and were come to Mysia, assayed to go into Bythinia, but the Spirit suffered them not ;'—having work for them to do in another quarter. form. BOOK III, GROUP OF ARCHEOLO EXPLORERS. The lid of each of them bore a rude resemblance to a pointed arch. It sounds at first almost grotesquely, in the ear of a reader of Mr. FELLOWS' Journal of 1839, to hear him speak of Lycian tombs as Elizabethan' in their architecture. But, in the sense intended, the term is strictly apposite. If the reader will but glance at one of Excursion, Mr. FELLOWS' many beautiful plates of those rock-tombs, he will see at once that they look not unlike the stonemullioned windows of our own Tudor age. Journal of un &c., as above, p. 164. But the discovery which eclipsed all Mr. FELLOWS' previous researches was that of the ancient capital of Lycia -Xanthus. Next in importance to that was his disinter ment of Tlos. He saw the ruins of other and, in their day, famous towns. It was plain that he had now before him a fine opening to add to the stores of human knowledge in some of its grandest departments-artistic, historical, biblical. But, in 1838, he had not the most ordinary appliances of minute research. He went back to England; found (as LAYARD was also destined to find, very shortly afterwards) only a very little encouragement, at official hands; much more than a little, however, in his own reflections and foresight. In 1839, he went back to Lycia, FURTHER taking with him George SCHARF, then carefully described as a young English artist,' now widely known as an eminent archeologist. FELLOWS explored. SCHARF drew. THUS, AND Early in 1840, ten Lycian cities were added to the previous discoveries. Each of them contained many precious works 1840-42. of ancient art. In order to effectual excavation, and in order also to the safety of what was found from destruction by Turkish barbarities, the Sultan's firman was essential. The difficulties were much like those which, as I have had occasion to show DISCOVERIES THE XAN IN OTHER |