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Bars of patent rolled taper-iron, used for ships' knees, mills-shafting, anchor-shanks, anchor-stocks, and other purposes. This iron is made by the rolling process, which is new. The quality is stated to be superior, owing to the elongation of the fibre.

The EBBW VALE Co., near Abergavenny, and 83 Upper Thames Street-Producers. Samples of coal and iron stone, with foils, from the Ebbw Vale iron works, in Wales, and the Coalbrook Dale iron works, in Shropshire.

Maps showing the strata, vertically, of the South Wales and Shropshire mineral fields. Model of the mineral workings taken both vertically and horizontally, of the Ebbw Vale estate. Working model of blast furnaces, showing the mode of using the gases and economizing fuel. Pieces of various pattern rails, bar-iron, angle-iron, &c. Samples of rails, full length, and other descriptions. [The South Welsh coal-field has been elsewhere described. The Coalbrook-dale field contains 32 square miles of workable coal, the average number of seams being 17, and the average thickness of the principal seams three feet. The field is much faulted, some of the dislocations amounting to 600 or 700 feet. The coal is of the kind called slate coal, and contains from 1 to 3 per cent. ash. The percentage of carbon is 56 to 64. Very excellent iron is made from several seams of clay iron ore interstratified with the coal, and yielding upwards of three tons of ore per square yard.

The Ebbw Vale coal is brilliant, brittle, lights easily, and

Various specimens of household, coking, manufacturing, and cannel coal.

Specimens of coal from the carboniferous limestone formation of Northumberland.

Specimens of the strata and rocks of the coal formation. Specimens of the strata and rocks of the carboniferous limestone formation.

Specimens of coke.

Safety lamps, used in the Durham and Northumberland colleries.

Drawings representing sections of Walbottle Colliery engine pit, in which the engines, pumps, &c., are shown. Model, showing the method of drawing coals from the mine, and screening the same at the surface. Model in wood, showing the mode of ventilating coal mines.

Model, showing an underground ventilating furnace. [The Newcastle coal field is estimated to contain upwards of 360,000 acres of productive coal area in the county of Durham, and nearly 150,000 in Northumberland. Of this 67,000 acres are now worked, and the average thickness of coal may be regarded as 12 feet. An acre contains 4,840 square yards, and each cubic yard of coal is estimated to weigh a ton; so that it may be considered lions of tons of coal, of which about one-eighth part is that the coal field has contained more than 10,000 milprobably consumed, and the present annual consumption may be estimated at ten millions of tons, including the quantity destroyed and rendered unserviceable.

The maps and sections exhibited illustrate the condition of the district and the details of the coal field. The

yields a clear fire. It is light, weighing 534 lbs. to the qualities of coal are three: the common caking kinds,

cube foot.

It contains 89.78 carbon; 5.15 hydrogen; 2.16 nitrogen; 102 sulphur; 0.39 oxygen, and 1.50 ash. The coal yielding the above analysis is that known as the "Ebbw Vale 4 feet steam coal." The mine is 400 to 500 feet deep.-D. T. A.]

COAL TRADE OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Map of the coal-field of Durham and Northumberland, showing the pits and railways, with the faults and other remarkable interruptions.

Section of the coal-field, from and to given points, north and south; and a similar section from east to west. Synopsis of the coal seams, in explanation of the map and section.

Working plan of a colliery, exhibiting the system of working and ventilating the coal mines.

Specimens of the fossil plants of the coal formation, all figured in Lindley and Hutton's Fossil Flora.

1. Lepidodendron Stern- 19. Bothrodendron punctabergii.

2. Ulodendron majus. 3. Ulodendron minus. 4. Lepidodendron gracile. 5. Lepidodendron selagi noides.

6. Sphenophyllum

sum.

ero

tum.

20. Pecopteris nervosa. 21. Asterophyllites comosa. 22. Lepidodendron elegans 23. Pecopteris laciniata. 24. Asterophyllites jubata 25. Sphenopteris latifolia. 26. Sphenopteris fucata. 27. Neuropteris hetero

phylla. 28. Lepidostrobus pinaster. 29. Sphenopteris Honing

7. Calamites nodosus. 8. Bechera grandis. 9. Asterophyllites foliosa. 10. Pecopteris adiantoides. 11. Pecopteris heterophylla 12. Sphenopteris crenata. 30. Sigillaria flexuosa. 13. Sphenopteris crithmi- 31. Lepidodendron plumarium.

folia.

hausi.

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coarser kinds called splint coal, and cannel coal. They are all bituminous, but the proportions differ. The average quantity of gas from the caking coals is about 8,000 cubic feet per ton, the weight of coke being from10 to 12 cwt.

The cannel coal has been much and profitably worked within the last few years, and yields a very much larger quantity of gas, amounting to 10,000 or 12,000 cubic feet the ton.

The coal is worked in the Newcastle coal field at a very great depth, exceeding in some cases 1,800 feet, and the areas worked from one set of pits are often very large, beds of the coal measures are grits and shales, and there The associated amounting to 500 or even 1,000 acres. are many slips and faults, some of them very considerable.

The method of extracting the coal in the Newcastle coal field is that called pillar and stall, which consists in first working a certain proportion of the coal by opening galleries at right angles to each other, leaving large pillars of coal to support the roof. These pillars are afterwards removed, and the roof allowed to sink down, forming what is technically called the goaf.

Owing to the large proportion of gas present in the coal, and the fact that such gas is given off readily from a newly-fractured surface, and on mixture with atmospheric air becomes highly explosive, it is necessary to take great care of the ventilation of the mines, and this more especially when the roof is partly fallen. The method of working has therefore reference to this, and the lights employed where any danger is supposed to exist must also be adapted to the peculiar condition of the mine. The models showing the mode of ventilation and the structure of the ventilating furnace used to produce a strong current of air to circulate through the mine, together with the safety lamps (invented by the late Sir Humphry Davy) will illustrate these methods. mechanical contrivances for drawing and screening the coals (separating the dust and small coal) are also very important in the economy of the district.

The

CLASS 1. Mining and Mineral Products.

There are nearly 200 pits or collieries worked in the district; the number of men and boys employed is about 26,000; and the average price of the coal as shipped for London is not more than 11s. per ton. The estimated quantity of coal, sold in the year 1847, was about 7,730,000 tons.-D. T. A.]

RICHARDS, ALFRED, Redruth, Cornwall

Designer.

upper red sandstone down to the main bed of the carboniferous limestone.

Specimens of Ayrshire and Fifeshire coal and iron stones.

JENKINS, WILLIAM HARRY, Truro. Specimens of arsenic:-White arsenic, arsenious acid, used in glass manufactories, in patent shot manufactories, for washes for sheep, to preserve the wool and prevent the in crystals, and sublimated, for the same purposes. Realgar, sulphuret of arsenic, used by painters as orange red pigment; orpiment, used by painters as yellow pigment.

Sectional model of East Pool Mine copper lode, Corn-y, and for preventing smut in wheat, &c.; white arsenic, wall; showing its direction by an east and west line marked at the base of the model, and the underlies by a perpendicular shaft. The excavations show where the lode has been developed, and whether it has been worked profitably; the levels, winzes, pitches, &c., are labelled. This method of modelling is considered to have an advantage over sections drawn on paper, as it shows the direction and underlies of the lodes.

BLEE, ROBERT, Redruth-Inventor. Safety bucket to be used in mines for drawing up persons or produce. This bucket is furnished with guides to run in grooves which extend along the whole depth or shaft of the pit. To the guides are fixed strong crooks to which the drawing-rope is attached. So long as the tension of the rope continues, the crooks are held in over the bucket. Should the rope break, and its tension consequently cease, the crooks are immediately thrown out by springs, which constantly act on them, and cause the crooks to take hold on the iron staves of strong ladders fixed at the back of the grooves throughout their length.

TAYLOR, R., Falmouth-Proprietor. Model of the machinery and apparatus used for dressing the inferior copper ores called halvans, at the Tywarnhaile mines, the property of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, in the Duchy of Cornwall, consisting

of

Crushing mill, which pulverizes the ore more effectually than the common stamping mills.

Reservoir for receiving the pulverized mineral, and passing it, by the action of a stream of water, to the shaking trunk.

Self-acting shaking-trunk, in which the mineral is separated into proper sizes, for the subsequent processes, by means of a revolving cylindrical sieve, instead of the ordinary process of shaking or stirring it with shovels in a stream of water.

A tye, for cleaning the rough grain ore which does not pass through the cylindrical sieve, and preparing for sale part of the ore which settles at the head.

Double lever jigging machine, for dressing the poorer portion of the mineral from the tye, technically called the tails: by a single operation of this machine, the earthy matter is separated from the ore, and rendered fit for sale. With some qualities of halvans, the use of the tye is dispensed with, and the rough grain comes direct from the shaking sieve to the jigging-machine.

Round buddle, for dressing the fine-grained mineral, which passes through the sieve and settles in the shakingtrunk; the ore which it contains is rendered fit for sale by being twice buddled.

Slime pit, for receiving those portions of the mineral which are reduced to so fine a powder as to be carried away, in the shaking and other processes, by the stream

of water.

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BOLITHO, EDWARD, Penzance.

Model of a reverberatory tin smelting furnace and circular table, 51 inches in diameter. The table revolves on rollers. The model stands in the centre of the table, and is surrounded by specimens of various ores prepared for smelting, as well as products from the smelting works.

[Near this will be found a model of the dressing floors, in one of the mines of the Duchy of Cornwall, in which will be found illustrations of the mode of washing, &c. The tin ores containing arsenic and sulphur are submitted to a roasting process to expel these, and such as contain wolfram are treated by some chemical method, such as that devised by Mr. Oxland, and elsewhere described. The tin ores are then submitted to the smelting process, as shown in this model, a portion of carbon being employed to prevent the oxidation of the metal.-R. H.]

JOHNSON, WILLIAM, Kenlough House, Ballyshannon, Ireland. Draining tiles, from Kenlough.

Specimens of coals, from Kenlough Colliery, Bally

shannon.

JENKINS, W. H., Truro.

Wheal

Varieties of mundics, or pyrites, from various mines in Cornwall-Mangan Mine, an arsenuriet of iron. Withey, near Truro; Baldher Mine, near Truro; Royal Polberrow Consols Mine in St. Agnes; Wheel Andrew and Nangiles, near Truro, and others, a sulphuret of iron. Assorted specimens of pyrites of various qualities, from different mines, by the use of which, in combinations, a large produce of sulphuric acid is obtained.

[The arsenical pyrites, and the copper and iron ores containing arsenic, are the common sources for this substance. The ores are first roasted in "burning houses," and the volatile matters, sulphur and arsenic, collected in the flues. These are afterwards separated from each other by a more delicate process, so as to sublime one

and not the other.

Wolfram, tungstate of iron, has only lately been introduced into the market. The tungstate of soda and tungstic acid are proposed to be employed as a mordant, and a new crimson pigment is an oxide of tungsten.R. H.]

CADELL, HENRY, Scotland.

Coal from Dalkeith Colliery, as a specimen of the general coal-field of Midlothian, with section showing the strata in the coal-field at a depth of 523 fathoms. Steelyard, with improvements.

bounded, but contains some kinds much esteemed for [The Midlothian coal field is not very distinctly household use. It is estimated that the district contains in all, 24 distinct seams, having a total thickness of 94 feet of coal.-D. T. A.]

BANKART, FREDERICK, & SONS, Redjacket Copper
Works, near Neath, Wales-Inventors and
Manufacturers.

Various stages of the process of copper smelting, as

CLASS 1. Mining and Mineral Products.

practised at Redjacket Works, according to the exhibitors' patent process.

zinc paint; by Philip Trant, working shipwright of the
Royal Dockyard, Plymouth; zinc bolts and butts do
not rust like iron bolts; they have great strength and
durability, and are cheaper than copper bolts.
Model of a frigate of 50 guns, sheathed with zinc and
painted with zinc paint; also by Trant.

Designs in perforated zinc by Charles Jack.
Sundry specimens of zinc manufacture.

[This process is as follows:-Copper pyrites reduced to a fine state of division are roasted at a moderate temperature: the result is, that the sulphur of the ore combines with the oxygen of the air, and thus becomes converted into sulphuric acid. The copper is also oxidized; and the acid combining with it, a sulphate of oxide of copper is produced. A second roasting, with an addition of rich sulphur ore, converts all the metal into this salt. It is now dissolved in water, and the copper pre-electro-chemical action. The use of zinc bolts is of very cipitated by iron. It has been found that the copper thus prepared is of remarkable purity.-R. H.]

Rees' patent fuel, prepared from coal alone.

Pure native carbon, found in the collieries of Messrs. Penrose and Starbuck, Vale of Neath, and electrodes manufactured from it by the exhibitors.

Stained glass window, executed by the exhibitors, containing a number of small pieces of glass united upon plate-glass. By this means the use of the lead joinings hitherto employed is obviated, and effects not hitherto attainable in this description of work are produced.

ABERCARN AND GWYTHEN COLLIERIES COMPANY, Newport, Monmouthshire-Proprietors. Block of Abercarn stone; a hard compact sandstone which resists the action of the weather and of fire, and is one of the hard and durable stones found in the sedimentary rocks; it forms a part of the carboniferous (or coal-bearing) series of strata in South Wales. The block is formed in the shape of an obelisk, for the purpose of exhibiting on each face different modes of workmanship in the dressing of the stone.

Block of Abercarn and Gwythen charcoal-vein coal, adapted for steam-vessels; exported at Newport. Block of Abercarn rock-vein coal.

Complete set of the tools used in raising these materials.

[The Abercarn stone, worked in the coal-grit of Monmouthshire, has an argillo-silicious cement, and is rather micaceous. There are 25 feet of workable stone, and large blocks can be procured. It is very durable, and not expensive. It weighs about 168 lbs. to the cubic foot. -D. T. A.]

COPELAND, G. A., Pendennis, Falmouth-Inventor
and Manufacturer.

Safety blasting cartridges, adapted for all kinds of blasting; intended to afford protection to the workmen from premature explosions, &c. The expedition in search of Sir John Franklin was furnished with them, by order of Her Majesty's Government, for ice-blasting in the arctic regions.

BUTLER, JOSEPH LAWRENCE, LiverpoolProprietor. Specimens of coal, cannel-coal, and coke, from different seams, worked by the Moss Hall Coal Company, at Ince, near Wigan.

VIEILLE MONTAGNE ZINC MINING COMPANY.

H. F. SCHMOLL, General Agent, 12, Manchester Buildings, Westminster-Producer. Colossal statue of The Queen on her throne, in all the attributes of royalty, eighteen feet high, in imitation of bronze, sculptured by M. Dantin, sen., and cast in zinc by M. Paillard, Paris.

Busts of The Queen and H.R.H. Prince Albert, life size, in imitation of bronze, sculptured by Francis. Statuette of Sir Robert Peel, two feet high, in imitation of bronze, sculptured by Noble.

Eos, favourite greyhound of H.R.H. Prince Albert, life size, in imitation of bronze, sculptured by Francis; all cast in zinc by Karl Schröder, of London.

Model of sections of Her Majesty's ship "Albion," twodecker, of 90 guns, bolted with zine bolts and painted wi h

[Castings in zinc are bronzed in two ways; one is simply the application of a kind of paint, and the other is by producing on the surface an actual coating of copper by

recent introduction; they appear less liable than iron to corrosion, unless they form part of a galvanic current, when they are rapidly destroyed. Zinc castings bronzed are very durable, and can be produced at a moderate cost. -R. H.]

VIVIAN & SONS, Swansea-Manufacturers.

iron in combination. Raw copper ore; produce, 9.7. Sulphuret of copper and

Calcined ore; copper produce, 7.5.

Raw ore furnace metal; produce of the granulated specimen, 30.5; of the solid piece, 33.7-containing sulphuret of copper and iron in nearly equal quantities. Calcined ore-furnace metal; copper produce, 34.6. Pimpled metal; copper produce, 76.1.

Blistered copper; copper produce, 95.6.

Refined copper, two cakes, one broken across; and two ingots, one broken across.

Slag from ore and metal furnaces.

Series of regulus of copper and iron, showing the different character assumed by each different combination; commencing with equal proportions of copper, iron, and sulphur, and ending with pure sulphuret of

copper.

Ore furnace metal; copper produce, 35.5.
Red metal; copper produce, 61.3.
Blue metal; copper produce, 66.9.
Sparkle metal; copper produce, 72.6.
White metal; copper produce, 73.2.
Pimpled metal; copper produce, 76·1.
Selected metal; copper produce, 78.3.
Regull; copper produce, 77.8.

After the third

[The ore as obtained from the mine as represented in the first specimen, which is the ordinary copper pyrites, is subjected to a calcining process by which arsenic and sulphur are dissipated and part of the metallic sulphurets changed into oxides and sulphates. process the metal still contains sulphur and iron, with other impurities; but by the fourth operation the larger portion of the sulphur and other volatile matters are driven off and replaced by a proportionate quantity of oxygen, thus forming oxides and sulphates, which seldom exceed 4 per cent. on the whole. The pimpled copper, after the fifth process, is almost a pure sulphuret of copper, with particles of pure metallic copper finely interspersed, the foreign matters being arsenic, iron, tin, and lead, which are only to be found as mere traces. Blistered copper is metallic copper still containing small traces of iron, tin, lead, and a little oxide of copper, after which, by the seventh process, the metal is rendered nearly chemically pure. The slags exhibited show the matter in which the various impurities are separated; liar interest to the mineralogist, as showing the mode of these are of very variable composition, but have a pecuformation, under the operations of high temperatures, of many earthy minerals.-R. H.]

JOHNSON & MATTHEY, 79 Hatton Garden-
Manufacturers.

Specimens of metals and metallic compounds :-Platinum crucibles, with capsule covers; and with ordinary

CLASS 1. Mining and Mineral Products.

covers. Capsules, spatula, and large basin of this metal; oxide and sponge platinum.

Palladium; part of an ingot; a cup, soldered with fine gold; another, smaller, raised with the hammer; alloy of silver and palladium used by dentists and philosophical instrument makers; oxide of palladium; and its salts, red and yellow.

Iridiuin; pure metallic in vase; and the native alloy, as used for nibs of pens; its oxide and salts. Rhodium; metallic in vase; its crystal of sodo-chloride; oxide; and phosphuret.

Uranium; its oxide; glass vessel showing the colour produced by the oxide of uranium.

Chips of the above coal are found to be so inflammable that, being lighted at a taper, they burn like a piece of wood.

GARLAND, THOMAS, Fairfield, Redruth-Manu-
facturer.

Impure oxide of arsenic, obtained from tin ores (containing arsenical pyrites) by calcination.

Commercial oxide of arsenic, obtained from the fore

going by sublimation in reverberatory furnaces, and afterwards ground to an impalpable powder.

A finer quality of the preceding.

Lump arsenic, obtained from the preceding by sublimation in close retorts.

[Arsenic is found native occasionally, but is more fre

[Platinum was discovered by Ulloa in 1735, but it was first rendered available by Dr. Wollaston. The largest supply of the metals platinum, palladium, iridium, rho-quently combined with other metals, of which iron, dium, and uranium, is obtained from the Uralian Moun. tains; some is procured from the alluvial deposits of Brazil and other parts of South America. These metals, except uranium, are commonly found combined. Uranium is procured from pitchblende, uranite, and other minerals found in Cornwall and Bohemia.-R. H.]

[The colour produced by mixing a minute portion of the oxide of uranium in a mass of molten glass is one of the most beautiful colours obtained by art. It is a charming golden green of an opalline lustre so peculiar as to distinguish it from all other colours in glass.R. E.]

O'BYRNE, WILLIAM CHARLES, 7 Montague Street, Portman Square-Proprietor, Specimen of Slievardagh coal.

[Slievardagh is in the county Tipperary, which contains a coal-field about 20 miles long, and 6 miles broad at the widest part; the coals lying in deep troughs, and consisting of three beds, one nine inches, and the others two feet deep. It is estimated by Sir R. Kane that 50,000 tons of coals per annum were worked from this district in 1845. -D. T. A.]

WATNEY, ALFRED, Llanelly, Wales-Producer
and Manufacturer.

Specimen of pure anthracite coal, raised from a pit at Gwendraeth, Llanelly, Carmarthenshire.

cobalt, nickel, silver, copper, antimony, and manganese readily at a temperature of 365° Fahrenheit. It combines are the chief. It is very soft but brittle, and volatilizes with oxygen in white arsenic (arsenious acid), and with sulphur in realgar and orpiment. The former substance is used in medicine, in the manufacture of glass, &c. The sulphurets are valuable pigments, both in dyeing and in the fine arts.-D. T. A.]

PUCKEY, JOHN, St. Blazey, St. Austell

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Specimens to illustrate the exhibitor's process for the Two models of anthracite blast furnace (scale half-inch separation of silver from lead: viz., original lead; crysto one foot), situated at Gwendraeth, Llanelly, Carmar-tallized lead; slabs of lead, to show the form of the crys

thenshire.

Pig-iron of excellent quality for foundry, tin-plate and boiler-plate purposes.

Furnace cinder or slag, classified according to the quality of iron made simultaneously with each. Raw coal used in furnace; it burns without smoke, and bears the strongest heat without decrepitation. Raw and calcined clay ironstone, Limestone used as flux.

Sandstone used for lining hearths and boshes of furnace.

ABERDARE IRON COMPANY, Aberdare, near
Merthyr Tydvil, Wales-Proprietors.

Aberdare steam-coal.

[The steam-coal of South Wales is compact, very slightly bituminous, burning almost wholly without smoke, and not subject to spontaneous combustion. It contains generally from 80 to 85 per cent. carbon, and less than 3 per cent. of ashes, and may be regarded as intermediate in quality between bituminous coal and anthracite. It is found abundantly, and is chiefly shipped at Swansea, and at a very moderate price.-D. T. A.]

RUSSELL, JAMES, & SON, Bathgate, Stirling. Specimen of cannel or gas coal, from Boghead, near Bathgate, Scotland, chiefly used for the production of gas, of which it yields 13,500 cubic feet per ton; the specific gravity being 775.

tals; rich lead; plate of silver obtained by submitting rich lead to cupellation. Large drawing to illustrate the

process.

[This process of desilverizing lead is founded on the physical fact, that lead crystallizes at a temperature above

that at which silver solidifies, and in this process of aggregation, the silver is separated from the commoner metal. It is effected by the use of hemispherical cast-iron pans, holding about three tons of metal, which are heated by a fire below them; the argentiferous lead is placed in these, and melted, after which the fire is withdrawn, and all made air-tight below. The workman now begins to agitate the mass, which he does with an iron rake, removing the solid parts from the edges, as solidification takes place. With an iron strainer the solid crystals are removed as fast as they are formed; these are nearly pure lead, the liquid mass left behind being rich in silver. This process is repeated three or four times, the mass left after the last to the ton, is then submitted to the process of cupellation, operation, which contains from 3 to 400 ounces of silver by which the lead is oxidized, and the silver left in a state of purity behind.

By the original method, lead ores containing less than 20 ounces of silver to the ton scarcely paid the expense of working. By this process, ores containing only three ounces to the ton, are made to yield their silver.---R. P.]

CLASS 1. Mining and Mineral Products.

PATTINSON & CAIN, Newcastle-upon-Tyne--

Producers.

From

Specimens of a peculiar ore of lead, viz., arsenio-phosphate of lead, rarely found in such large masses. Dry Gill Mine, near Hesket New Market, Cumberland. [This appears to be the mineral called by Breithaupt, Kampylit, an arseniate of lead, in which the arsenic is partially replaced by phosphorus.

The arsenio-phosphate of lead from this mine has been employed in glass manufacture, for the purpose of giving high transparency to the best flint or crystal, which appeared to be produced by the formation of a lead glass, which may be regarded as a phosphate of lead and silica. -R. H.]

ORMEROD,; Manchester.

Copper pyrites. Cobalt ochre.

[Copper pyrites is an ore of copper containing about 36 per cent. of sulphur, 34 of copper, and 30 of iron.

Cobalt ochre (cobalt bloom) is a native hydrated associate of cobalt, consisting of water, protoxide of cobalt, and arsenic. These specimens are from Alderley Edge, Cheshire, where they occur under very peculiar geological conditions.-W. D. L. R.]

WIDDOWSON, JOSEPH, St. Austell

Manager.

Slab of rosin tin ore, from the 25 fathom level at West Par Consols mine, near St. Austell, Cornwall, containing 74 per cent. of ore. The ore as prepared for sale. Sample of the metal.

Stone of the magnetic oxide of iron, from Roche Rock iron mine, in the parish of Roche, Cornwall.

Sulphuret of copper, or yellow copper ore, from Bodmin Wheal Mary Consols, near Bodmin, Cornwall. Ore broken from a lode or vein. Sample of the same as prepared for sale.

SECCOMBE, SAMUEL, Phenix Mines, Liskeard

Producer.

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Specimens of iron pyrites, from the great sulphur lode, Ballygahan mine, Wicklow; exported to Liverpool, &c. Sulphuret of copper, from same place. Sulphuret of lead, or galena; white carbonate of lead; sulphate of barytes, with crystals of phosphate of lead; all from Glenmolure mine, county Wicklow.

Native gold, and imitation of a large piece (found some years ago), from the gold mines, county Wicklow. Silver (the property of Mr. Donegan, Dublin), from the Irish Mining Company's lead mines.

Specimens of stratified breccia, composed of angular fragments of granite embedded in calp or impure limestone, and of granite, from Crumlin quarry, near Tallaght, county Dublin. Limestone from Sutton, same county, and from Clane, county Kildare. Porphyry, from Lambay Island, county Dublin.

[The iron pyrites of Wicklow is used in the chemical works of St. Helen's and other places near Liverpool, for various processes where sulphur is required. It contains, when pure, iron 46.67, sulphur 53.33.

This material is associated with the copper ores of Wicklow, and occurs in a vein traversing the copper lodes in a north-eastern and south-western direction. It is found at the surface, and is raised in large quantities, down to the depth of 50 feet, the lode varying in width from 4 to 36 feet.

The native gold of Wicklow is remarkable for the comparatively large quantities in which it has been found. Some of the lumps weighed from 18 to 22 ounces, and 945 ounces were collected during some operations carried on by Government some years ago. The gold is associated with iron and quartz, in a bed of detritus varying from 20 to 50 feet deep.

Considerable quantities of silver, as well as gold, have been found in Ireland at various periods in the history of the country.—D. T. A.]

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The returns for 1850 are not yet completed.-R. H.] Composition tube, being an amalgam of certain metals, calculated to resist the action of acids contained in water or gas.

GREY, JOHN, Dilston, Corbridge-Agent.

Blende and calamine from Alston Moor, Cumberland. Four plates of spelter, two whole, and two broken, produced from the same.

Lead ores.

DAVIES and TAYLOR, Aberystwyth.

[The Cardiganshire mines are among the most interesting in the kingdom. They were worked at a very early period, probably by the Romans. Henry VII. encouraged mining by several grants, involving privileges to those who would work these mines. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, there was a grant made of all these mines to Thomas Thurland and Daniel Houghsetter, Germans, who worked these mines for some time. They eventually passed into the hands of Sir Hugh Middleton, who realized so large a profit by working them, that in 1608, he set about the great work of bringing the New River from Ware to London, for which he was knighted by

Sulphuret of lead, from Killing mine, county Dublin; from Clontarf mine; from Lyrus, county Kildare; and other counties. Black oxide and other copper ores from Ballystein, county Limerick. Sulphurets of lead and copper, in fluate of lime, from Inveran, near Galway. Peacock copper ore, from Killarney mines. Oxide of manganese, from Glandore, county Cork. Bog iron ore, The present value of the Cardiganshire mines will be from Howth, county Dublin. Crystals of quartz, weigh-seen by the following list of the produce of these mines ing 84 lbs., from Donegal.

James I.

in 1819.

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