time, much courted, on account of the extraordinary amount of intelligence he had acquired, and a strain of lively humor that seems to have been quite irrepressible. The quaint and familiar cast of his mind disposed him to be less particular in the selection of materials, and also in the arrangement of them, than scholars generally are. He would often sit patiently for hours, listening to the prattle of old women, in order to obtain snatches of local history, traditionary anecdote, and proverbial wisdom. These, he afterward wrought up in his work, entitled The Worthies of England, which is a strange melange of topography, biography, and popular antiquities.

When the heat of the civil war was past, Fuller returned to London, and soon after became lecturer at St. Bride's Church. He was now engaged on his Church History of Britain, which was published in 1656, in one volume folio. He afterward devoted himself to the preparation of his 'Worthies,' which he did not complete till 1660. Meanwhile, he had passed through some other situations in the church, the last of which was that of chaplain to Charles the Second, upon which the university of Cambridge conferred upon him the degree of doctor of divinity. It was thought that the king intended to confer upon him a bishopric, but he was unfortunately attacked with a fever, on his return from a visit to his uncle, the bishop of Salisbury, of which he died, on the tenth of August, 1660.

In person, Fuller was tall and handsome, and in conversational power unrivalled. As a proof of his wonderful memory, it is said that he could repeat five hundred unconnected words after twice hearing them, and recite the whole of the signs in the principal thoroughfares of London, after once passing through it and back again.

Fuller's first literary performance was a divine poem, written while he resided at Cambridge, and published under the title of David's Heinous Sin, Hearty Repentance, and Heavy Punishment. Soon after he settled in London appeared his History of the Holy War. His only other work of importance, besides those already mentioned, are The Profane and Holy States, and A Pisgah View of Palestine. His principal work, the 'Worthies,' is rather a collection of brief memoranda than a regular composition, so that it does not admit of extract for our purpose. The style of all Fuller's works is extremely quaint and jocular; and in the power of drawing humorous comparisons, he is little, if at all, inferior to Butler himself. His 'Holy and Profane States,' contains admirably drawn characters, which are held forth as examples to be respectively imitated and avoided; such as the Good Father, the Good Soldier, and the Good Master. In this and the other productions of Fuller, there is a vast fund of sagacity and good sense, frequently expressed in language so pithy, that a large collection of admirable and striking maxims might easily be drawn from his pages. We have not, however, space for samples of these, but shall be satisfied with presenting the following admirably drawn character:

THE GOOD SCHOOLMASTER.

There is scarce any profession in the commonwealth more necessary, which is so slightly performed. The reasons whereof I conceive to be these:-First, young scholars make this calling their refuge; yea, perchance, before they have taken any degree in the university, commence schoolmasters in the country, as if nothing else were required to set up this profession but only a rod and a ferula. Secondly, others who are able, use it only as a passage to better preferment, to patch the rents in their present fortune, till they can provide a new one, and betake themselves to some more gainful calling. Thirdly, they are disheartened from doing their best with the miserable reward which in some places they receive, being masters to their children and slaves to their parents. Fourthly, being grown rich they grow negligent, and scorn to touch the school but by the proxy of the usher. But see how well our schoolmaster behaves himself.

His genius inclines him with delight to his profession. Some men had as well be schoolboys as schoolmasters, to be tied to the school, as Cooper's Dictionary and Scapula's Lexicon are chained to the desk therein; and though great scholars, and skillful in other arts, are bunglers in this. But God, of his goodness, hath fitted several men for several callings that the necessity of church and state, in all conditions, may be provided for. So that he who beholds the fabrics thereof, may say, God hewed out the stone, and appointed it to lie in this very place, for it would fit none other so well, and here it doth most excellent. And thus God mouldeth some for a schoolmaster's life, undertaking it with desire and delight, and discharging it with dexterity and happy success.

He studieth his scholars' natures as carefully as they their books; and ranks their dispositions into several forms. And though it may seem difficult for him in a great school to descend to all particulars, yet experienced schoolmasters may quickly make a grammar of boys' natures, and reduce them all (saving some few exceptions) to these general rules:

1. Those that are ingenious and industrious. The conjunction of two such planets in a youth presage much good unto him. To such a lad a frown may be a whipping and a whipping a death; yea, where their master whips them once, shame whips them all the week after. Such natures he useth with all gentleness.

2. Those that are ingenious and idle. These think with the hare in the fable, that running with snails (so they count the rest of their schoolfellows,) they shall come soon enough to the post, though sleeping a good while before their starting. Oh, a good rod would finely take them napping.

3. Those that are dull and diligent. Wines the stronger they be, the more lees they have when they are new. Many boys are muddy-headed till they be clarified with age, and such afterward prove the best. Bristol diamonds are both bright, and squared, and pointed by nature, and yet are soft and worthless, whereas orient ones in India are rough and rugged naturally. Hard, rugged, and dull natures of youth, acquit themselves afterward the jewels of the country, and therefore their dullness at first is to be borne with, if they be diligent. That schoolmaster deserves to be beaten himself, who beats nature in a boy for a fault. And I question whether all the whipping in the world can make their parts which are naturally sluggish, rise one minute before the hour nature hath appointed.

4. Those that are invincibly dull, and negligent also. Correction may reform the latter, not amend the former. All the whetting in the world can never set a razor's edge on that which hath no steel in it. Such boys he consigneth over to other professions. Shipwrights and boat-makers will choose those crooked pieces of timber which other carpenters refuse. Those may make excellent merchants and mechanics which will not serve for scholars.

He is able, diligent, and methodical in his teachings; not leading them rather in

a circle than forwards. He minces his precepts for children to swallow, hanging clogs on the nimbleness of his own soul, that his scholars may go along with him. He is and will be known to be an absolute monarch in his school. If cockering mothers proffer him money to purchase their son's exemption from his rod, (to live, as it were, in a peculiar, out of their master's jurisdiction,) with disdain he refuseth it, and scorns the late custom in some places of commuting whipping into money, and ransoming boys from the rod at a set price. If he hath a stubborn youth, correction-proof, he debaseth not his authority by contesting with him, but fairly, if he can, puts him away before his obstinacy hath infected others.

He is moderate in inflicting deserved correction. Many a schoolmaster better answereth the name paidotribes then paidagogos, rather tearing his scholars' flesh with whipping than giving them good education. No wonder if his scholars hate the muses, being presented unto them in the shapes of fiends and furies.

Such an Orbilius mars more scholars than he makes. Their tyranny hath caused many tongues to stammer which spake plain by nature, and whose stuttering at first was nothing else but fears quavering on their speech at their master's presence. And whose mauling them about their heads hath dulled those who in quickness exceeded their master.

He makes his school free to him who sues to him in forma pauperi. And surely learning is the greatest alms that can be given. But he is a beast who, because the poor scholar can not pay him his wages, pays the scholar in his whipping; rather are diligent lads to be encouraged with all excitements to learning. This minds me of what I have heard concerning Mr. Bust, that worthy late schoolmaster of Eton, who would not suffer any wandering begging scholar (such as justly the statute hath ranked in the forefront of rogues), to come into his school, but would thrust him out with earnestness (however privately charitable unto him), lest his schoolboys should be disheartened from their books, by seeing some scholars, after their studying in the university, preferred to beggary.

He spoils not a good school to make whereof a bad college, therein to teach his scholars logic. For, besides that, logic may have an action of trespass against grammar, for encroaching on her liberties, syllogisms are solecisms taught in the school and oftentimes they are forced afterward into the university to unlearn the fumbling. skill they had before. Out of his school he is in no way pedantical in carriage or discourse; contenting himself to be rich in Latin, though he doth not jingle with it in every company wherein he comes.

To conclude, let this, amongst other motives, make schoolmasters careful in their place, that the eminences of their scholars have commended the memories of their schoolmasters to posterity, who, otherwise in obscurity, had altogether been forgot

ten.

Who had ever heard of R. Bond, in Lancashire, but for the breeding of learned Ascham, his scholar? or of Hartgrave, in Brundly school, in the same county, but because he was the first did teach worthy Dr. Whitaker? Nor do I honour the memory of Mulcaster for any thing so much as his scholar, that gulf of learning, Bishop Andrews. This made the Athenians, the day before the great feast of Theseus, their founder, to sacrifice a ram to the memory of Conidas, his schoolmaster, that first instructed him.

EDWARD HYDE, afterwards Earl of Clarendon, and Lord High Chancellor of England, was one of the most remarkable personages of this or any other period of English literature. Descended from an ancient family in Cheshire, and born at Dinton, in Wiltshire, on the sixteenth of February, 1608, he entered Magdalen Hall, Oxford, at the early age of fourteen, whence he was graduated with the degree of bachelor of arts, in 1625, not yet having attained the seventeenth year of his age. From the university, Hyde reVOL. II.—I

moved to London, entered the Middle Temple, and there, for a number of years, pursued the study of the law with the greatest diligence and success. While thus employed, he associated much with some of the most eminent of his contemporaries, among whom were Selden, Waller, Hales, and Chillingworth. From the conversation of these and other distinguished individuals, the characters of some of whom he has admirably drawn in his works, he considered himself to have derived a great portion of his knowledge; and he declared that he never was so proud, or thought himself so good a man, as when he was the worst man in the company.' In the practice of the law he made so creditable a figure as to attract the attention of the most eminent of the profession; but being in easy circumstances, and having entered parliament, in 1640, he soon afterwards quitted the bar, and devoted himself, thenceforth, to public affairs. At first he abstained from connecting himself with any political party; but eventually he joined the royalists, to whose principles he was naturally inclined, though not in a violent degree. In the struggles between Charles the First, and the people, he was much consulted by the king, who, however, sometimes gave him great offence by disregarding his advice. Many of the papers issued in the royal cause during the civil war, were the productions of Hyde's pen. Charles, while holding his court at Oxford, nominated him chancellor of the exchequer, and conferred upon him the honor of knighthood.

In 1644, Hyde left the king, and accompanied Prince Charles to the west, and subsequently to Jersey, where he remained two years after the prince's departure from that island, engaged in tranquil literary pursuits, and especially in writing a history of the stormy events in which he had so lately been an actor. In 1648 he joined the prince in Holland, and the next year went as one of his ambassadors to Madrid, having previously settled his family at Antwerp. In Spain, the ambassadors were coldly received; and after suffering much from poverty and neglect, they were at length, in 1651, ordered to quit the kingdom. Hyde retired to his family at Antwerp, but in the autumn of the same year, joined the exiled prince in Paris. Thenceforth he continued to be of great service in managing the embarrassed pecuniary affairs of the court, in giving counsel to the king, and in preserving harmony among his adherents. At the same time his own poverty was such, that he remarks in one of his letters, written in 1652, 'I have neither clothes nor fire to preserve me from the sharpness of the season; and in the following year he says, 'I have not had a livre of my own for three months.'

Hyde was a man of activity, integrity, and strict economy; and, therefore, Charles's indolent and extravagant habits greatly annoyed him. The prince, however, had the discernment to perceive the value of such a friend, and, therefore, expressed his approbation of his conduct, by raising him to the dignity of lord chancellor. The appointment by a king, without a kingdom, besides serving to testify royal favor, enabled the easy and indolent monarch to rid himself of clamorous applicants for future lucrative offices in

England, by referring them to one who had greater ability to resist solicitation with firmness. Of the four confidential counsellors by whose advice Charles was almost exclusively directed after the death of Oliver Cromwell, Hyde bore the greatest share of business, and was believed to possess the greatest influence. The measures he recommended were tempered with sagacity, prudence, and moderation.' The chancellor was a witness of the Restoration; he was with Charles at Canterbury, in his progress to London, followed his triumphal entry into the capitol, and took his seat on the first of June, 1660, as speaker of the House of Lords: he also sat on the same day in the Court of Chancery. In the same year his daughter became the wife of the Duke of York; and by this marriage Hyde was rendered the progenitor of two queens of England, Mary and Anne. At the coronation, in 1661, the earldom of Clarendon was conferred upon him, accompanied with a present from the king of twenty thousand pounds.

Clarendon enjoyed the office of chancellor till 1665, when, having incurred the popular displeasure by some of his measures, and raised up many bitter enemies in the court by his opposition to the dissoluteness and extravagance which there prevailed, he resigned the great seal at his majesty's command, and was soon after compelled to withdraw from the kingdom. He retired into France, where he occupied several years in completing his History of the Rebellion, and died at Rouen, on the ninth of December, 1673. His remains were afterwards brought to England and interred on the north side of King Henry the Seventh's chapel, in Westminster Abbey.

The History of the Rebellion,' Clarendon's great work, is not written in the studied manner usually observed in historical compositions, but in an easy flowing conversational style; and it is generally esteemed for the lively descriptions which the author gives, from his own knowledge and observations, of his most eminent contemporaries. The events are narrated with that freshness and minuteness which no writer but one concerned in them could have attained; but in judging of the characters and transactions described, some allowance must be made for the political prejudices of the author, which, as we have already observed, were those of a moderate and virtuous royalist. The principal faults of his style are prolixity and want of clearness the narrative is also frequently interrupted by the introduction of minute discussions of accessory matters.

Lord Clarendon wrote also a variety of shorter works, among which are a life of himself, a reply to the 'Leviathan' of Hobbes, and an admirable Essay on an Active and Contemplative Life, and why the One should be preferred before the Other. This last work is peculiarly valuable,, as the production of a man who, to a sound and vigorous understanding, added rare knowledge of the world, and much experience of life, both active and retired. He strongly maintains the superiority of an active course, as having the greater tendency to promote, not only the happiness and usefulness, but also the virtue of the individual. In the year 1811, a work of Lord Clarendon's, which had till that time remained in manuscript, was published under the