LESSON XL.

MAP STUDIES.-NORTH CAROLINA.

State the situation of the following Cities and Towns, viz. :--Yanceyville, Oxford, Warrenton, Weldon, Halifax, Edenton, Tarboro, .Plymouth, Washington, Greenville, Goldsboro, Newbern, Kenansville, Beaufort, Smithville, Wilmington, Whitesville, Elizabethtown, Lumberton, Fayetteville, Charlotte, Rutherfordton, Murphy, Asheville, Morgantown, Salem, Salisbury, Ashboro, Greensboro, Hillsboro, and RALEIGH.

NORTH CAROLINA.

Area in sq. miles, 50,700. Population, 869,000. Inhabitants to a sq. mile, 19. Counties, 82.

Geographical Position, etc.-This state lies between Virginia on the north, and South Carolina and Georgia on the south. It is about 450 miles in length, and its greatest breadth about 180.

Surface. It is naturally divided into three distinct physical sections; the eastern, or seaward section, consisting for the most part of a low, level, and sandy plain, abounding in marshes, and interspersed here

and there with shallow lakes; the

middle section, which is hilly, or gently undulating; and the western section, a mountainous region forming an elevated table-land.

The coast of North Carolina is skirted by a range of low, sandy islands, surrounded by shoals, which render navigation exceedingly dangerous. The Great Dismal Swamp, partly in the N. E. part of this state and partly in Virginia, covers a surface of 100,000 acres. This swamp is mostly covered with codar, pine, and cypress trees.

Soil, etc.-Much of the low sandy section, which extends from the coast about 60 miles inland, is covered with vast forests of pitch pine, that furnish not only lumber, but large quantities of tar, turpentine, and resin. In the interior of the state the soil is productive and highly favorable to agricultural pursuits.

The climate is hot and unhealthy in the summer, on the coast, but cooler and more salubrious in the more elevated districts.

Cotton, rice, and indigo, grow well in the eastern lowlands; the higher grounds are adapted to the growth of grains, fruits, &c. The staple products are Indian corn, tobacco, and sweet potatoes. This state is rich in minerals, especially gold.

Inhabitants, etc.—The first English settlement in North America, was made on Roanoke Island, 1585, under the auspices of Sir Walter Raleigh. Subsequently the colonists became discouraged and returned to England; but in 1650, permanent settlements were made on the banks of the Chowan and Roanoke, by emigrants from Virginia. The leading industrial pursuit is agriculture; mining and manufactures receive considerable attention.

Manufactures and Exports.-North Carolina is an agricultural, not a manufacturing state. Among the manufactures, those of cotton, iron and leather are the most important. The exports are chiefly agricultural products. Tar, pitch, and turpentine, are exported in large quantities.

Cities.-RALEIGH, the capital, is situated about six miles west of Neuse River. Its situation is both elevated and healthy. In the centre of the city is Union Square, in which stands the State House, a splendid building, built after the model of the Parthenon at Athens in Greece. The North Carolina Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, recently established at this place, is also worthy of notice.

NEWBERN, situated on the south-west bank of the River Neuse, is a place of considerable trade. The chief exports of the place are lumber, grain, tar, pitch, turpentine and resin.

BEAUFORT, which is noted as possessing the best harbor in the state, has also considerable trade in the various products of the pine.

WILMINGTON, situated on the left or east bank of Cape Fear River, is the largest and most commercial city in the state. Mail steamers ply daily between this place and Charleston, and several steamboats keep up a constant communication between this port and Fayetteville.

CHARLOTTE, one of the principal towns in the western part of the state, is rapidly increasing, owing to its proximity to the gold mines. A United States Mint is established here for the purpose of coining the gold.

FAYETTEVILLE, situated on. the west side of Cape Fear River, is the centre of an extensive trade. The town possesses ample water power which is employed in the manufacture of cotton and flour. The articles of export are mainly the products of the pine.

LESSON XLI.

MAP STUDIES.-SOUTH CAROLINA.

State the situation of the following Cities and Towns, viz.:— Greenville, Spartanburg, Yorkville, Cheraw, Darlington, Conwayboro, Georgetown, Charleston, Beaufort, Walterboro, Branchville, Hamburg, Edgefield, Abbeville, Andersonville, Newberry, Winnsboro, COLUMBIA, Sumterville, and Orangeburg.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

Area in sq. miles, 29,380. Population, 669,000. Inhabitants to a sq. mile, 23. Districts, 29.

Geographical Position, etc.-South Carolina lies between North Carolina and Georgia; from the latter it is separated by Savannah River. The extreme length and breadth of the state, measure about 210 miles each, and the coast line about 200 miles.

Surface, etc.—The coast from 80 to 100 miles inland, is covered with forests of pitch pine, interspersed with numerous swampy tracts ́and permeated by several sluggish streams; beyond this, a belt of territory succeeds, which consists chiefly of numerous sand hills, with here and there an oasis of verdure, or a plantation of maize.

West of this, the surface rises, at first suddenly and afterwards by a gradual elevation, forming what is called "the Ridge; " and westward of the Ridge the surface is agreeably diversified by hill and dale, forests and pleasant streams. Like North Carolina, the coast is skirted by a range of low islands, covered with forests of live oak, pine, and palmettoes. At present these islands are under cultivation, The chief article cultivated is sea-island cotton.

Soil, etc.-According to a report of the Agricultural surveyors of the state, we learn that South Carolina possesses six distinct varieties of soil; 1. Tide swamp; devoted to the culture of rice. 2. Inland swamp; to rice, cotton, corn, &c. 3. Salt marsh; to long cotton. 4. Oak and pine; to long cotton, corn, &c. 5. Oak and hickory; to short cotton, corn, indigo, &c.; and Pine barren; to fruits, vegetables, &c.

The climate is similar to that of North Carolina, but the state being further south, it partakes in a greater degree of the tropical character. Cotton and rice are the great staples. Of the minerals, gold, iron, and lead are the most important. The gold is obtained from the same belt (extending from the Rappahannock River to the Coosa), in which the gold of Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia is found.

Inhabitants, etc.—The first permanent settlement of this state was made at Oyster Point, now Charleston, in 1680. Among the original settlers (mostly English) were some Scotch, Germans, and also some French Huguenots. The leading objects of pursuit, are agriculture and commerce.

Manufactures and Exports.-This state is not largely engaged in manufactures. The chief exports are cotton and rice. There is more rice exported from this state than from all the other states in the Union together. Lumber and naval stores are also largely exported.

Cities.-COLUMBIA, the capital, situated on the left r east bank of Congaree River, is regularly laid out with wide streets beautifully ornamented with numerous trees. The site of the city is considerably elevated, affording extensive views of the surrounding country, which is chiefly a cotton and corn region, in the highest state of culture. The South Carolina College is located at this place.

GEORGETOWN, a port of entry, is situated on the west side of Winyaw Bay. This town is noted for its coasting trade.

CHARLESTON, the metropolis and principal seaport, is situated on a peninsula between Ashley and Cooper Rivers, which unite below the city and form a spacious harbor, about 7 miles from the Ocean. Steamers run to Savannah and different parts of Florida on the south, and to Baltimore and New York on the north.

The streets of the city are, in some quarters, lined with the "Pride of India" and other trees. Many of the houses are beautifully ornamented with verandahs, reaching from the ground to the roof, and surrounded by gardens, profusely adorned with orange trees, magnolias, palmettoes, &c.

This city contains several educational, literary and other institutions, among which may be mentioned the State Medical College, the Charleston College, the City Hall and the Orphan Asylum.

HAMBURG, situated on the east bank of the Savannah River, is a noted cotton mart, and has a large inland trade. It lies opposite Augusta, with which it is connected by a bridge which crosses the Savannah at this place.

CAMDEN, a flourishing town, on the east bank of the Wateree, is chiefly remarkable for the battles fought in its vicinity during the Revolution.

LESSON XLII.

MAP STUDIES.-GEORGIA.

State the situation of the following Cities and Towns, viz. :-Rome, Trenton, Dalton, Cassville, Dahlonega, Clarksville, Athens, Greensboro, Washington, Augusta, Millen, Savannah, Darien, Brunswick, Jeffersonton, St. Mary's, Waresboro, Irwinville, Thomasville, Bainbridge, Newton, Albany, Fort Gaines, Americus, Lumpkin, Columbus, Hamilton, West Point, La Grange, Griffin, Newnan, Atlanta, Marietta, Decatur, Oxford, Covington, Madison, Eatonton, MILLEDGEVILLE, Forsyth, Macon, Hawkinsville, Dublin, and Jacksonville.

GEORGIA.

Area in sq. miles, 58,000. Population, 906,000. Inhabitants to a sq. mile, 15. Counties, 112. Geographical Position, etc.-This state extends from Tennessee and North Carolina on the north, to Florida on the south, and from the waters of Savannah River and the Atlantic Ocean on the east, to Alabama on the west. The length of the state is about 300 miles, and its greatest breadth about 250 miles. Length of sea-coast, 80 miles.

Surface, etc.-This state, like South Carolina, may be divided into three physical sections, viz.: the alluvial flats which extend from the Ocean inland about 100 miles; the sand hill belt, or pine barrens, extending inland to the lower falls of the rivers; and the hilly or mountainous tract of the north and north-west. The Blue Ridge crosses near the western edge of the state.