RODOLPH I signal success, of breaking the enemy's line. In the early part of the engagement Admiral Drake, whose division led to action, gained the highest honour by the gallantry with which he received, and the effect with which he returned, the fire of the whole French line. His leading ship, the Marlborough, Captain Penny, was peculiarly distinguished. She received and returned, at the nearest distances, the first fire of twenty-three French ships of war, and had the fortune only to have three men killed and sixteen wounded: one proof, among a hundred others, of the ineffectual force of the French system of firing. The signal for close fighting had from the first been thrown out, and was, without a single exception, punctually observed. The line was formed at only a cable's length distance. The British ships, as they came up, ranged slowly along the enemy's line and close under their lee, where they gave and received a most tremendous fire. They were so near that every shot took effect, and the French ships being overcrowded with troops, the carnage in them was prodigious. Some opinion may be formed of the havoc made from the circumstance of the Formidable, Sir George Rodney's ship, having fired nearly fourscore broadsides; and it may be believed that she was not singular. The French stood and returned this fire with equal bravery, and both sides fought as if the fate and honour of their respective countries had been staked upon the issue of that single day. About noon Sir George Rodney made the movement already alluded to, and, supported by three other ships, broke through the enemy's line, about three ships short of the centre, where De Grasse commanded in the Ville de Paris of 112 guns. Being followed and supported by the ships astern of his division, he wore round upon his keel, and, completing their separation, threw them into inextricable confusion. This masterly push decided the fortune of the day; although the French continued to fight with great bravery till the darkness, which in those latitudes almost immediately succeeds the setting of the sun, obliged both parties to desist. The broken state of the French fleet naturally exposed, in some instances, a few ships to the attack of a greater number; and the extent of the action, with the darkness and uncertainty occasioned by the smoke, afforded opportunities which might have been less expected for single combat. The Canada of seventy-four guns, Captain Cornwallis, took the French Hector, of the same force, singly. Captain Inglefield, in the Centaur of seventy-four guns, also came up from the rear to the attack of the Cæsar of seventyfour. Both ships were yet fresh and had received no injury, and a most gallant action took place; but though the French captain had evidently the disadvantage, he still disdained to yield. Three other ships came up successively. His courage was inflexible; he is said to have nailed his colours to the masts, and the contest terminated only with his death. When she struck, her masts went overboard, and she had not a foot of canvass without a shothole. The Glorieux also fought nobly, and did not strike till her masts, bowsprit, and ensign, were shot away. The English ship Ardent of sixty-four guns, which had been taken by the enemy in the beginning of the war, was now retaken by the Belliqueux or the Bedford. The Diadem, a French seventy-four, went down by a single broadside in an exertion to save 805 ported, even after the line was broken, and till the disorder and confusion became unavoidable. His two seconds, the Languedoc and Coronne, were particularly distinguished, and the former narrowly escaped being taken in her last efforts to extricate the admiral. The Ville de Paris, after being much battered, was closely attacked by the Canada; and, in a desperate action of nearly two hours, was reduced almost to a wreck. Captain Cornwallis was so eager in his design upon the French admiral that, without taking possession of the Hector, he left her to be picked up by a frigate, while he proceeded to the Ville de Paris. It seemed as if the count was determined to sink rather than strike to any other than the admiral: though he perhaps also considered the fatal effects which the striking of his flag might produce on his fleet. At length Sir Samuel Hood came up in the Barfleur, almost at sunset, and poured in a most tremendous fire, which is said to have killed sixty men; but the count de Grasse, wishing to signalise as much as possible the loss of so fine and favourite a ship, endured the repetitions of this fire for about a quarter of an hour longer. He then struck his flag and surrendered himself to Sir Samuel Hood. With the Ville de Paris were taken four others of the line, one of which, the Cæsar, afterwards blew up, with a lieutenant and fifty British seamen aboard, and about 400 prisoners; and another was sunk by a single broadside during the engagement. ship was lost in the British fleet, and its whole loss of men was computed to be less than that on board the Ville de Paris alone. A barony and a pension of 2000l. per annum were the rewards which were bestowed on him by his country for services of such importance, and at his death, which took place in 1792, a monument was voted to his memory at the national expense, which was subsequently placed in the north transept of St. Paul's cathedral. A view of this monument is given in the subjoined engraving. Not a RODOLPH I., emperor of Germany and founder her admiral. The count de Grasse was nobly sup- of the imperial house of Austria, was born in 1218, 806 ROEDERER, PIERRE LOUIS, COUNT--ROE, SIR THOMAS. being the eldest son of Albert IV., count of Haps- | and magnanimous. In the beginning of his career burg, and landgrave of Alsace. He was brought up he seems to have shared in the usual license of the in the court and camp of the emperor Frederic II., period in pursuit of aggrandizement; but, as an emand, on the death of his father, succeeded to territo-peror, he has been considered, for the most part, as ries of a very moderate extent, which, in the spirit of equitable and just as he was brave and intelligent. the times, he sought to augment by military enterROEDERER, PIERRE LOUIS, COUNT, was prises. In 1245 he married a daughter of the count born at Metz in 1754. He became counsellor of the of Homburg, by whom he acquired an accession of parliament of Metz before the revolution; and in territory, and some years after served under Ottocar, 1789 he was chosen deputy to the constituent asking of Bohemia, against the pagan Prussians. Se- sembly. A high reputation for talents preceded him, veral years of active warfare ensued, in which he which was justified by the eloquence of his speeches much distinguished himself by his prudence, valour, on the most important questions. He was a conand the spirit of justice with which he protected the stitutional royalist, yet made such frequent concesinhabitants of the towns from their baronial op- sions to the republican party that they reckoned him pressors. In 1273, as he was encamped before the among their number. He was appointed a member walls of Basle, he received the unexpected intelli- of the committee of finance, of which he became the gence that he was elected king of the Romans, and usual reporter, or chairman. In the manner in which emperor, in preference to Alphonso, king of Castile, M. Roederer developed his system of finances, and and Ottocar, king of Bohemia. Rodolph, then in the ability with which he defended his reports, his his fifty-fifth year, willingly accepted the proffered talent was especially displayed. When the schism elevation, and being crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, im- arose in the jacobin club, M. Roederer joined the mediately strengthened himself by marrying two of feuillants, but speedily returned to the former. After his daughters to the count palatine of Bavaria and the close of the session of the constituent assembly, the duke of Saxony. He also took measures to in- he was appointed procureur-syndic of the department gratiate himself with Pope Gregory X., who induced of the Seine. On the morning of the 10th of August, the king of Castile to withdraw his pretensions. The accompanied by the directory of the department, he king of Bohemia, however, at that time one of the repaired to the palace, and represented to the king most powerful princes in Europe, persisted in his and queen that the danger was far beyond any thing opposition, and a war ensued, in which he was de- they had conceived, and that the royal family infeated and compelled to sue for peace and agree to curred the danger of being destroyed within the papay homage. Stung by this disgrace the Bohemian lace if the king did not repair to the national assemking broke the treaty in 1277, and the following bly for protection. Soon after the events of that year Ottocar was again defeated and slain. By the day, he was accused by the revolutionists, and seals treaty with his successor, which followed, Rodolph were put upon his papers. He withdrew himself was to hold Moravia for five years, and retain the from danger and did not re-appear till after the 9th of Austrian provinces which had been previously yielded Thermidor. In 1799, when Bonaparte returned from by Ottocar, and the securing of which to his family Egypt, M. Roederer succeeded in forming political was henceforward his primary object. After some ties between him and Sieyes; and he was also among abortive attempts to restore the influence of the em- those who most aided in preparing the revolution of pire in Tuscany, he contented himself with drawing the 18th of Brumaire. Called to the senate at its large sums from Lucca and other cities for the con- first formation, he declined to take a seat there, but firmation and extension of their privileges. No was made counsellor of state. There he occupied foreign foe remaining, he assiduously employed him- himself with the framing of a number of laws which self to restore peace and order to Germany, and he presented to the legislative assembly, and he was wisely put down the private fortresses, which served principally charged with the establishment of the as a retreat to banditti and to ferocious nobles. For prefectures. He was the chief instrument of conthese and other eminent services in the same spirit cluding the treaty which put an end to the misunderhe obtained the title of "a living law,” and was re-standings between France and the United States. garded as a second founder of the German empire. He subsequently engaged in war with the counts of Savoy and of Burgundy, and delivered the young king of Bohemia from the captivity to which he had been subjected by the regent Otho, and married him to one of his daughters. The final object of the emperor was to secure the imperial succession to his son Albert; but the electors, jealous of the rapid rise of the family, could not be made to concur, and Rodolph felt the disappointment severely. He had, however, laid a permanent foundation for the prosperity of his race; and after a reign of nineteen years, expired in July, 1291, in the seventy-third year of his age. There is scarcely an excellency, either of body or mind, which the biographers of the house of Austria have not attributed to its founder; and he appears to have merited no small portion of their panegyric. Few princes have surpassed him in energy of character and in civil and military talents. He was personally brave, almost to rashness, indefatigable, simple and unaffected in his manners, affable, In 1802 he presented to the legislative assembly the project of the order of the legion of honour, of which he was named commandant. In 1803 he took a seat in the senate, and was one of the members appointed to confer with the Swiss deputies assembled at Paris upon the means of giving a new constitution to their country. Shortly after he was made count. He took a large share in the whole organization of the kingdom of Naples under Joseph Bonaparte. On the return of the Bourbons, M. Ræderer disappeared from the political world. He was the author of several historical works of much value. ROE, SIR THOMAS, an able statesman, who was born at Low Leyton, in Essex, about 1580, and admitted into Magdalen college, Oxford, in 1593. He was taken from the university in a year or two; and, after spending some time in one of the inns of court, and in France, was made esquire of the body to Queen Elizabeth. In 1604 he was knighted by King James, and soon after sent by Henry, prince of Wales, to make discoveries in America. In 1614 he was sent ROEBUCK, JOHN—ROGERS, BENJAMIN. 807 tate of the duke of Hamilton. He passed the last twenty years of his life in great indigence, and died in July 1794. ambassador to the Great Mogul, at whose court he very profitable speculations, among which was the continued till 1618. During his residence there he establishing of the iron foundry of Carron, all of employed himself in the service of the East India which he carried on with great success. But he company. In 1620 he was elected a burgess for lost his property in an unsuccessful attempt to work Cirencester in Gloucestershire; and, the year follow-mines of coal and salt at Borrowstowness on the esing, sent ambassador to the grand seignior, in which station he continued under the sultans Osman, Mustapha, and Amurath IV. In his passage to Constantinople he wrote a letter to Villiers, duke of ROEMER, OLAUS, a Danish astronomer and Buckingham, then lord high admiral, complaining mathematician, who was born at Arhusen, in Jutof the great increase of pirates in the Mediterranean land, in 1644, and studied at the university of Copensea; and, during his embassy, sent "A True and hagen. He applied himself to the study of matheFaithful Relation to his Majesty and the Prince of matics and astronomy and became so great an adept what hath lately happened in Constantinople, con- in those sciences that when Picard was sent by Louis cerning the Death of Sultan Osman, and the Setting XIV., in 1671, to make observations in the north, he Up of Mustapha his Uncle," which was printed at engaged him to return with him to France, and preLondon in 1622. He kept a very curious account sented him to the king, who ordered him to teach of his negotiations at the Porte, which remained in the dauphin mathematics, and settled a pension upon manuscript till 1740, when it was published under him. During the ten years he resided at Paris he the title of "The Negotiations of Sir Thomas Roe, gained great reputation by his scientific discoveries. in his Embassy to the Ottoman Porte, from the year In 1681 Christian V., king of Denmark, called him 1621 to 1628 inclusive; containing a great variety back to his own country, and made him professor of of curious and important matters, relating not only astronomy at Copenhagen. He employed him also to the affairs of the Turkish empire, but also to those in reforming the coin and the architecture, in regulatof the other states of Europe in that period: his ing the weights and measures, and in measuring the correspondence with the most illustrious persons, for roads, throughout the kingdom. Frederic IV., the sucdignity or character, as with the queen of Bohemia, cessor of Christian, showed the same favour to RoeBethlem Gabor prince of Transylvania, and other mer, and conferred new dignities on him. Roemer died potentates of different nations, &c., and many useful in 1710. Some of his observations were published and instructive particulars, as well in relation to trade in 1753, under the title of "Basis Astronomiæ," by and commerce, as to subjects of literature; as ancient his scholar, Peter Horrebow, then professor of astromanuscripts, coins, inscriptions, and other antiqui-nomy at Copenhagen. Newton, after laying down ties." During his residence in the East he made a large collection of valuable manuscripts in the Greek and oriental languages, which in 1628 he presented to the Bodleian library. He also brought over the fine Alexandrian manuscript of the Greek Bible, sent as a present to Charles I. by Cyril, patriarch of Constantinople, which was afterwards transcribed and published by Dr. Grabe. In 1629 he was sent ambassador to mediate a peace between the kings of Poland and Sweden. He succeeded in his negotiation, and so much pleased the great Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden that, after gaining the victory of Leipsic, he sent Sir Thomas a present of 20007., and in his letter calls him his strenuum consultorem, he ROGER, or ROGIER, VAN DER VELDE, being the first who had advised him to commence one of the most eminent painters of the Old Netherthe war. In 1640 he was chosen member of parlia-landish school, who was born at Brussels, and died ment for the university of Oxford. The year after in 1529. In the hall of his native city are four allehe was sent ambassador to the diet of Ratisbon, in gorical pictures by him. A celebrated Descent from order to mediate respecting the restoration of the the Cross, executed by him, was sent to Spain; anking of Bohemia's son to the palatinate; and, upon other is in Aix-la-Chapelle. Roger was also distinhis return, was made chancellor of the Garter and guished as a painter on glass. one of the privy council. The calamities of the nation, in which he could not avoid having a share, not only embittered his life, but contributed to shorten it, for he died in November 1644. He left a great number of manuscripts behind him, and in 1730 proposals were published for printing by subscription, in five volumes, folio, “The Negotiations and Embassies of Sir Thomas Roe from 1620 to 1644;" but the publishers not meeting with sufficient encouragement, the design was dropped, and only the volume mentioned above was published in 1740 by Mr. Richardson. ROEBUCK, JOHN, an eminent physician and philosopher, who was born in Yorkshire, and studied at Edinburgh and Leyden. He commenced practice at Birmingham, and subsequently engaged in several this proposition, 66 Light is propagated from luminous bodies, and spends about seven or eight minutes of an hour in passing from the sun to the earth," proceeds to say, that "this was first observed by Roemer, and then by others, by means of the satellites of Jupiter. For these eclipses, when the earth is between the sun and Jupiter, happen about seven or eight minutes sooner than they ought to do by the tables; and when the earth is beyond the sun they happen about seven or eight minutes later than they ought to do; the reason being that the light of the satellites has farther to go in the latter case than in the former by the diameter of the earth's orbit." ROGERS, WOODS, an English circumnavigator, who belonged to the royal navy in 1708, when he was invited by the merchants of Bristol to take the command of an expedition to the South Sea. He set sail with two vessels, the Duke and the Duchess, taking out Dampier as a pilot. Passing to the south of Terra del Fuego, in January 1709, they entered the Pacific Ocean, and, February 1, arrived at the isle of Juan Fernandez, where they found Alexander Selkirk, and, having visited the coast of California, crossed the Pacific, and returned to England in October 1711. Captain Rogers was afterwards employed with a squadron to extirpate the pirates who infested the West Indies. He died in 1732. ROGERS, BENJAMIN.-This eminent composer was the son of Peter Rogers, a gentleman of 808 ROGERS, DANIEL ROGERS, DR. JOHN. the chapel of St. George, at Windsor. He was first day having the honour to belong to the British navy a chorister under the tuition of Dr. Nathaniel Giles, At the age of fourteen his father, who was a farmer and then a clerk or singer in the chapel. After- and tenant to the duke of Leeds, placed him with a wards he was appointed organist of Christchurch, respectable attorney at Sheffield; but, not finding Dublin, where he continued until the breaking out this profession suitable to his inclinations, any scheme of the rebellion in 1641, when he returned to Wind- that could be thought of was devised to relieve the sor, and again became a clerk in the chapter. The tediousness of a lawyer's office; for this purpose, at troubles during the rebellion soon deprived him also the age of sixteen, he entered the volunteers, and was of this situation; and, aided by a small annual allow-considered the best shot at ball practice in his comance which was paid him in compensation for his pany; and the medal which he won at a trial of losses, he was compelled to earn a subsistence by skill, before he was seventeen years of age, is still teaching music at Windsor. In 1653 he composed preserved, if not as a trophy of his valour, yet as a "A Set of Airs in Four Parts for Violins," which mark of his unwearied assiduity. After this, while were presented to the archduke Leopold, afterwards he was engaged in the office of one of the most emiemperor of Germany, and were often played before nent lawyers in Sheffield for three years, his strong him. Through the interest of Dr. Ingels, chaplain propensity for music not having abated, he contrived to the lord commissioner Whitelocke, Rogers was to devote seven hours out of the twenty-four in every recommended to the university of Cambridge, and day to the practice of the piano-forte and violin, and having received from Cromwell a mandate for that" while one half of the world was buried in sleep," purpose, was admitted in 1658 to the degree of the works of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Pleyel, bachelor of music. In the year 1662 he was again Cramer, Steibelt, and Dussek were his favourite comappointed a clerk of St. George's chapel at Windsor, panions. On leaving the office of this gentleman with some addition of salary, and was also elected Rogers felt, for the first time in his life, a real pang; organist of Eton college. Both these places he held though he hated the law he could not forget the until a vacancy occurring in Magdalen college, Ox-kindness of his master; and as he was, in all probaford, he was chosen organist there. In 1669, upon the opening of the new theatre at Oxford, he took the degree of doctor of music. He continued in his latter station of organist until the year 1685, when he was ejected by order of King James I. The college allowed him a small pension, on which he lived, in the outskirts of the city, to old age, entirely neglected. bility, in a likely way to try whether his passion for music would furnish him with any thing more substantial than air, he felt himself placed in an unpleasant predicament. However, he was soon relieved from this by procuring a situation at Manchester in the band of the theatre, under the management of Mr. Macready, the father of the tragedian of that name, and in this situation he had ample time and His works are not numerous. There are some of opportunity for studying music. Finding, however, his detached compositions in a collection entitled travelling about the country with a company of "Court Ayres, consisting of Pavans, Almagnes, Co- comedians was too unsettled an occupation, he derants, and Sarabands, of Two Parts," published by termined to seek some fixed residence. Sheffield Playford in 1655; some hymns and anthems for two was the place he returned to, where he was engaged voices, in a collection entitled "Cantica Sacra," and as an organist and piano-forte teacher for many others in the psalms and hymns, in four parts, pub-years with great success. The only work he published by Playford. His services and anthems are lished was A Selection of Sacred Music," dedithe most celebrated of his works. They contain cated to the earl of Scarborough, which not only did great sweetness of melody and correctness of har-him credit, but was of pecuniary advantage. mony. ROGERS, DANIEL, a diplomatist and writer, who was born in Warwickshire about 1540, and was early sent to Germany to be educated in the reformed religion. However, on the accession of Elizabeth to the English throne, he returned to his native country. He was employed by the queen in several important negotiations with foreign powers, in all of which he appears to have given his royal mistress satisfaction. Among his works we may mention his "Collection of Odes, Epigrams, and Panegyrics in praise of Bishop Jewell," and his "Epistle to George Buchanan." His death took place in 1590. ROGERS, DR. JOHN, an English divine, was born, in 1679, at Ensham, in Oxfordshire, where his father was vicar. He studied at New college, Oxford, and, in 1693, was elected scholar of Corpus Christi college; after which he took his degree, and entered into orders. In 1710 he took a bachelor of divinity's degree; and, two years after, came to London as lecturer of St. Clement Danes. He afterwards became lecturer of the united parishes of Christchurch, and St. Leonard's, Foster Lane. In 1716 he was presented to the rectory of Wrington, in Somersetshire, and, the same year, resigning his fellowship, was married to the hon. Mrs. Lydia ROGERS, ROBERT, a celebrated musician, who Hare, sister to the lord Colerane, who was his pupil was born in 1787 at South Anston, a village in in the university. Some time after he was elected the West Riding of the county of York, received his canon residentiary of the church of Wells, in which education principally in a small town in the vicinity, he also had the office of sub-dean. In 1719 he enwhere, under the care of two successive masters, he gaged in the Bangorian controversy, and published studied mathematics, the Latin classics, and the upon that occasion "A Discourse of the Visible and French language, and, having at an early age a pro- Invisible Church of Christ; in which it is shown pensity for the sea, also learned navigation and astro-that the Powers claimed by the Officers of the Visible nomy. At the age of eight years Rogers was placed under the tuition of a musician in the village, and spent every leisure hour in the practice of the violin. Circumstances, however, which cannot be accounted for, completely foiled the schemes he had laid of one Church are not inconsistent with the Supremacy of Christ as Head, or with the Rights and Liberties of Christians as Members of the Invisible Church," octavo. The Rev. Dr. Sykes having published an answer to this discourse, Dr. Rogers replied in "A 809 arts and branches of knowledge as ancient Greece." Rohault's "Physics" were written in French, but afterwards translated into Latin by Dr. Samuel Clarke, with notes, in which the Cartesian errors are corrected upon the Newtonian system. He wrote also "Elemens de Mathematiques," "Traité de Mechanique," and "Entretiens sur la Philosophie." Rohault died in 1675, and left behind him the character of an amiable as well as a learned and philosophic man. ROHAN, LOUIS RENE EDOUARD--ROLLIN, CHARLES. Review of the Discourse of the Visible and Invisible Church of Christ." The university of Oxford made a public acknowledgment of their opinion of his merit by conferring on him, in 1721, without his knowledge, the degree of D.D. In 1726 he was made chaplain to the prince of Wales; and about the same time appeared in defence of Christianity against the attacks of Collins in his "Scheme of Literal Prophecy." Dr. Rogers did not at first professedly write against the Scheme; 'but publishing, in 1727, a volume of sermons, entitled "The Necessity of ROLAND, JEAN MARIE BAPTISTE DE LA Divine Revelation, and the Truth of the Christian PLATIERE, was born in 1734, and previous to the Religion Asserted," he prefixed to them a preface, revolution engaged in manufactures. Being sent to with remarks on the scheme of literal prophecy. Paris by the city of Lyons on official business before This preface, however, seemed liable to exception, or the national assembly in 1791, he became connected at least to demand a more full and distinct explica- with Brissot and other popular leaders, through tion; and he received a letter upon it the same year whose influence he was appointed minister of the infrom Dr. Marshall. He endeavoured to give satis-terior in 1792. His principles, however, were so far faction to all; and, therefore, Collins having written "A Letter to the Rev. Dr. Rogers on Occasion of his Eight Sermons concerning the Necessity of Divine Revelation, and the Preface affixed to them,' Dr. Rogers published "A Vindication of the Civil Establishment of Religion, wherein Some Positions of Mr. Chandler, the author of the Literal Scheme,' &c., and an Anonymous Letter on that Subject are occasionally considered; with an Appendix, containing a Letter from the Rev. Dr. Marshall, and an Answer to the same." 1728. · from being agreeable to the king that he was dismissed after a few months; but after the 10th of August he was recalled to the ministry, and con,"tinued to hold his place until the proscription of the Girondists compelled him to leave Paris. On receiv ing at Rouen the news of the death of his wife, he killed himself with a sword cane. Roland was the author of the "Dictionary of Manufactures," forming part of Panckoucke's "Encyclopédie Méthodique," and of several other works. a His wife, Manon Jeanne Roland, was born at Paris The same year, Dr. Rogers having resigned his lec- in 1754, and was the daughter of an engraver. She ture of St. Clement Danes, retired from London, was remarkable for her beauty, and received an exwith an intention to spend the remainder of his life cellent education. The study of Greek and Roman at Wrington; but he had not been there long when history early inflamed her imagination, and gave her he received an offer, from the dean and chapter of tendency to republican sentiments. After her marSt. Paul's, of the vicarage of St. Giles's, Cripplegate.riage, in 1779, Madame Roland took part in the He accepted it, but did not enjoy his new preferment studies and tasks of her husband, and accompanied above six months, for he died on the 1st of May, him to Switzerland and England. The revolution 1729. He was buried in the church of Ensham. found in her a ready convert to its principles; and After his death some volumes of his sermons were on the appointment of her husband to the ministry, published, and two tracts, viz.-"Reasons against she participated in his official duties, writing and Conversion to the Church of Rome," and "A Per- preparing many papers, and taking a share in the suasive to Conformity addressed to Dissenters." political councils of the leaders of the Girondist party. ROHAN, LOUIS RENE EDOUARD, PRINCE On the fall of her husband, she was arrested. She DE, cardinal-bishop of Strasburg. This nobleman, conducted herself with great firmness during the trial, who was born in 1734, was at first known under the and at the time of her execution. "O Liberty, what title of Prince Louis. The dissipation in which the crimes are committed in thy name!" was her exclayoung ecclesiastic indulged did not prevent him frommation when she arrived at the scaffold, on the 8th attending to study, nor from forming ambitious projects. In 1772 he went as ambassador to the court of Vienna. He derives his notoriety, however, chiefly from the affair of the necklace. He was then grand almoner of France, and, being thrown into the Bastille, continued in prison more than a year, when he was acquitted and released by the parliament of Paris, in August 1786. He was afterwards a member of the constituent assembly, but on account of his opposition to the revolutionary principles was obliged to retire to Germany, where he died in 1803. ROHAULT, JAMES, a French philosopher, who was born at Amiens in 1620. He cultivated the languages and belles lettres in his native city, and was then sent to Paris to study philosophy. He became a zealous follower of Des Cartes, and drew up an abridgment and explanation of his philosophy with great clearness and method. In the preface to his work entitled "Physics," he says, that "the abilities and accomplishments of this philosopher must oblige the whole world to confess that France is at least as capable of producing and raising men versed in all of November, 1793. Madame Roland had laid aside the modesty and softness of her sex, and had adopted deistical notions in religion. While in prison she wrote memoirs of her life, which have since been published, with her other writings relating to the events of the revolution. The most complete edition is that forming part of the memoirs relating to the French revolution, under the title "Mémoires de Madame Roland, avec une Notice sur sa Vie," with notes. ROLT, RICHARD.-This gentleman was principally known as the compiler of several useful publications. He was born in 1724, and held an office in the customs for some years; however, when Charles James Stuart came over he joined his standard, and was consequently deprived of his post. He afterwards supported himself by writing; among his works we may mention his "Dictionary of Trade and Commerce," and his "History of England." He died in 1770. ROLLIN, CHARLES, a learned French historian, who was born at Paris in 1661. His father was a |