their population from Europe, 283. Are difcouraged by the ftate of property there, 284. And by the nature of their eccle- fiaftical policy, 286. The various claffes of people in, 287. Ec- clefiaftical conftitution of, 301. Form and endowments of the church there, 303. Pernicious effects of monaftick inftitations there, 304. Character of the ecclefiafticks there, 306. Produc- tions of, 316. The mines, 317. Thofe of Potofi and Sacote- cas, 318. The fpirit with which they are worked, 320. Fatal effects of this ardour, 322. Other commodities that compofe the commerce of, 324. Amazing increase of horned cattle there,
325. Advantages which Spain formerly derived from them, 326. Why the fame advantages are not still received, 328, Guarda Coftas employed to check the contraband trade in, 347. The ufe of register fhips introduced, ibid. And galeons laid afide, 349. Company of the Caraccas inftituted, 352. Establish- ment of regular packet-boats to, 354. Free trade permitted between them, 356. New regulations in the government of, 361. Reformation of the courts of justice, 362. New distribu tion of governments, ibid. A fourth viceroyalty eftablished, 363. Attempts to reform domeftick policy, 365. Their trade with the Philippine iflands, 370. Revenue derived from, by Spain, 374, feq. Expence of adminiftration there, 377. State of population in, 432 - 438. The number of monafteries there, 445. See Mexico, Peru, &c.
Columbus, Bartholomew, is fent by his brother Chriftopher to ne- gociate with Henry VII, king of England, i. 91. The misfor- tunes of his voyage, 96. Follows his brother to Hifpaniola, 163. Is vested with the administration of affairs there by his brother on his return to Spain, 174. Founds the town of St. Domingo, 185. Columbus, Chriftopher, birth and education of, i. 77. His early voyages, ibid. Marries and fettles at Lifbon, 79. His geogra- phical reflections, 81. Conceives the idea of making discoveries to the westward, 82. Offers his fervices to the Genuese senate, 87. Caufe of his overtures being rejected in Portugal, 89. Ap- plies to the courts of Caftile and England, 90. His propofal, how treated by the Spanish geographers, 93. Is patronifed by Juan Perez, 96. His proposals again rejected, 98. Is invited by Isabella, and engaged in the Spanish fervice, 101. Prepara- tions for his voyage, 105. The amount of his equipment, 106. Sails from Spain, 108. His vigilant attention to all circumstances during his voyage, IIo. Apprehenfions of his crew, III. His addrefs in quieting their cabals, 115. Indications of their ap- proaching land, 117. Anifland discovered, 119. He lands, 120. His interview with the natives, ibid. Names the ifland San Sal VOL. III. H h
vadore, 123. Profecutes his difcoveries fouthward, 124. Difco- vers, and lands on, the island of Cuba, ibid. Discovers Hifpa- niola, 127. Suffers fhipwreck, but is faved by the Indians, 131. Builds a fort, 135. Returns to Europe, 138, His expedient to preferve the memory of his difcoveries during a ftorm, 139. Ar- rives at the Azores, ibid. Arrives at Lifbon, 141. His reception in Spain, 142. His audience with Ferdinand and Ifabella, 143. His equipment for a fecond voyage, 148. Difcovers the Caribbee iflands, 151. Finds his colony on Hifpaniola destroyed, 153. Builds a city, which he calls Ifabella, 155. Vifits the interior parts of the country, 157. His men difcontented and factious, 160. Difcovers the island of Jamaica, 162. Meets his brother Bartholomew at Ifabella. 163. The natives ill ufed by his men, and begin to be alarmed, 164. feq. He defeats the Indians, 168. Exacts tribute from them, 169. Returns to Spain to juftify his conduct, 174. Is furnifhed with a more regular plan for coloui- zation, 176. His third voyage, 181. Difcovers the ifland of Tri- nidad, 182. Difcovers the continent of America, 183. State of Hifpaniola on his arrival, 185. Compofes the mutiny of Roldan and his adherents, 189. Is diftreffed by the factious behaviour of his men, 202. Complaints carried to Spain against him, 203, 204. Is fent home in irons, 205. Clears his conduct, but is not re- ftored to his authority, 208. His folicitations neglected, 214. Forms new schemes of discovery, 215. Engages in a fourth voyage, 217. His treatment at Hifpaniola, 218. Searches after a paffage to the Indian ocean, 220. Is fhipwrecked on the coast of Jamaica, 221, 222. His artifice to fecure the friendship of the Indians, 225, 229. Is delivered. and arrives at Hifpaniola, 229. Returns to Spain, 230. His death. 231. His right to the original difcovery of America defended, 350 feq. Colombus, Don Diego, fues out his claims to his father's privi- leges, i, 247. Marries and goes over to Hifpaniola, 248..249. Establishes a pearl fishery at Cubagua, 250. Projects the con- quest of Cuba, 256. His measures thwarted by Eerdinand,281. Returns to Spain, 282.
Commerce, the æra from which its commencement is to be dated, i. 3. Motives to an intercourfe among diftant nations, 5. Still flourished in the eastern empire after the fubverfion of the western, 34. Revival of, in Europe, 36 - 38.
Compafs mariner's, navigation extended more by the invention of, than by all the efforts of preceding ages, i. 46. By whom invented, 47.
Condamine, M. his account of the
country at the foot of the Andes, in South America, ii. 444. His remarks on the character of the native Americans, 462.
Congo. the kingdom of, difcovered by the Portuguese, i. 69. Conftantinople, the confequence of removing the feat of the Ro-
man empire to, i. 32. Continued a commercial city after the extinction of the western empire, 34. Became the chief mart of Italy, 37.
Cordova, Francifco Hernandez, difcovers Yucatan, i.
pulfed at Campeachy, and returns to Cuba, 317, 318. Corita, Alonzo. his obfervations on the contraband trade of the Spanish colonies, iii. 193. Character of his American memoirs,
Cortes, Fernando, his birth, education, and character, ii. 236. Is by Velafquez appointed commander of the armament fitted out by him against New Spain, 238, Velafquez becomes jea- lous of him, 239. Velafquez fends ordres to deprive him of his commiffion, and lay him under an arreft, 241. Is protected by his troops, 242. The amount of his forces, 244. Reduces the Indians at Tabafco, 247. Arrives at St. Juan de Ulua, ibid. His interview with two Mexican commanders. 250. Sends pre- fents to Montezuma, 253. Receives others in return, 254. His fchemes, 261. Eftablifhes a form of civil government. 265. Refigns his commiffion under Velasquez and affumes the command in the king's name, 266 - 299. His friendship courted by the Zempoallans, 271. Builds a fort, 272. Concludes a formal al- liance with feveral caziques, 273. Difcovers a confpiracy among `his men, and deftroys his fhips, 277. Advances into the coun- try, 280. Is oppofed by the Tlafcalans, 282. Concludes a peace with them, 288. His rafh zeal, 292. Proceeds to Cholula, 295. Difcovers a confpiracy against him here, and deftroys the inhabitants 297. Approaches in fight of the capital city of Mexico, 300. His first interview with Montezuma, 301. His anxiety at his fituation in the city of Mexico, 310. Seizes Montezuma, 311. Orders him to be fettered, 317. Reasons of his conduct, 318. Prevails on Montezuma to own himself a vassa! to the Spanish crown, 322. Amount and divifion of his trea- fure, 324. Enrages the Mexicans, by his imprudent zeal, 328, An armament fent by Velafquez to superfede him, 330. His deliberations on this event, 336. Advances to meet Narvaez, 339. Defeats Narvaez, and makes him prifoner, 346. Gains over the Spanifh foldiers to his intereft, ibid. Returns to Mexi- co, 349. His improper conduct on his arrival, 351. Is refo- lutely attacked by the Mexicans, 352. Attacks them in turn without fuccefs, 353. Death of Montezuma, 355, His extraor- dinary elvape from death, 358. Abandons the city of Mexico, ibid. Is attacked by the Mexicans, 360. His great loffes in the encounter, 362. Difficulties of his retreat, 363, Battle of O-
tumba, 365. Defeats the Mexicans, 367. Mutinous fpirit of his troops, 371. Reduces the Tepeacans, 372. Is ftrengthened by feveral reinforcements, 374. Returns to Mexico, 379. Efta- blifhes his head quarters at Tezeuco, ibib. Reduces or conci- liates the furrounding country, 380. Cabals among his troops, 382. His prudence in fupprefing them, 383. Builds and launch- es a fleet of brigantines on the lake, 385-387. Befieges Mexi- co, 388. Makes a grand affault to take the city by ftorm, but is repulfed, 393, 394. Evades the Mexican prophecy, 398. Takes Guatimozin prisoner, 402. Gains poffeffion of the city, 403. And of the whole empire, 406. Defeats another attempt to fuperfede him in his command, 415. Is appointed governor of New Spain, 416. His fchemes and arrangements, 418. Crue! treatment of the natives, ibid. His condu& fubjected to inqui- ry, 424. Returns to Spain to juftify himself, ibid. Is rewarded by the emperor Charles V. 426. Goes back to Mexico with li mited powers, 427. Difcovers California, 428. Returns to Spain, and dies, 429. Inquiry into the nature of his letters to the emperor Charles V. 500. Authors who wrote of his con- queft of New Spain, 501 feq.
Council of the Indies, its power, iii. 276.
Creoles, in the Spanish American colonies, character of, iii. 288. Croglan, colonel George, his account of the difcovery of the bones
of large extin& fpecies of animals in North America, ii. 446. Crufades to the Holy Land, the great political advantages derived from, by the European nations, i. 39.
Cruzado, bulls of, publ fhed regularly every two years in the Spanish colonies, iii. 375. Prices of, and amount of the fale at the last publication, 463, 464.
Cuba, the ifland of, difcovered by Chriftopher Columbus, i. 124. Is failed round by Ocampo, 247. The conquest of, undertaken by Diego Velasquez, 256. Cruel treatment of the cazique Ha- tuey, and his repartee to a friar, 259. Columbus's enthusiastick defcription of a harbour in, 345, 346. The tobacco produced there, the finest in all America, iii. 325.
Cubagua, a pearl fishery established there, i. 250. Cumana, the natives of, revenge their ill treatment by the Spani- ards, i. 309. The country defolated by Diego Ocampo, 310. Cuzco, the capital of the Peruvian empire, founded by Manco Ca- pac, iii. 17. Is feized by Pizarro, 46, Is besieged by the Peru- vians, 60. Is surprised by Almagro, 64. Is recovered and pil- laged by the Pizarros, 74. Was the only city in all Peru, 230.
Dancing, the love of, a favourite paffion among the Americant, ii. 199.
Darien, the isthmus of, defcribed, i. 265. The increase of fettle-
ment there, obstructed by the noxiousness of the climate, iii. 252. De Solis, his unfortunate expedition up the river Plata, I, 28 0. De Solis, Antonio, character of his Hiftoria de la Conquista de Mexico, ii. 503.
D'Efquilache, prince, viceroy of Peru, his vigorous measures for reftraining the exceffes of the regular clergy there, iii. 310. Ren- dered ineffe&ual, ibid.
Diaz, Bartholomew, difcovers the Cape of Good Hope, i. 73. Discoveries, the difference between thofe made by land, and those by fea, stated, i. 355 feq.
Dodwell, his objections to the Periplus of Hanno exploded. i. 329. Domingo, St. on the island of Hifpaniola, founded by Bartholo mew Columbus, i. 185.
Dominicans, those in Hifpaniola publicly remonftrate against the cruel treatments of the Indians, i. 284. See Las Cafas. Drunkenness, strong propenfity of the Americans to indulge in, il, 204.
Earth, the globe of, how divided into zones by the ancients, i. 29. Egyptians, ancient, ftate of commerce and navigation among them i. 6.
El Dorado, wonderful reports of a country fo called, made by, Francis Orellana, iii. 85.
Elephant, that animal peculiar to the torrid zone, ii. 447. Efcurial, curious calender difcovered in the Library there by Mr. Waddilove, iii. 213. Defcription of that valuable monument of Mexican art, ibid.
Efquimaux Indians, resemblances between them and their neigh- bours the Greenlanders, ii. 44. Some account of, 490. Eugene IV. pope, grants to the Portuguese an exclufive right to all the countries they fhould discover, from Cape Non to the continent of India, i. 64.
Europe, how affected by the dismemberment of the Roman Empira by the barbarous nations, i. 33. Revival of commerce and navigation in, 36 feq. Political advantages derived from the crnfades, 39.
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