their population from Europe, 283. Are difcouraged by the
ftate of property there, 284. And by the nature of their eccle-
fiaftical policy, 286. The various claffes of people in, 287. Ec-
clefiaftical conftitution of, 301. Form and endowments of the
church there, 303. Pernicious effects of monaftick inftitations
there, 304. Character of the ecclefiafticks there, 306. Produc-
tions of, 316. The mines, 317. Thofe of Potofi and Sacote-
cas, 318. The fpirit with which they are worked, 320. Fatal
effects of this ardour, 322. Other commodities that compofe
the commerce of, 324. Amazing increase of horned cattle there,
325. Advantages which Spain formerly derived from them,
326. Why the fame advantages are not still received, 328,
Guarda Coftas employed to check the contraband trade in, 347.
The ufe of register fhips introduced, ibid. And galeons laid
afide, 349. Company of the Caraccas inftituted, 352. Establish-
ment of regular packet-boats to, 354. Free trade permitted
between them, 356. New regulations in the government of,
361. Reformation of the courts of justice, 362. New distribu
tion of governments, ibid. A fourth viceroyalty eftablished,
363. Attempts to reform domeftick policy, 365. Their trade
with the Philippine iflands, 370. Revenue derived from, by
Spain, 374, feq. Expence of adminiftration there, 377. State of
population in, 432 - 438. The number of monafteries there,
445. See Mexico, Peru, &c.
Columbus, Bartholomew, is fent by his brother Chriftopher to ne-
gociate with Henry VII, king of England, i. 91. The misfor-
tunes of his voyage, 96. Follows his brother to Hifpaniola, 163.
Is vested with the administration of affairs there by his brother
on his return to Spain, 174. Founds the town of St. Domingo,
185.
Columbus, Chriftopher, birth and education of, i. 77. His early
voyages, ibid. Marries and fettles at Lifbon, 79. His geogra-
phical reflections, 81. Conceives the idea of making discoveries
to the westward, 82. Offers his fervices to the Genuese senate,
87. Caufe of his overtures being rejected in Portugal, 89. Ap-
plies to the courts of Caftile and England, 90. His propofal,
how treated by the Spanish geographers, 93. Is patronifed by
Juan Perez, 96. His proposals again rejected, 98. Is invited
by Isabella, and engaged in the Spanish fervice, 101. Prepara-
tions for his voyage, 105. The amount of his equipment, 106.
Sails from Spain, 108. His vigilant attention to all circumstances
during his voyage, IIo. Apprehenfions of his crew, III. His
addrefs in quieting their cabals, 115. Indications of their ap-
proaching land, 117. Anifland discovered, 119. He lands, 120.
His interview with the natives, ibid. Names the ifland San Sal
VOL. III.
H h
vadore, 123. Profecutes his difcoveries fouthward, 124. Difco-
vers, and lands on, the island of Cuba, ibid. Discovers Hifpa-
niola, 127. Suffers fhipwreck, but is faved by the Indians, 131.
Builds a fort, 135. Returns to Europe, 138, His expedient to
preferve the memory of his difcoveries during a ftorm, 139. Ar-
rives at the Azores, ibid. Arrives at Lifbon, 141. His reception
in Spain, 142. His audience with Ferdinand and Ifabella, 143.
His equipment for a fecond voyage, 148. Difcovers the Caribbee
iflands, 151. Finds his colony on Hifpaniola destroyed, 153.
Builds a city, which he calls Ifabella, 155. Vifits the interior
parts of the country, 157. His men difcontented and factious,
160. Difcovers the island of Jamaica, 162. Meets his brother
Bartholomew at Ifabella. 163. The natives ill ufed by his men,
and begin to be alarmed, 164. feq. He defeats the Indians, 168.
Exacts tribute from them, 169. Returns to Spain to juftify his
conduct, 174. Is furnifhed with a more regular plan for coloui-
zation, 176. His third voyage, 181. Difcovers the ifland of Tri-
nidad, 182. Difcovers the continent of America, 183. State of
Hifpaniola on his arrival, 185. Compofes the mutiny of Roldan
and his adherents, 189. Is diftreffed by the factious behaviour of
his men, 202. Complaints carried to Spain against him, 203, 204.
Is fent home in irons, 205. Clears his conduct, but is not re-
ftored to his authority, 208. His folicitations neglected, 214.
Forms new schemes of discovery, 215. Engages in a fourth
voyage, 217. His treatment at Hifpaniola, 218. Searches after
a paffage to the Indian ocean, 220. Is fhipwrecked on the coast
of Jamaica, 221, 222. His artifice to fecure the friendship of
the Indians, 225, 229. Is delivered. and arrives at Hifpaniola,
229. Returns to Spain, 230. His death. 231. His right to
the original difcovery of America defended, 350 feq.
Colombus, Don Diego, fues out his claims to his father's privi-
leges, i, 247. Marries and goes over to Hifpaniola, 248..249.
Establishes a pearl fishery at Cubagua, 250. Projects the con-
quest of Cuba, 256. His measures thwarted by Eerdinand,281.
Returns to Spain, 282.
Commerce, the æra from which its commencement is to be dated,
i. 3. Motives to an intercourfe among diftant nations, 5. Still
flourished in the eastern empire after the fubverfion of the
western, 34. Revival of, in Europe, 36 - 38.
Compafs mariner's, navigation extended more by the invention
of, than by all the efforts of preceding ages, i. 46. By whom
invented, 47.
Condamine, M. his account of the
country at the foot of the
Andes, in South America, ii. 444. His remarks on the character
of the native Americans, 462.
Congo. the kingdom of, difcovered by the Portuguese, i. 69.
Conftantinople, the confequence of removing the feat of the Ro-
man empire to, i. 32. Continued a commercial city after the
extinction of the western empire, 34. Became the chief mart
of Italy, 37.
Cordova, Francifco Hernandez, difcovers Yucatan, i.
pulfed at Campeachy, and returns to Cuba, 317, 318.
Corita, Alonzo. his obfervations on the contraband trade of the
Spanish colonies, iii. 193. Character of his American memoirs,
Cortes, Fernando, his birth, education, and character, ii. 236.
Is by Velafquez appointed commander of the armament fitted
out by him against New Spain, 238, Velafquez becomes jea-
lous of him, 239. Velafquez fends ordres to deprive him of his
commiffion, and lay him under an arreft, 241. Is protected by
his troops, 242. The amount of his forces, 244. Reduces the
Indians at Tabafco, 247. Arrives at St. Juan de Ulua, ibid.
His interview with two Mexican commanders. 250. Sends pre-
fents to Montezuma, 253. Receives others in return, 254. His
fchemes, 261. Eftablifhes a form of civil government. 265.
Refigns his commiffion under Velasquez and affumes the command
in the king's name, 266 - 299. His friendship courted by the
Zempoallans, 271. Builds a fort, 272. Concludes a formal al-
liance with feveral caziques, 273. Difcovers a confpiracy among
`his men, and deftroys his fhips, 277. Advances into the coun-
try, 280. Is oppofed by the Tlafcalans, 282. Concludes a peace
with them, 288. His rafh zeal, 292. Proceeds to Cholula,
295. Difcovers a confpiracy against him here, and deftroys the
inhabitants 297. Approaches in fight of the capital city of
Mexico, 300. His first interview with Montezuma, 301. His
anxiety at his fituation in the city of Mexico, 310. Seizes
Montezuma, 311. Orders him to be fettered, 317. Reasons of
his conduct, 318. Prevails on Montezuma to own himself a vassa!
to the Spanish crown, 322. Amount and divifion of his trea-
fure, 324. Enrages the Mexicans, by his imprudent zeal, 328,
An armament fent by Velafquez to superfede him, 330. His
deliberations on this event, 336. Advances to meet Narvaez,
339. Defeats Narvaez, and makes him prifoner, 346. Gains
over the Spanifh foldiers to his intereft, ibid. Returns to Mexi-
co, 349. His improper conduct on his arrival, 351. Is refo-
lutely attacked by the Mexicans, 352. Attacks them in turn
without fuccefs, 353. Death of Montezuma, 355, His extraor-
dinary elvape from death, 358. Abandons the city of Mexico,
ibid. Is attacked by the Mexicans, 360. His great loffes in the
encounter, 362. Difficulties of his retreat, 363, Battle of O-
tumba, 365. Defeats the Mexicans, 367. Mutinous fpirit of
his troops, 371. Reduces the Tepeacans, 372. Is ftrengthened
by feveral reinforcements, 374. Returns to Mexico, 379. Efta-
blifhes his head quarters at Tezeuco, ibib. Reduces or conci-
liates the furrounding country, 380. Cabals among his troops,
382. His prudence in fupprefing them, 383. Builds and launch-
es a fleet of brigantines on the lake, 385-387. Befieges Mexi-
co, 388. Makes a grand affault to take the city by ftorm, but
is repulfed, 393, 394. Evades the Mexican prophecy, 398.
Takes Guatimozin prisoner, 402. Gains poffeffion of the city, 403.
And of the whole empire, 406. Defeats another attempt to
fuperfede him in his command, 415. Is appointed governor of
New Spain, 416. His fchemes and arrangements, 418. Crue!
treatment of the natives, ibid. His condu& fubjected to inqui-
ry, 424. Returns to Spain to juftify himself, ibid. Is rewarded
by the emperor Charles V. 426. Goes back to Mexico with li
mited powers, 427. Difcovers California, 428. Returns to
Spain, and dies, 429. Inquiry into the nature of his letters to
the emperor Charles V. 500. Authors who wrote of his con-
queft of New Spain, 501 feq.
Council of the Indies, its power, iii. 276.
Creoles, in the Spanish American colonies, character of, iii. 288.
Croglan, colonel George, his account of the difcovery of the bones
of large extin& fpecies of animals in North America, ii. 446.
Crufades to the Holy Land, the great political advantages derived
from, by the European nations, i. 39.
Cruzado, bulls of, publ fhed regularly every two years in the
Spanish colonies, iii. 375. Prices of, and amount of the fale at
the last publication, 463, 464.
Cuba, the ifland of, difcovered by Chriftopher Columbus, i. 124.
Is failed round by Ocampo, 247. The conquest of, undertaken
by Diego Velasquez, 256. Cruel treatment of the cazique Ha-
tuey, and his repartee to a friar, 259. Columbus's enthusiastick
defcription of a harbour in, 345, 346. The tobacco produced
there, the finest in all America, iii. 325.
Cubagua, a pearl fishery established there, i. 250.
Cumana, the natives of, revenge their ill treatment by the Spani-
ards, i. 309. The country defolated by Diego Ocampo, 310.
Cuzco, the capital of the Peruvian empire, founded by Manco Ca-
pac, iii. 17. Is feized by Pizarro, 46, Is besieged by the Peru-
vians, 60. Is surprised by Almagro, 64. Is recovered and pil-
laged by the Pizarros, 74. Was the only city in all Peru, 230.
Dancing, the love of, a favourite paffion among the Americant,
ii. 199.
Darien, the isthmus of, defcribed, i. 265. The increase of fettle-
ment there, obstructed by the noxiousness of the climate, iii. 252.
De Solis, his unfortunate expedition up the river Plata, I, 28 0.
De Solis, Antonio, character of his Hiftoria de la Conquista de
Mexico, ii. 503.
D'Efquilache, prince, viceroy of Peru, his vigorous measures for
reftraining the exceffes of the regular clergy there, iii. 310. Ren-
dered ineffe&ual, ibid.
Diaz, Bartholomew, difcovers the Cape of Good Hope, i. 73.
Discoveries, the difference between thofe made by land, and those
by fea, stated, i. 355 feq.
Dodwell, his objections to the Periplus of Hanno exploded. i. 329.
Domingo, St. on the island of Hifpaniola, founded by Bartholo
mew Columbus, i. 185.
Dominicans, those in Hifpaniola publicly remonftrate against the
cruel treatments of the Indians, i. 284. See Las Cafas.
Drunkenness, strong propenfity of the Americans to indulge in, il,
204.
Earth, the globe of, how divided into zones by the ancients, i. 29.
Egyptians, ancient, ftate of commerce and navigation among them
i. 6.
El Dorado, wonderful reports of a country fo called, made by,
Francis Orellana, iii. 85.
Elephant, that animal peculiar to the torrid zone,
ii. 447.
Efcurial, curious calender difcovered in the Library there by Mr.
Waddilove, iii. 213. Defcription of that valuable monument of
Mexican art, ibid.
Efquimaux Indians, resemblances between them and their neigh-
bours the Greenlanders, ii. 44. Some account of, 490.
Eugene IV. pope, grants to the Portuguese an exclufive right to
all the countries they fhould discover, from Cape Non to the
continent of India, i. 64.
Europe, how affected by the dismemberment of the Roman Empira
by the barbarous nations, i. 33. Revival of commerce and
navigation in, 36 feq. Political advantages derived from the
crnfades, 39.
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