A further migration takes place amongst the descendants of these New Englanders. One of them settles in Ohio, for instance, clears from a hundred to two hundred acres of land, and brings up a family respectably. But he may have five sons, and to divide his farm amongst them would give very little to each. He sells his farm, with all its improvements, moves still farther westwards, perhaps to Illinois, buys a thousand acres, set to work, with the aid of his sons, to subdue the land, and has two hundred acres to bestow on each, when they come to man's estate. Thus the New Englanders are pioneers to the British settlers, clearing the way for them; and thus westward, and further westward, away and away, till the original pioneers reach the Pacific; leaving openings everywhere behind them to the less adventurous. What a thing it would be were these openings filled up by a religious, moral, and SOBER people! And what a mission there is here, for the total abstainers in Great Britain and Ireland, from whence great voids in the great valleys are to be supplied! For the last fifty years the population of the United States has increased one-third in every decade. The population in 1850 was 22,000,000; at that rate of increase, it will be 29 millions in 1860; 38 millions in 1870; 50 millions in 1880; 66 millions in 1890; and 88 millions in 1900. The young man of twenty years of age may see this, and may see Canada, with its 10 millions; and Australia, with its 5 millions; and New Zealand, and the Cape, each with its population equal to that which Scotland has now. The grand object with temperance societies, in the great feeders of that vast future population, should be, that every one who goes to swell the grand result, should be at least a sober man, one totally eschewing the evil which is so destructive of the best interests of society, and an influential teacher, by precept and by example, of the conservative principle of abstinence.

If men regarded their health in removing to a new climate, every one of them would become a total abstainer. The greatest fields for emigrants are those which are most trying to the constitutions of our islanders, accustomed to mild winters, and moderately warm summers. The amount of work which can be done here cannot be performed where the thermometer is at 90 in the shade in summer, and 20 degrees below zero in winter, if they take their habits of living with them. To drink intoxicating liquors in such heat is perfect madness; to drink them under such a degree of cold, when the remedy should be an increase of warm clothing, is not so obviously madness, but scarcely less dangerous; and the diseases which follow 'catching cold' are exceedingly fatal. The writer has given much consideration to the effects of change of climate, and particularly to

the difference between the climate of these islands and that of the United States and Canada, and the result of his observations, and of the conversations he has had with persons who have made the subject their study, is a conviction, that generally (for there are few rules without an exception), the Englishman who has been at home what is called a moderate drinker, will in Canada and the States enjoy about the same degree of health, if he be a total abstainer; and that he cannot have the same degree of health, cannot have the same chance of life, that he would have had at home, unless he be an abstainer.

A gentleman who has travelled over a considerable part of the United States and Canada, and who has been much consulted since his return, by persons contemplating emigration, invariably advises that the emigrant should not delay the adoption of total abstinence until he has removed into a climate of greater extremes, that he may thereby be prepared for the change, and prepared also for the privations that may be encountered on the passage, and in the journeyings towards his place of final settlement. He is asked, 'Can I endure the extreme cold of a Canadian winter?' and he answers, 'Certainly not, if you endeavour to find heat in drinking; for the subsequent debility will render you doubly liable to suffer: you can endure the cold by being warmly clothed, and using active exercise.' He is asked, 'Can I stand the heat of the United States summer?' and his reply is, 'Certainly not if you drink intoxicating liquors, and increase the debilitating effects of hot weather; but you will be able to stand the heat, and work in the heat, if you become a total abstainer; and don't wait till you get there, but begin now, and get your constitution into its natural state before you go. If you go to Australia you will find that a man who comes in from a long and fatiguing search, under a broiling sun, after his stray cattle, does not recruit his strength with beer or spirits; but throws a handful of tea into a pot, and enjoys himself with the infusion which cheers but not inebriates.' That gentleman's experience may not be uninstructive to emigrants of any class. He arrived in the United States early in summer. The thermometer on the banks of Newfoundland had stood at 38 deg. In a few days afterwards, he found it at 75 deg. in New York. He had been accustomed to what is called the 'moderate' use of 'generous liquors,' but he eschewed ardent spirits, and confined himself to iced champagne, a delicious beverage in hot weather. Notwithstanding this precaution, the heat became more and more intolerable. At another large city he called on an old school-fellow, who, rejoiced at his appearance, sent out, and very soon about a dozen Scotchmen made their appearance, and the party sat late drinking Scotch

whisky; for the American drink of that name (selling at abont a shilling a gallon) is rank poison. Next day, the thermometer stood at 88 deg.; and while taking a walk with his friend, he felt intolerable thirst, and with an almost irresistible desire to drink at the pump which stood by the roadside; but he recollected the sudden deaths that occurred from that indulgence, and resisted the temptation, contenting himself with rincing his mouth with the water. He felt that, in the debility occasioned by the previous night's rather over-indulgence, a hearty draught would have been instant death. He resolved that during his stay in America he should be a total abstainer, and after a week or two, he could better endure a heat of 90 than he could the heat of 75, which he had encountered at New York, and could. drink at any time, and with perfect impunity, water iced down almost to the freezing point. This experience, conjoined with the fact that a considerable number of school-fellows who had emigrated, and had excellent prospects before them, had perished from indulgence in intoxicating liquor, led him to think seriously on the question of intemperance, and the result was, a conviction that it was his duty to take his part with those who were endeavouring to rescue their fellow-creatures from an impoverishing, health-destroying, and immoral custom.

The recommendation that abstinence should be adopted before emigration to a different climate, is important in other points of view. In the immense countries to which the tide of emigration is flowing, there is field enough, probably for centuries to come, to employ all the labour which can find its way to them; but the workers are not, and cannot be at once, distributed in the quarters where their labour is most wanted; and hence, whilst in some places there are millions of acres lying uncultivated, and millions only half cultivated, there are in other places thousands and tens of thousands of able workers, who cannot find employment, because they have not the means of removing themselves to the localities where their labour is in demand. The ports of disembarkation are almost always crowded with unemployed workers, and the privations and the fatality are awful. Much of the calamity might be averted were the emigrants to adopt the advice, to become total abstainers a twelvemonth before they leave home.

Two men arrive at New York; one has spent three shillings a-week on drink, and the payment of his passage money has taken away all his savings to within a few shillings. There have been arrivals in the port of perhaps 10,000 immigrants in that same week. He tries to find employment, but in that vast competition it cannot be found. He has been weakened in his health by a long passage acting upon a constitution debilitated

by previous habits, and he cannot go in search of work into the surrounding country, nor has he the means to pay for his conveyance into another State. He soon exhausts the few shillings that had been left, and there is no prospect before him but death, or a beggary almost worse than death. The other man, who had also spent his three shillings a-week uselessly, has had the prudence and the virtue to abstain for a year from intoxicating liquors; and he has paid his passage, and lands in full health and spirits, with some seven or eight pounds in his pocket. He goes out with his cheerful look and healthful complexion to ask for work. He is told of the crowds of applicants, and he says, 'Yes, sir, but I am able to work well, and to work always, for I am an abstainer. You would never find me absent on a Monday morning, sir.' Masters are tired of men upon whom they cannot depend. The probability is, that the man is employed. If not, he can try some other place, and before his money is exhausted, he is almost certain of finding profitable employment; and then he will begin to think of the younger brother at home whom he would like to see near him, or the dearly-beloved sister who might be his prudent housekeeper, or the revered father or mother whose remaining days might be spent in comfort and happiness with him.

men.

The GREAT EXODUS must go on. Nothing can stay it, even were it desirable, for a single nation's prosperity, that it should be stayed. The original command stands yet in all its force, THE EARTH IS TO BE SUBDUED; its barren places are to rejoice in fertility; its dark forests are to wave with golden grain; its silent deserts are to resound with the busy hum of From a narrow field the world is to be peopled; from the banks of the Rhine and the Elbe; the Severn and the Trent ; the Clyde and the Forth; the Boyne and the Shannon, are to proceed the subduers of the earth-the future owners of its great valleys, with its mighty rivers and its immense oceans as their highways. The fathers of powerful kingdoms and republics are with us, amongst us, part of ourselves, though humble, unnoticed, unknown. Rightly taught, they will rightly teach: a truth conveyed to the mind of a hand-loom weaver on the Cart may become a principle of action throughout the whole valley of the Mississippi. The truths of temperance, morality, and religion taught now to the reachable few, will be communicated to the infinite many, over all the face of the earth, and throughout all time!

THE FORESTS OF INDIA.*

In this cold, sunless region of the globe, we can form but a faint estimate of the Eastern appreciation of the luxury of shade. The planting of trees by the wayside, to form a pleasant canopy beneath which the weary pilgrim may linger, is an act which has been held in high esteem in all Eastern countries from the very earliest times. This is well illustrated by the fact of the banks of the canals constructed by the Mahommedan Emperors being planted, and the waysides of the imperial roads lined with trees. In the Sunnud of the Emperor Akbar, it is directed, in the glowing language of the East, that on both sides of the canal down to Hissar, trees of every description, both for shade and blossom, be planted, so as to make it like the canal under the tree in Paradise; and that the sweet flavour of the rare fruits may reach the mouth of every one, and that from those luxuries a voice may go forth to travellers, calling them to rest in the cities, where every want will be supplied.' f

It has been remarked, both by Humboldt and Meyen, that if in Northern climes, where man cultivates the cereals in immense unbroken fields, their monotonous aspect adds but little to the beauty of the landscape, the inhabitant of the Tropics, on the other hand, in rearing groves of plantains, where he fixes his habitation, contributes to the adornment of the earth's surface by the extension of one of the most noble and beautiful forms of the vegetable world. When he erects his hut of bamboo reeds and palm leaves, he plants around it a few shoots of the banana, which yield him a supply of food, and form the chief ornament of his simple dwelling.

1. Report of the Twenty-First Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, held at Ipswich in July, 1851. Pp. 78-102. Report of the Committee appointed by the British Association to consider the Probable Effects in an Economical and Physical Point of View of the Destruction of Tropical Forests. By Dr Hugh Cleghorn, Professor of Botany, Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Medical School, Madras; Professor Forbes Royle, King's College, London; Captain R. Baird Smith, Bengal Engineers; and Captain R. Strachey, Bengal Engineers. London: John Murray. 1852.

2. Transactions of the Botanical Society. Vol. IV. On the Hedge Plants of India, and the Conditions which Adapt them for Special Purposes and Particular Localities. By Dr Hugh Cleghorn, Professor of Botany, &c. Edinburgh: Printed for the Botanical Society. 1853.

3. Outlines of the Geography of Plants, with Particular Inquiries, concerning the Native Country, the Culture and the Uses of the Principal Cultivated Plants on which the Prosperity of Nations is Based. By F. J. F. Meyen, Ph.D., M.D., late Extraordinary Professor of Botany in the University of Berlin. Translated by Margaret Johnston. London: Printed for the Ray Society. 1846.

4. On the Culture and Commerce of Cotton in India and Elsewhere, with an Account of the Experiments made by the Honourable East India Company up to the Present Time. By J. Forbes Royle, M.D., &c. London: Smith, Elder, and Co. 1851.

† Calcutta Review, No. xxiii.