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It was during the Slave Dynasty that the Caliph of Bagdad acknowledged India as a separate Mohammedan kingdom, and coins were struck in recognition of the new empire of Delhi in 1229.

Tughlaks. The Tughlak dynasty was a time of oppression, and many of the Mohammedan provinces in the east and south revolted and set up independent kingdoms.

Tamer (Tamerlane). - Tamer, the Lame, described as a Mongol (Mogul) because he revived the Tartar Empire and claimed to be the representative of the great Mongol Ghenzi, Khan of the Mongols and Tartars who had conquered Pekin and northern China, made a conquering raid across India. He left no traces of his power except "days of massacre."

Petty Mohammedan Governors. Under the weak dynasties of the Sayyids and the Lodis the petty kingdoms increased. Five independent Mohammedan states were formed in the Deccan; and the Lower Bengal district, the province of Gujarat in western India, Malwa, and the territory around Benares, each set up a separate Mohammedan government.

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The Mogul Dynasty. In the middle of the sixteenth century, the Mongols returned, this time to stay. These Mongol Tartars had been converted to Mohammedanism. Their religion was the same as that of the invaders of the Afghan and Turkish dynasties;

they differed merely in belonging to another Tartar branch and in coming in such numbers that they grew to be the great Moslem power of India. Baber, the first Great Mogul, was a descendant of Tamer, but he was a statesman as well as a warrior.

Akbar the Great.-Akbar, grandson of Baber, was the real founder of the great Mogul Empire. His dates, 1556-1605, almost coincide with those of the great English sovereign, Queen Elizabeth, 1558-1603. He showed great wisdom. He made overtures to the brave Rajputs, marrying a member of this the royal stock of the Hindus. He chose many of his generals and statesmen from the Hindus. By conquering some and conciliating others he had succeeded before his death in reducing the independent Mohammedan states to provinces of the Delhi Empire, and in bringing the Hindu kings with their subjects into political dependence upon his authority. He found India a collection of petty Hindu and Mohammedan states; he made it almost a united empire. The noble red stone fort at Agra remains to illustrate his idea of architecture. Tennyson in Akbar's Dream treats of the deistic religion that Akbar believed in.

Jahangir. His son Jahangir is renowned for having as his empress "The Light of the World," and he himself is immortalized in Lalla Rookh. Sir Thomas Roe, the first English envoy sent out by King James

in 1616, bowed low before this "the Mightie Emperour, the Great Mogul."

Shah Jahan.-This grandson of Akbar, who was contemporary with Charles I. and Cromwell of Eng land, sat upon the great Peacock throne, now in Teheran, built the exquisite mausoleum Taj Mahal at Agra, and removed the seat of government from Agra to Delhi, where he built the Great Mosque.

Aurungzebe.The son of Shah Jahan, Aurungzebe, added to the extent, wealth, and power of his father's possession; but it was in this reign that the decadence of the Mogul Empire began. Aurungzebe was a Mohammedan of the sternest type. He did not conciliate. He was determined to subdue the remaining independent Mohammedan powers. He succeeded, but he had only weakened Mohammedan forces that might have assisted him against the three great Hindu confederacies that had been forming - the Mahrattas, the Sikhs, and the natives of Rajputana.

A digression from the main narrative of the Moguls seems called for in order to describe the great Hindu confederacies that were the chief agents in breaking the Moslem power.

Rajputs; Mahrattas ;

Sikhs: Rajputana. - Aurungzebe's son deserted him and united with the Rajputs. From this time the district of Rajputana owned no allegiance to the Delhi government.

Mahrattas. Savajee, a Hindu of South India, formed from the Hindus of the Deccan a national party called the Mahrattas from the district in which they lived. Mahratta means great country. As this army was recruited from the peasant proprietors of the land it could be quickly brought together and quickly disbanded. Savajee used his Mahrattas sometimes against the invading Mogul army of Aurungzebe, sometimes against the two independent Mohammedan states that were trying to resist Aurungzebe. His army grew powerful, and he amassed such riches that before his death he weighed himself against gold and distributed the gold to his Brahmans. He assumed the title of Rajah, king. He died in 1680. His successors were weak; the office and the power of the Mahratta kings passed from them to their Peshwas, or prime ministers. The Peshwas made Poona in Bombay the seat of government and centre of operations for the Mahrattas. They captured some provinces and compelled the Mogul Emperor to cede others to them, so that when Clive went to India this great Hindu Confederacy possessed Malwa, Nagpur, Orissa, the Lower Bengal, and the west portion of the Nizam of Hyderabad's province. By Hastings' time the Mahrattas had quarrelled among themselves and were divided into five houses. The Peshwa, with his capital at Poona, was still the nominal head. The other

houses were the Bhonslas at Nagpur, the Sindhias at Gwalior, Holkar at Indore, and the Gaekwar at Baroda.

First Mahratta War, 1779-1781. The first of the three Mahratta wars with the British is the one referred to in the Warren Hastings essay. It was brought on by a dispute between rivals for the Peshwa title. The French sided with one of the claimants, so the English governor at Bombay made a treaty at Surat with the other claimant to support him in return for the cession of two provinces. Hastings disapproved of the treaty, but when war began he sent troops that conquered Gujarat and Gwalior. The war closed by a treaty.

Last Mahratta War, 1817-1818. The Mahratta dynasties, each on its own account, took up arms against the British again, and all were defeated. This broke the Mahratta power. The Gaekwar of Baroda still reigns, but his is a feudatory state only; and he spends his summers in London. Such is the fall of the Indian prince. The adopted son of the last Peshwa of Poona was the Nana Sahib of the Mutiny of 1857 fame, or infamy.

The Sikhs. The Sikhs, a religious and military sect of the Hindus, located in the western part of the Punjab, were so cruelly persecuted by the Mohammedans that they became fanatics. They revere the

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