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offer he had written to his sister Hannah, telling her of the dignity and consideration attached to the post, and of the high salary, ten thousand pounds a year, and added: "Whether the period of my exile shall be one of comfort, and after the first shock, even of happiness, depends on you. If, as I expect, this offer shall be made to me, will you go with me? I know what a sacrifice I ask of you. I know how many dear and precious ties you must, for a time, sunder. I know that the splendor of the Indian court, and the gayeties of that brilliant society of which you would be one of the leading personages, have no temptation for you. I can bribe you only by telling you that, if you will go with me, I will love you better than I love you now, if I can."

His preparations for the voyage to India were characteristic. He visited the ship to inspect the cabin his sister was to occupy, and ordered it to be made as pretty and comfortable as possible for the long voyage. He wrote to the publishers of the Edinburgh Review that he would continue to furnish articles to them, but he desired to be paid while in India with books. He gave his preference for books on English History, as he had already begun work on his own History at that time.

Among the books which he had provided for his own reading on the voyage were Voltaire's works, Gibbon, Sismondi's History of the French, Don Quixote

in Spanish, Homer in Greek, Horace in Latin, all the Edinburgh Reviews bound, a collection of Greek classics, some books of jurisprudence, some to initiate him in Persian and Hindoostanee, and his favorite novels. He warned his sister that he had brought Gisborne's Duties of Women, Moore's Fables for the Female Sex, Mrs. K.'s Female Scripture Characters and Fordyce's Sermons to keep her in order, — and then asked her to tell him seriously what she would like to have. On the voyage his letters tell that his sister danced with the gentlemen in the evenings and read novels and sermons with the ladies in the mornings; but that he hardly spoke except at meals, keenly enjoying the chance to be alone and, as he puts it, to "devour Greek, Latin, Spanish, Italian, French, and English, — folios, quartos, octavos, and duodecimos."

When the vessel touched at Madras Macaulay found instructions awaiting him from Lord Bentinck, the Governor-General of India, which required his leaving the coast and travelling by palanquin to the Nilgiris Hills, beyond Mysore. He was thus thrown at once. in contact with the natives. At Arcot he visited the deserted gardens of the Nabob of the Carnatic; and at Mysore he was received by the deposed Rajah, whose palaces, furniture, jewels, soldiers, elephants, and idols were subjects for home letters. He digressed from the main road to visit the old town and fortress

of Seringapatam, a place having a double interest for him. He had been familiar with it from a child, through the stories told him by the hero uncle, General Macaulay, who had been imprisoned there for four years; and he was now interested in exploring the ruins of the splendid court and halls, and in seeing the great mausoleum within which are the tombs of Hyder Ali, Tippoo Sultan, and Tippoo's mother, all covered with palls embroidered in gold with verses from the Koran.

When he was relieved by Lord Bentinck he went on to Calcutta, and there he and sister Hannah went to housekeeping. Then began the unremitting grind of government administration which employed him during the entire time that he remained in India. He was made president of the Committee on Public Instruction for India, and we find him advocating teaching English in the schools, instead of Sanscrit, Persian, and Arabic, on the grounds of the value of English as a language, of the knowledge of the sciences that would come through it, and of its known civilizing effects. In this, as in other positions, he acquainted himself with the minutest details of the office for which he was responsible. He gave opinions on circulating libraries, qualifications of schoolmasters, the manner of awarding prizes, and on "public spouting in schools"; and made suitable lists of books for study

and lists of books to be used for prizes. He was also made chairman of the Committee to draw up a Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure for India. Owing to the sickness of some of his colleagues most of the labor on the Penal Code fell to him. Of this remarkable code Mr. Fitzjames Stephens, a trained English lawyer and Macaulay's successor, says: "This Penal Code is to the English criminal law what a manufactured article ready for use is to the materials out of which it was made. It is to the French Code Pénal, and, I may add, to the North German Code of 1871, what a finished picture is to a sketch. The clearest proof of its practical success is that hardly any questions have arisen upon it which have had to be determined by the courts." The value of its plain instructions is most appreciated by those English magistrates who have been called upon to administer justice in a country where there is no common interpretation of the terms, crime and punishment.

At one time Macaulay was very unpopular in India. He had advocated an act which required that henceforth British subjects should bring civil appeals before the Sudder Court, instead of the Supreme Court of Council. His habitual fairness appears in this statement: "In my opinion the chief reason for preferring the Sudder Court is this, that it is the court which we have provided to administer justice, in the last resort,

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to the great body of the people. If we give our own countrymen an appeal to the King's Courts, in cases in which all others are forced to be contented with the Company's Courts, we do in fact cry down the Company's Courts. We proclaim to the Indian people that there are two sorts of justice—a coarse one, which we think good enough for them, and another of superior quality, which we keep for ourselves." This called down upon him such a storm of vituperation from the Calcutta press that he was unwilling his sister should see the papers. The abuse seems not to have disturbed his equanimity in any other way, for during these attacks he sent off a long state paper setting forth his reasons for urging the removal of all censorship from the press of India. By 1837 his object in going to India had been attained, he had acquired a fortune sufficient to allow him to reënter political life or to retire and devote himself to writing. In a letter to a friend, he confessed his yearning for England. "Let me assure you," he wrote, "banishment is no light matter." He left India in December, 1837. On the voyage home he mastered the German language, learning it as he had Spanish and Portuguese. His habit was to read first the Bible in the new language, his familiarity with the Bible making a dictionary unnecessary, then with dictionary and grammar to attack some classical work.

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