of Asaf Jah, Viceroy of the Deccan, Nizam of the Carnatic. See essay on "Lord Clive," paragraphs 25-45.

Line 25. the prince. The Nabob of Bengal.

Page 10, line 23. Black Hole of Calcutta. When Surajah Dowlah attacked Calcutta in June, 1756, many of the English were able to get away on the river, but there were not boats enough for all. Those who remained defended the city until they were overpowered. When the Nabob, Surajah Dowlah, saw the prisoners, he promised them that they should not be hurt. The guards compelled one hundred and forty-six of them to enter a room twenty feet square. It had only two small windows, and they opened on an arcade. The heat and foul air were intolerable. At first the prisoners fought for places at the windows, and implored the guards for water, but later they taunted and insulted the guards in the hopes of making them shoot into the room and so end their agony. In the morning only twenty-three were alive. Surajah Dowlah may not have been responsible for this, but his later treatment of the survivors was not any more humane.

treason.

Page 11, line 7. Meer Jaffier was a rival claimant for the Nabobship. When Clive arrived in Bengal he espoused Meer Jaffier's cause. Clive defeated Surajah Dowlah, Nabob of Bengal, at Plassey in 1757 and placed Meer Jaffier on the viceregal throne at Moorshedabad as Nabob of Bengal. The Great Mogul at Delhi was the nominal head, but the Nabob was really independent.

Page 12, line 3. He remained at Moorshedabad. What argument has Macaulay used to show Hastings' honesty at this time?

Line 9. Mr. Vansittart. 1764, between Clive's first and second governorships.

Governor of Bengal from 1760 to

Page 13, line 24. to marry a peer's daughter. Would a simple statement, that the agent's sole object was to get rich so that he might return to England to enjoy life, be as effective as this sentence? Why ?

Line 24. rotten boroughs. See Life of Macaulay in Introduction, and note on Old Sarum.

Page 14, line 7. It is certain that. What two devices of expression has Macaulay used from this to the end of the paragraph? Are they favorites with this master of style?

Line 16. keen, severe, malevolent. Discriminate between these words. In the following paragraph is there any relation between the words squeamish and rapacious that makes them good antonyms?

Page 15, line 10. In 1764 Hastings returned to England. This and the two following paragraphs begin with short, simple sentences. In what relation do the other sentences in the paragraphs stand to the beginning ones?

Page 16, line 19.

Hafiz and Ferdusi. Classic Persian poets.

Page 17, line 24. pagoda. The word here means a gold coin which has a pagoda stamped on it. Value, $1.94.

Page 18, line 13. Indiaman. Name given to the ships for India. The voyage at this time was long. The ships went round the Cape of Good Hope. It took Clive a year to make his first voyage from England to India.

Page 19, line 6. genuine. What is the root of the word ?

There were two governments.

Page 21, line 16. At the battle of Baxar in 1764, Oude was taken from the Nabob Vizier. Clive on entering his second Governorship of India in 1765 restored Oude to the Nabob Vizier on condition of his paying half a million sterling. Allahabad and Corah, provinces lying between the Ganges and Jumna rivers, were given to Shah Alam, the Great Mogul, on condition that they be used to protect Bengal from the Mahrattas; in return Shah Alam granted the fiscal administration of Bengal, Behar, and Orissa to the English. The English were to collect all the revenues of these provinces, send about £300,000 as tribute to the Mogul, and give £600,000 to the Nabob of Bengal at Moorshedabad. But the political and judicial administration was left in the hands of the Nabob of Bengal. In Indian terms the Company was diwan, and the Nabob was nizam. This constituted the double system devised by Clive. Even in carrying out the Company's part of this dual system, Clive did not put a servant of the Company in as collector of the revenues; instead he made a native, Mahommed Reza Khan, the minister of finance.

Page 22, line 8. Augustulus. The last Roman Emperor of the West. See Roman history. Analogous cases, because the real rulers pretended to bow to the nominal rulers. Merovingians. See history of France or Century Cyclopedia of Names.

Line 19. At present the Governor. Macaulay is describing the government of India at the time of this essay, 1841. See Pitt's Bill in Introduction. For present government, see Introduction.

Page 24, line 23. important, lucrative, splendid. Discriminate between meanings of the words.

Page 25, line 4. Khan, Persian, king.

Line 11. Hindoo Brahmin. See Introduction. The spelling in the Introduction is that in more common usage, Hindu Brahman. The great river of western India was originally the Ind or Hind or Indus; and the people are the people of the Indus, that is, the Hindus. Brahmin is from the name of the Hindu god, Brahma.

Line 14. Maharajah. Hind., Rajah, king, allied to Latin rex. Maharajah, great king. At the time that Clive chose Mahommed Reza Khan for minister, the Nabob had urged that Nuncomar be chosen; but Nuncomar had been suspected of treachery to the English in 1764 while he was Meer Jaffier's prime minister. Shortly after Clive had appointed Reza Khan, Nuncomar was imprisoned at Calcutta on discovery of proofs of his correspondence with Sujah Dowlah while that king was marching against the English at Behar. Both Clive and Hastings knew of his treachery.

Page 26, line 23.

in the British army.

sepoy. A Hindu or Mohammedan soldier

Page 27, line 16. Mucius. When Mucius was threatened with torture by Lars Porsenna he thrust his hand into the flame to show what a Roman could endure.

Line 18.

Algernon Sidney. Convicted on insufficient evidence of complicity in the Rye House Plot. Died like a philosopher.

P

Page 29, line 22. Directors. The administration of the Company's affairs was in the hands of twenty-four Directors, elected annually by the Proprietors. The supreme control was in the Court of Proprietors, because they made all the laws and regulations and elected the Directors. The Courts of Directors regulated the commercial and political transactions of the Company, subject to interference by the Proprietors. It required the possession of £500 of the Company's stock to become a Proprietor, and £2000 of the Company's stock before a man could be chosen as a Director. The Crown at this time exercised no direct control; but as many of the Proprietors and Directors were members of Parliament the interests of the Company were not neglected. The Regulating Act of 1773, and Pitt's India Bill of 1784, changed the constitution of the Company. See Mill and Wilson's History of India, Vol. III., Book IV., Chaps. I. and IX., and Vol. IV., Book V., Chap. IX.

Page 30, line 3. Leadenhall Street. The old India House was on Leadenhall Street, London.

Page 35, line 4. Teviotdale. See Scott's Lay of Last Minstrel. Scott gives motto of the Cranstouns in his explanation of the Cranstoun coat of arms.

Page 36, line 24. sermons and rupees. Is the figure strong? A rupee looks like a silver half-dollar, and is worth about the same amount.

Corah and Allahabad. For the agreement,

Page 37, line 11. see note on page 208. However, matters were now altered. The Great Mogul, Shah Alam, had fallen into the hands of the Mahrattas, the very enemies from which he had promised to