By BÆDA, the "VENERABLE BEDE " (673-735), a native of Bernicia, who was trained for the church, and spent most of Jarrow on the he died. Later his bones were removed to the Cathedral of Durham, and a shrine was erected to his memory. Both 3. The Coming of the Angles and Saxons (circ. 450) In the year of our Lord 449, Martian being made emperor with Valentinian, and the forty-sixth from Augustus, ruled the empire seven years. Then the nation of the Angles, or Saxons, being invited by the aforesaid king, arrived in Britain with three long ships, and had a place assigned them to reside in by the same king, in the eastern part of the island, that they might thus appear to be fighting for their country, whilst their real intentions were to enslave it. Accordingly they engaged with the enemy, who were come from the north to give battle, and obtained the victory; which, being known at home in their own country, as also the fertility of the country, and the cowardice of the Britons, a more considerable fleet was quickly sent over, bringing a still greater number of men, which, being added to the former, made up an invincible army. The new comers received of the Britons a place to inhabit, upon condition that they should wage war against their enemies for the peace and security of the country, whilst the Britons agreed to furnish them with pay. Those who came over were of the three powerful nations of Germany, -Saxons, Angles, and Jutes. From the Jutes are descended the people of Kent, and of the Isle of Wight, and those also in the province of the WestSaxons who are to this day called Jutes, seated opposite to Cæsar to 731. the Isle of Wight. From the Saxons, that is, the country It is in nowise which is now called Old Saxony, came the East-Saxons, the South-Saxons, and the West-Saxons. shrine and relics were destroyed in the reign of Henry VIII. Bede's life was spent in the service of literature. the coming of confined to church mat ters, and for the later years, especially from 633, it forms our best authority. As a historian From the Angles, that is, the country which is called Anglia, and which is said, from that time, to remain desert to this day, between the provinces of the Jutes and the Saxons, are descended the East-Angles, the Midland-Angles, Mercians, all the race of the Northumbrians, that is, of those nations that dwell on the north side marked by candour and intelligence. Saxon Conquest, see J, R. Green, The Making of England. On the Aforesaid king" = Vortigern. of the river Humber, and the other nations of the English. Bede is Bæda, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (translated by J. By BÆDA. See No. 3. is taken from book of the Ecclesias and describes events near time. His information may have been derived from those 4. Conversion of Edwin, King of the Northumbrians (circ. 625) The king, hearing these words, answered, that he was tical History, both willing and bound to receive the faith which he taught; but that he would confer about it with his principal friends to Bede's own and counsellors, to the end that if they also were of his opinion, they might all together be cleansed in Christ the Fountain of Life. Paulinus consenting, the king did as he said; for, holding a council with the wise men, he asked of every one in particular what he thought of the new doctrine, and the new worship that was preached? To which the chief of his own priests, Coifi, immediately answered: "O the king, consider what this is which is now preached to us; preaching of for I verily declare to you, that the religion which we have Paulinus. hitherto professed has, as far as I can learn, no virtue in it. Paulinus.was For none of your people has applied himself more diligently having a personal knowledge of the facts. 66 These words = Christian the chaplain of the wife of Edwin, a Christian princess of Kent. to the worship of our gods than I; and yet there are many who receive greater favours from you, and are more preferred than I, and are more prosperous in all their undertakings. Now if the gods were good for anything, they would rather forward me, who have been more careful to serve them. It remains, therefore, that if upon examination you find those new doctrines, which are now preached to us, better and more efficacious, we immediately receive them without any delay." Another of the king's chief men, approving of his words and exhortations, presently added; "The present life of man, O king, seems to me, in comparison of that time which is unknown to us, like to the swift flight of a sparrow through the room wherein you sit at supper in winter, with your commanders and ministers, and a good fire in the midst, whilst the storms of rain and snow prevail abroad; the sparrow, I say, flying in at one door, and immediately out at another, whilst he is within, is safe from the wintry storm; but after a short space of fair weather, he immediately vanishes out of your sight, into the dark winter from which he had emerged. So this life of man appears for a short space, but of what went before, or what is to follow, we are utterly ignorant. If, therefore, this new doctrine contains something more certain, it seems justly to deserve to be followed." The other elders and king's counsellors, by Divine inspiration, spoke to the same effect. But Coifi added, that he wished more attentively to hear Paulinus discourse concerning the God whom he preached; which he having by the king's command performed, Coifi, hearing his words, cried out: "I have long since been sensible that there was nothing in that which we worshipped; because the more diligently I sought after truth in that worship, the less I found it. But now I freely confess, that such truth evidently appears in this preaching as can confer on us the gifts of life, of salvation, and of eternal happiness. For which reason I advise, O king, that we instantly abjure and set fire to those temples and altars which we have consecrated without reaping any benefit from them." In short, the king publicly gave his license to Paulinus to preach the Gospel, and renouncing idolatry, declared that he received the faith of Christ: and when he inquired of the high priest who should first profane the altars and temples of their idols, with the enclosures that were about them, he answered, “I; for who can.more properly than myself destroy those things which I worshipped through ignorance, for an example to all others, through the wisdom which has been given me by the true God?" Then immediately, in contempt of his former superstitions, he desired the king to furnish him with arms and a stallion; and mounting the same, he set out to destroy the idols; for it was not lawful before for the high priest either to carry arms, or to ride on any but a mare. Having, therefore, girt a sword about him, with a spear in Paulinus became Bishop won the Christianity. of York and Deirans to his hand, he mounted the king's stallion and proceeded to the idols. The multitude, beholding it, concluded he was distracted; but he lost no time, for as soon as he drew near the temple he profaned the same, casting into it the spear which he held; and rejoicing in the knowledge of the worship of the true God, he commanded his companions to destroy the temple, with all its enclosures, by fire. This place where the idols were is still shown, not far from York, to the eastward, beyond the river Derwent, and is now called "The home Godmundingham, where the high priest, by the inspiration of the proof the true God, profaned and destroyed the altars which he had himself consecrated. tection of the gods." Bæda, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (translated by. J. This treaty between Charles the Great or Charlemagne (+814) and Offa, the greatest of the Mercian kings (†796), is of interest as showing the character of the intercourse 5. Treaty between Charles the Great and Offa (circ. 795) "Charles, by the grace of God king of the Franks and Lombards, and patrician of the Romans, to his esteemed and dearest brother Offa king of the Mercians, sendeth health: First, we give thanks to God Almighty for the purity of the Catholic faith, which we find laudably expressed in your letters. Concerning pilgrims, who for the love of God or land and the the salvation of their souls, wish to visit the residence of the Continent. Compare between Eng No. 12. holy apostles, let them go peaceably without any molesta-. tion; but if persons, not seeking the cause of religion, but that of gain, be found amongst them, let them pay the customary tolls in proper places. We will, too, that traders have due protection within our kingdom, according to our mandate, and if in any place they suffer wrongful oppression, |