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they may be the same men; though we are not quite fure of that, on your new philofophic doctrines of perfonal identity. In all other refpects they are totally changed. We do not fee why we have not as good a right to refuse them their rents, as you have to abrogate all their honours, titles, and diftinctions. This we have never commiffioned you to do; and it is one instance, among many indeed, of your affumption of undelegated power. We fee the burghers of Paris, through their clubs, their mobs, and their national guards, directing you at their pleasure, and giving that as law to you, which, under your authority, is tranfmitted as law to us. Through you, these burghers dispose of the lives and fortunes of us all. Why should not you attend as much to the defires of the laborious husbandman with regard to our rent, by which we are affected in the most serious manner, as you do to the demands of these infolent burghers, relative to distinctions and titles of honour, by which neither they nor we are affected at all? But we find you pay more regard to their fancies than to our neceffities. Is it among the rights of man to pay tribute to his equals ? Before this measure of yours, we might have thought we were not perfectly equal. We might have entertained fome old, habitual, unmeaning prepoffeffion in favour of those landlords; but we cannot conceive with what other view than that of destroying all respect to them, you could have made the law that degrades them. You have forbidden us to treat them with any of the old formalities of respect, and now you fend troops

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to fabre and to bayonet us into a submission to fear and force, which you did not fuffer us to yield to the mild authority of opinion.

The ground of fome of these arguments is horrid and ridiculous to all rational ears; but to the politicians of metaphysics who have opened schools for fophistry, and made establishments for anarchy, it is solid and conclufive. It is obvious, that on a mere confideration of the right, the leaders in the assembly would not in the least have fcrupled to abrogate the rents along with the titles and family ensigns. It would be only to follow up the principle of their reasonings, and to complete the analogy of their conduct. But they had newly possessed themselves of a great body of landed property by confiscation. They had this commodity at market; and the market would have been wholly destroyed, if they were to permit the husbandmen to riot in the speculations with which they so freely intoxicated themselves. The only security which property enjoys in any one of its descriptions, is from the interests of their rapacity with regard to fome other. They have left nothing but their own arbitrary pleasure to determine what property is to be protected and what fubverted.

Neither have they left any principle by which any of their municipalities can be bound to obedience; or even confcientioufly obliged not to separate from the whole, to become independent, or to connect itself with fome other state. The people of Lyons, it seems, have refused lately to pay taxes. Why should they not? What lawful authority

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thority is there left to exact them? The king imposed some of them. The old states, methodised by orders, settled the more ancient. They may say to the assembly, Who are you, that are not our kings, nor the states we have elected, nor fit on the principles on which we have elected you? And who are we, that when we fee the gabelles which you have ordered to be paid, wholly shaken off, when we see the act of disobedience afterwards ratified by yourselves, who are we, that we are not to judge what taxes we ought or ought not to pay,, and who are not to avail ourselves of the same powers, the validity of which you have approved in others? To this the answer is, We will fend troops. The last reason of kings, is always the first with your assembly. This military aid may ferve for a time, whilst the impreffion of the increase of pay remains, and the vanity of being umpires in all disputes is flattered. But this weapon will snap short, unfaithful to the hand that employs it. The affembly keep a school where, fyftematically, and with unremitting perseverance, they teach principles, and form regulations destructive to all spirit of fubordination, civil and militaryand then they expect that they shall hold in obedience an anarchic people by an anarchic army.

The municipal army, which, according to their new policy, is to balance this national army, if confidered in itself only, is of a constitution much more fimple, and in every respect less exceptionable. It is a mere democratic body, unconnected with the "crown or the kingdom; armed, and trained, and officered at the pleasure of the districts to which the

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the corps severally belong, and the personal fervice of the individuals, who compofe, or the fine in lieu of perfonal fervice, are directed by the same authority *. Nothing is more uniform. If, however, confidered in any relation to the crown, to the national assembly, to the public tribunals, or to the other army, or confidered in a view to any coherence or connection between its parts, it seems a monster, and can hardly fail to terminate its perplexed movements in some great national calamity. It is a worse preservative of a general constitution, than the systasis of Crete, or the confederation of Poland, or any other ill-devised corrective which has yet been imagined, in the necessities produced by an ill-constructed system of government.

Having concluded my few remarks on the conftitution of the fupreme power, the executive, the judicature, the military, and on the reciprocal relation of all these establishments, I shall say fomething of the ability shewed by your legisflators with regard to the revenue.

In their proceedings relative to this object, if pofsible, still fewer traces appear of political judgment or financial resource. When the states met, it seemed to be the great object to improve the system of revenue, to enlarge its collection, to cleanse it of

* I fee by Mr. Necker's account, that the national guards of Paris have received, over and above the money levied within their own city, about 145,000 1. fterling out of the public treasure. Whether this be an actual payment for the nine months of their existence, or an estimate of their yearly charge, I do not clearly perceive. It is of no great importance, as certainly they may take whatever they please.

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oppreffion and vexation, and to establish it on the most solid footing. Great were the expectations entertained on that head throughout Europe. It was by this grand arrangement that France was to stand or fall; and this became, in my opinion, very properly, the teft by which the skill and patriotism of those who ruled in that affermbly would be tried. The revenue of the state is the state. In effect all depends upon it, whether for fupport or for reformation. The dignity of every occupation wholly depends upon the quantity and the kind of virtue that may be exerted in it. As all great qualities of the mind which operate in public, and are not merely fuffering and paffive, require force for their display, I had almost said for their unequivocal existence, the revenue, which is the spring of all power, becomes in its administration the sphere of every active virtue. Public virtue, being of a nature magnificent and splendid, instituted for great things, and converfant about great concerns, requires abundant scope and room, and cannot spread and grow under confinement, and in circumstances straitened, narrow, and fordid. Through the revenue alone the body politic can act in its true genius and character, and therefore it will display just as much of its collective virtue, and as much of that virtue which may characterise those who move it, and are, as it were, its life and guiding principle, as it is poffeffed of a just revenue. For from hence, not only magnanimity, and liberality, and beneficence, and fortitude, and providence, and the tutelary protection of all good arts, derive their food, and the growth of their organs, but continence, and self-denial, and labour,

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