Semour. De Sto. Mauro. TH. Bydene. i. e. by the even, or by night. Romance of Amys and Amylion.

To thende. To the ende. ton, Myrrour, cap. 5.

Cax

Taylat. Glocefter fhire word; meaning an bay-loft. At first, no doubt, they faid in taylot, for in the bay-loft; and then converted the whole into a fubftantive, calling a bay loft by that name.

Tuffold, or Tovel. This means an hovel in Derbyshire, where they first said in tovel, i. e. in the hovel; and then, by mistake, took tovel to be the fubftantive, for hovel.

Ton and Tother: as, do you take ton, and I'll take tother; meaning the one and the other. The ton, Percy i. p. 7, where either the or abounds; and yet this is very commonly used, as is the tother, for which fee Percy, p. 58.

Tierne erofs, in Sommer's Antiq. of Canterb. p. 11, 169, is the iron cross.

Nathlefs. Not the lefs. See Dr. Johnson.

To. By cutting off the o, this fign glues itself to many verbs in Caxton, and other authors; as tabound, tacomplish, tarette it, i. e. to impute it; toffer, talledge bungre and thurfte, "Caxton, in Myrrour, cap. 5, is to allay them.

Two. This numeral will fometimes cohere with a noun, as twinter, a calf two winters or two years old. Derbyshire.

Tovet. This, in Kent, means two pecks, and confequently is a coalition of two fat or vat.

A Twibill. This is an implement that cuts both ways; and as Two is pronounced often twa, hence you have twa-bill, or twi-bill. THREE-A Treuet is an houfe

POSTSCRIPT.

TRIMON.-in the anonymous metrical history of the battle of Floddon Field, lately published, it is observed, p. 32, that St. Paul, St. Peter, and St Andrew, never taught the Scottish prelates to go to war, but rather tome later Popish faints, Trimon of Qubytehorn, or Doffin of Rofs; where, as St. Ninian was the great faint at Candida Cafa, or Whitehern, the Editor fays, we should read Ninian of Qubytehorn, An emendation is undoubtedly neceffary; this, however, is not a happy one. The Scots, it feems, call Ninian, Ringen, (see Memorial of Brit. Piety, p. 131,) whence I conjecture there is a Crafis here, and that the true correction is Tringen. If this be the truth, as I prefume it is, it af fords a pregnant inftance of the ufefulness of attending to the effects of the Crafis: but, indeed, of this, in point of etymology, we have feen many examples above.

SMERWICK.- -There is fomething particular in this, as the first letter, instead of the laft, in Saint, coalefces; for it means St. Mary-wick, in the county of Kerry, in Irelana. Campbell, Lives of Adm. ii. p. 49.

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Account

2

Account of feveral Gigantic Statues found in Easter Island, in the South Seas, by Captain Cook.

N the east fide, near the fea, they met with three platforms of flone-work, or rather the ruins of them. On each had flood four of thofe large ftatues, but they were all fallen down from two of them, and alfo one from the third; all except one were broken by the fall, or in fome measure defaced. Mr. Wales measured this one, and found it to be fifteen feet in length, and fix feet broad over the fhouldders. Each ftatue had on its head a large cylindric ftone of a red colour, wrought perfectly round. The one they measured, which was not by far the largeft, was fifty-two inches high, and fixty-fix in diameter. In fome the upper corner of the cylinder, was taken off in a fort of concave quarter-round; but in others the cylinder was entire.

They obferved that this fide of the island was full of thofe gigantic ftatues fo often mentioned; fome placed in groupes on platforms of masonry; others fingle, fixed only in the earth, and that not deep; and thefe latter are, in general, much larger than the others. Having measured one, which had fallen down, they found it very near twenty-feven feet long, and upwards of eight feet over the breaft or fhoulders; and yet this appeared confiderably fhort of the fize of one they faw ftanding: its fhade, a little paft two o'clock, being fufficient to fhelter all the party, confifting of near thirty perfons, from the rays of the fun. Here they stopped to dine; after which they repaired to a hill, from

whence they faw all the caft and north fhores of the isle, on which they could not fee either bay or creek fit even for a boat to land in; nor the leaft figns of fresh water. What the natives brought them here was real falt-water; but they obferved that fome of them drank pretty plentifully of it, fo far will neceffity and cuftom get the better of nature! On this account they were obliged to return to the last mentioned well; where, after having quenched their thirst, they directed their route across the ifland towards the fhip, as it was now four o'clock.

In a small hollow, on the highest part of the island, they met with feveral fuch cylinders as are placed on the heads of the ftatues. Some of thefe appeared larger than any they had feen before; but it was now too late to ftop to meafure any of them. Mr. Wales, from whom I had this information, is of opinion that there had been a quarry here, whence these ftones had formerly been dug; and that it would have been no difficult matter to roll them down the hill after they were formed. I think this a very reasonable conjecture; and have no doubt that it has been fo.

The gigantic ftatues, before mentioned, are not, in my opinion, looked upon as idols by the prefent inhabitants, whatever they might have been in the days of the Dutch; at least, I faw nothing that could induce me to think fo. On the contrary, I rather fuppofe that they are burying-places for certain tribes or families. I, as well as fome others, faw a human skeleton lying in one of the platforms, juft covered with ftones. Some of these platforms of masonry are

thirty or forty feet long, twelve or fixteen broad, and from three to twelve in height; which laft in fome measure depends on the nature of the ground. For they are generally at the brink of the bank facing the fea, fo that this face may be ten or twelve feet, or more high, and the other may not be above three or four. They are built, or rather faced, with hewn ftones of a very large fize; and the workmanship is not inferior to the best plain piece of mafonry we have in England. They ufe no fort of cement; yet the joints are exceedingly clofe, and the ftones morticed and tenanted one into another, in a very artful manner. The fide walls are not perpendicular, but inclining a little inwards, in the fame manner that breaftworks, &c. are built in Europe: yet had not all this care, pains, and fagacity, been able to preferve thefe curious ftructures from the ravages of all-devouring time.

The ftatues, or at least many of them, are erected on thefe platforms, which ferve as foundations. They are, as near as we could judge, about half length, ending in a fort of ftump at the bottom, on which they ftand. The workmanship is rude, but not bad; nor are the features of the face ill formed, the nofe and chin in particular; but the ears are long beyond proportion; and as to the bodies, there is hardly any thing like a human figure about

them.

were built. But fome of the gentlemen, who travelled over the island, and examined many of them, were of opinion that the ftone of which they were made, was different from any other they faw on the island, and had much the appearance of being factitious. We could hardly conceive how thefe iflanders, wholly unacquainted with any mechanical power, could raife fuch ftupendous figures, and afterwards place the large cylindric ftones, before mentioned, upon their heads. The only method I can conceive, is by raifing the upper end by little and little, fupporting it by ftones as it is raifed, and building about it till they got it erect; thus a fort of mount or fcaffolding would be made, upon which they might roll the cylinder, and place it upon the head of the ftatue; and then the ftones might be removed from about it. But if the ftones are factitious, the ftatues might have been put together on the place, in their prefent pofition, and the cylinder put on by building a mount round them as above mentioned. But, let them have been made and fet up, by this or any other method, they must have been a work of immenfe time, and fufficiently fhew the ingenuity and perfeverance of the islanders in the age in which they were built; for the prefent inhabitants have most certainly had no hand in them, as they do not even repair the foundations of thofe which are going to decay. They give different names to them, fuch as Gotomoara, Marapate, Canaro, Goway-toogoo, Matta Matta, &c. &c.; to which they fometimes prefix the word Moi, and fometimes annex Aree

I had an opportunity of examining only two or three of thefe itatues, which are near the landingplace; and they were of a grey ftone, feemingly of the fame fort as that with which the platforms

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kee.

Befides the monuments of antiquity, which were pretty numerous, and no where but on or near the fea-coaft, there were many little heaps of ftones, piled up in different places, along the coaft. Two or three of the uppermost ftones in each pile were generally white; perhaps always fo, when the pile is complete. It will hardly be doubted that thefe piles of ftone had a meaning. Probably they might mark the place where people had been buried, and ferve inftead of the large statues.

On the first Introduction of Mufic into the Service of the Church. From Sir J. Hawkins's General Hiftory of Mufic.

I'

T has already been obferved, that the fcience of harmony was anciently a fubject of philofophical enquiry; and it is manifeft, from the account herein before given of them and their writings, that the Greeks treated it as a fubject of very abftract fpeculation, and that they neither attended to the phyfical properties of found, nor concerned themselves with the practice of mufic, whether vocal or inftrumental. Ptolemy was one of the laft of the Greek harmonicians; and from his time it may be abferved, that the cultivation of mufic became the care of a fet of men, who, then at leaft, made no pretentions to the character of philofophers. This may be accounted for either by the decline of philofophy about this period, or by the

not improbable fuppofition, that the fubject itself was exhaufted, and that nothing remained but an improvement in practice on that foundation which the ancient writers, by their theory, had fo well laid. But whatever may have been the caufe, it is certain, that after the establishment of christianity the cultivation of mufic became the concern of the church to this the chriftians were probably excited by the example of the Jews, among whom mufic made a confiderable part of divine worship, and the countenance given to it in the writings of St. Paul. Nor is it to be wondered at by those who confider the effects of mufic, its influence on the paffions, and its power to infpire fentiments of the moft de. vout and affecting kind, if it easily found admittance into the worthip. of the primitive chriftians; as to the ftate of it in the three first centuries, we are very much at a lofs; yet it fhould feem from the information of St. Auguftine, that in his time it had arrived at some degree of perfection; poffibly it had been cultivating, both in the Eaftern and Western empire, from the first propagation of chriftianity. The great number of men who were drawn off from fecular purfaits by their religious profefiion, amidst the barbariím of the times, thought themfelves laudably employed in the study of a fcience which was found to be fubfervient to religion: while fome were engaged in the oppugning heretical opinions, others were taken up in compofing forms of devotions, framing liturgies; and others in adapting fuitable melodies to such palms and hymns as had been received in the fervice of the

church,

:

church, and which made a very confiderable part of the divine offices all which is the more probable, as the progrefs of human learning was then in a great measure at a ftand.

But as the introduction of mufic into the fervice of the church feems to be a new era, it is neceffary to be a little more particular, and relate the opinions of the moft authentic writers, as well as to the reception it at first met with, as its fubfequent progrefs among the converts to chriftianity. If among the accounts to be given of thefe matters, fome should carry the appearance of improbability, or fhould even verge towards the regions of fable, let it be remembered, that very little credit would be due to hiftory, were the writer to fupprefs cvery relation against the credibility whereof there lay an objection. Hiftory does not propofe to tranf mit barely matters of real fact, or opinions abfolutely irrefragable; falfehood and error may very in nocently be propagated, nay the general belief of falfehood, or the existence of any erroneous opinion, may be confidered as facts; and then it becomes the duty of an hiftorian to relate them. Whoever is converfant with the ecclefiaftical hiftorians must allow that the fuperftition of fome, and the enthufiafm of others of them, have fomewhat abated the reverence due to their testimony. But notwithstanding this, the characters of Eufebius, Socrates, Sozomen, Theodoret, and Evagrius, for veracity and good intelligence, ftand fo high in the opinion of all fober and impartial men, that it is impoffible to withhold our affent from the far greater part of what they have written on this fubject.

The advocates for the high antiquity of church-mufic urge the authority of St. Paul in its favour, who, in his Epistle to the Ephefians, charges them to fpeak to themselves in pfalms, and hymns, and fpiritual fongs, finging and making melody in their hearts to the Lord; and who exhorts the Coloffians to teach and admonish one another in pfalms, hymns, and fpiritual fongs. Cardinal Bona is one of thefe; and he fcruples not to affert, on the authority of these two paffages, that fongs and hymns were, from the very establishment of the church, fung in the affemblies of the faithful. Johannes Damafcenus goes farther back; and relates, that at the funeral of the Bleffed Virgin, which was celebrated at Gethfemana, the apoftles, affifted by angels, continued finging her requiem for three whole days inceffantly. The fame author, fpeaking of the ancient hymn called the Trifagion, dates its original from a miracle that was performed in the time of Proclus, the archbishop: his account is, that the people of Conftantinople being terrified with fome portentous figns that had appeared, made folemn proceffions and applications, to the Almighty, befeeching him to avert the calamities that feemed to threaten their city, in the midft whereof a boy was caught from among them, and taken up to heaven; who, upon his return, related, that he had been taught by angels to fing the hymn in Greek,

The truth of this relation is queftioned by fome, who yet credit a