ESCHINES, Greek orator, I. 208; VII. ESCHNIDE, family of insects, VII. 385. ÆSCHYNITE, mineral, XVI. 427. AETIUS, founder of Arian sect, I. 224. ETNA (Etna), volcano, Sicily, VIII. AETOBATIS, genus of fishes, XX. 300. ESCULAPIUS, god of healing, I. 209; VI. ETOLIA, province, Greece, I. 225; coins ÆSTHACYTES, sense-cells, in sponges, ÆSTHESIOMETER, for measuring sensi- ÆSTIVATION, of animals, XI. 787; of AETAS, aborigines of the Philippines, AETH, town, Belgium, II. 827. ÆTHELBERHT (Ethelbert), king of (Ethelfrith), king of Northumberland, VIII. 271, 278; xvii. 569. ÆTHELINGS, Saxon princes, VIII. 289; XVIII. 302. of, XVII. 642. ÆTOLIAN LEAGUE, I. 225; XI. 107. AETOMORPHÆ, group of birds, III. 713. AFARS, people of Central Africa, XXII. AFER, Domitius, Roman orator, I. 225; AFFECTIONS, The, in Butler's philo- AFFILIATION, in law, III. 426; XV. zinger, XVII. 33; by Park, xvIII. 297; by Speke and Grant, XXII. 390; flora, VII. 289; forests, IX. 407; freshwater fishes, XII. 672; gold, X. 744; languages, XVIII. 778, 780; XXI. 643, 654; dictionaries of languages, VII. 192; Christian missions, XVI. 517; Negro race in, XVII. 316; oases, XVII. 695; rainfall, XVI. 153; religions, XX. 362; slave trade in, XXII. 143. AFRICA, Petrarch's Latin poem, XVIII. 711. South, birds of, XVIII. 16. AFRICAN RACE, in United States, XXIII. 821. AFRICANUS, Julius, church historian, Afsos, Sher Ali, Hindustani writer, XI. AFTER-EFFECT, in magnetism, XV. 258. Arwid August, Swedish historian, AFFINITY, or relationship, 1. 226; AGADAH, of the Jewish Midrash, xvi. systems of, IX. 22. Chemical, I. 226, 153; V. 463, 464, 473. 285, 503; XXIII. 36. AGADES, town, Central Africa, I. 273; AGADIR, town, Algeria, XXIII. 422. -, town, Morocco, XVI. 831. AFFONSO (Alphonso) I., king of Por- AGALMATOLITE, mineral, XVI. 425. tugal, 1. 618; XIX. 540. II., of Portugal, I. 618; XIX. 541. AFGHANISTAN, I. 227; 11. 685, 694; con- ETHELNOTH (Agelnoth), archbishop of AFGHANS, in India, XII. 792. Canterbury, I. 279. ÆTHELRED, Saxon king of England, VIII. 286, 567. ETHELSTAN, Saxon king of England, II. 830; VIII. 285. AFGHAN TURKESTAN, I. 241. AGAMAS, sacred books of the Jains, XIII. AGAMEMNON, in Greek legend, I. 273; drama of Eschylus, 1. 209. AGAMOGENESIS, in biology, III. 686; of insects, XIII. 146. AGAÑ, town, Ladrone Islands, XIV. 200. AGAPE, love feast, I. 274. AFGHAN WAR, of 1839, XII. 807; of AGAPORNIS, genus of birds, XV. 28. AFIUM-KARA-HISSAR, town, Asiatic ÆTHELWULF, Saxon king of England, AFNU, language, Central Africa, XII. VIII. 568. ÆTHER, in interstellar space, vIII. 568. of pharmacy, VIII. 568. ETHIOPIA (Ethiopia, q.v.), country, Africa, VIII. 611. ETHIOPICA, Greek romance by Heliodorus, XI. 632; XX. 635. ÆTHRA, of Greek legend, XXIII. 294. ÆTIOLOGY, in biology, III. 688; its relation to pathology, XVIII. 361; of parasitism, XVIII. 262; of sponges, XXII. 426. AETION, Greek painter, I. 224. 318. AFRAGOLA, town, Italy, 1. 244. Lucius, Roman consul, I. 244. AGARDE, Arthur, English antiquary, I. 274. AGAR-ELLIS, G. J. W., Lord Dover, vII. AGATHARCHIDES, Greek grammarian, | AGISTMENT, Tithe of, I. 283. 1. 278. AGATHARCHUS, Greek painter, I. 278. AGRET, town, Asiatic Russia, XXII. 821. painter, I. 290. AGISYAMBA, African country, in Pto- AGRICOLA, Christoph Ludwig, German AGLY, river, France, XX. 128. AGATHYRSIANS, people of Transylvania, AGNATES, in Roman law, I. 283; XX. AGDE, town, France, I. 278. AGE, I. 278; its influence on suicide, AGELNOTH, archbishop of Canterbury, AGEMA, Macedonian cavalry, XV. 140. Cnæus Julius, Roman general, 1. 289; in Britain, IV. 353; his invasion of Caledonia, IV. 663; XXI. 471; life of, by Tacitus, XXIII. 20. Georg, German mineralogist, I. 290. Johannes, German Reformer, 1. 290; II. 129. Johann Friedrich, German musician, I. 290. Rudolphus, German scholar, I. 290. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES, I. 305; list AGNONE, town, Italy, 1. 284; tablet AGRICULTURISTS, Education of, I. 408. found at, XIII. 446. AGNOSTICISM, Kantian, XVIII. 794; AGOBARD, archbishop of Lyons, I. 284. AGENARDUS (Eginhard), biographer of AGNUS DEI, I. 284. AGENT, in diplomacy, commerce, and DE CHANGE, in France, I. 281. AGE OF REASON, Paine's, XVIII. 136. AGER PUBLICUS, Roman public lands, I. 289; XX. 673. AGESANDER, Rhodian sculptor, XIV. 293. AGESILAUS, king of Sparta, I. 281; XVIII. 577. AGEUSIA, disease (loss of taste), XXIII. AGGLUTINATIVE LANGUAGES, XI. 39; AGGTELEK, cave, Hungary, I. 420; XII. AGHA, Turkish title, I. 273. MUHAMMAD, shah of Persia, XVIII. 645. AGONA, Carnival sports of the, Rome, v. I22. AGONALIA, Roman festivals, I. 284. AGORA, Greek market place, I. 285; of AGORACRITUS, Greek sculptor, II. 356. AGORDO, town, Italy, I. 285. AGOSTINO, Paolo, Italian musician, I. DA SIENA, Italian architect, I. 285. 531. AGOUTI, genus of rodent mammals, I. 285. AGHLABITES, African Moslem dynasty, AGRA, division and district, North XVI. 579. AGHRIM, Ireland, Battle of (1691), 1. 282. AGILULF, king of the Lombards, XIV. 815. Western Provinces, India, 1. 285; XVII. AGRI-DAGH, mountains, Transcaucasia, AGRIGENTUM (Girgenti), ancient town, AGRIONIDE, family of insects, VII. 385. Henry Cornelius, German philosopher, I. 418. 426. Herod, king of Judæa, I. 417; XIII. Herod, II., king of Chalcis, 1. 418; Marcus Vipsanius, Roman general, 420. AGTELEK, village and cave, Hungary, 1. 420; XII. 362. AGUA, Volcano de, Central America, I. 420. AGUADO, Alexander Maria, Jewish AGUARICO, river, Ecuador, vII. 646. AGUESSEAU, Henry François d', French AGRAM, town, Austria, I. 287; VI. 592; | AGUILAR, Grace, English authoress, I. university of, XXIII. 852. AGRAPHIA, disease, II. 171. AGINCOURT, or Azincourt, Battle of AGrarian Laws, Roman, I. 287; XIV. AGUIRRA, Josef Saenz d', Spanish writer, | AHWAZ, town, Persia, I. 424. AI, three-toed sloth, XXII. 162. -, town, Palestine, I. 424. AIBUGHIR, gulf, Sea of Aral, xxIII. 634. AIDAN, St, bishop of Lindisfarne, I. 424; XIII. 249; XXI. 475. ancient Scottish king, I. 424. AIDE-DE-CAMP, military officer, I. 425. AIDIN, town, Asiatic Turkey, 1. 425; province, XXIII. 653. AIDS, feudal tribute, I. 425. TO REFLECTION, Coleridge's work, physical properties of, III. 28; XIX 240; purification of, by fire, 1. 120; as medium of conveying sound, I. 100; sound waves in, XXIV. 418; temperature of, at different elevations, 1. 196; temperature of, over open sea, XVI. 117; thermometric properties of, XI. 574; diffusion of aqueous vapour in, VIII. 729; errors from weighing in, XXIV. 478; weight of, III. 28, 32. AIR, country, Central Africa, I. 429; XVII. 695. mountain, Sahara, Africa, XXI. 149. AND FIRE, Scheele's treatise on, XXI. 388. AIKEN, town, South Carolina, U.S.A., AIRAY, Henry, Puritan divine, 1. 430. AIKENHEAD, David, Leighton's epi gram on, XIV. 427. AIKIN, John, English writer, 1. 425. , Lucy, English writer, I. 425. AIKINITE, mineral, XVI. 395. AHASUERUS, king of Persia, I. 421; VIII. AIKMAN, William, Scottish portrait 560. the Wandering Jew, XIII. 673. AHAZ, king of Judah, I. 422; XIII. 412. AHAZIAH, king of Israel, 1. 422. AHENOBARBUS, Roman family, I. 422. AHIRS, tribe, India, XVIII. 72; XV. 303. AHITHOPHEL, of Scripture, I. 422. AHL HADR, settled Arabs, II. 249. AHMAD, Sayyid, Hindu Wahhabist, XI. 849. AHMADABAD, district and town, British India, I. 422. AHMAD KHAN BAHADUR, Urdu writer, XI. 850. AHMADNAGAR, district and town, British India, I. 423. AHMED I., Turkish sultan, XXIII. 644. II., sultan, XXIII. 646. III., sultan, I. 97; XXIII. 646. KHAN, Mongol ruler, XVI. 748; XXI. 91. PASHA, Turkish vizier and poet, XXIII. 656. PASHA, Turkish vizier, XXIII. 645. SHAH, Afghan ruler, I. 239, 424; XII. 796. B. TULUN, founder of an Egyptian dynasty, XVI. 586. AHOMS, Shan tribe, Burmah, XXI. 773. AHR, river, Germany, XX. 20, 519. AHRIMAN, Zoroastrian principle of evil, I. 424; VII. 136; XVII. 858; XXIII. 238; XXIV. 822. AHTS, American race, Mythology of, XVII. 148. AHUACHAPAN, town, San Salvador, Central America, XXI. 268. AHUDHEMMEH, Syriac writer, XXII. 834. AHUITZOTL, ancient Mexican ruler, XVI. 210. AHURA-MAZDA, or Ormuzd (q.v.), Zoroastrian principle of good, XVIII. 327; XXIII. 238; XXIV. 822. painter, I. 425. AIRDRIE, town, Scotland, I. 430. town, Landes, France, I. 430. town, Pas-de-Calais, France, 1. 430; XVIII. 340. AIRECHT, ancient Irish court, IV. 254. AILANTHUS SILKWORM, XXII. 60; silk | AIREDALE COLLEGE, Bradford, Eng from, XIV. 216. AILANTO, tree, II. 320. AILLY, Pierre d', French cardinal, X. 549; XVII. 132; XX. 320; XXI. 431. AILRED, English historian, I. 425. AILSA CRAIG, rock, Firth of Clyde, 1. 426. AILURIDE, family of Carnivora, XV. 441. land, IV. 197. AIR-ENGINE, I. 428; XXII. 522. AIROLO, town, Switzerland, XXIII. 351. AIMÉ, G., on the temperature of the AIRY, Sir George B., on aberration of Mediterranean, XV. 823. AIN, department, France, I. 426. river, France, XIII. 782; XX. 528. AINAD, town, Arabia, I. 426. eye-pieces, XXIII. 144; on the lunar theory, XVI. 801; on the solar parallax, XVIII. 250; on tides and waves, XXIII. 372. AINE-CLIACH, ancient division, Ireland, AISHA, wife of Mohammed, XVI. 552. XIV. 649. AINHARDUS (Eginhard), biographer of their language, XIII. 586; dictionary of, VII. 192; in Saghalin, XXI. 147. AINSWORTH, Henry, English divine, I. 426; XII. 724. Michael, Shaftesbury's letters to, XXI. 732. Robert, author of Latin Dictionary, I. 427. AINTAB, town, Syria, I. 427. AIR, I. 427; III. 28, 381; XVI. 114; XIX. 240; XXIV. 157; constituents of, III. 32; measurement of density of, III. 381; expansion of, XII. 480; experiments on, by Cavendish, V. 272; flow of, in pipes, XII. 490; force of, under | compression, VIII. 209; geological influences of, X. 264; in relation to health, XII. 567; use of hot in furnaces, IX. 846; measurement of humidity in, XII. 569; impurities in, XXIV. 157; navigation of, I. 187; AISIN GIORO, Manchu legendary hero, v. 649; xv. 467. AISLE, in architecture, 1. 430. AITKEN, W., on brass manufactures, IV. 217. AITON, William, British botanist, I. 431. AIX, town, France, I. 431. Sophocles's drama, XXII. 272. AJODHYA, town, British India, VIII. 855. | AKSARAI, river, Afghan Turkestan, I. | ALAPHION, early Syrian Christian, 551. station for Moslem homages, XVI. AKABAH, town, Arabia, I. 434. AK DENIZ, lake, Syria, XXII. 821. AKEN, town, Prussia, I. 435. Hein van, Dutch romancist, XII. 90. AKENSIDE, Mark, English poet, I. 435. AKERBLAD, Jan David, Swedish Orientalist, I. 436. AKERMAN, town, Russia, I. 436; convention of (1826), XXI. 20. John Yonge, English numismatist, I. 436. ÅKERMANN, Prof., on iron and steel, XIII. 282. AKHAF, desert, Arabia, II. 240. AKHALZIKH, or Akhaltsikh, town, Transcaucasia, Russia, I. 436; XXIII. 514. AKHBAR (Akbar, q.v.), emperor of Delhi, I. 434. AKHBARIS, Mohammedan theological school, XXII. 665. AKHDAR, Jebel, province and mountain range, Arabia, II. 238, 255. , Jebel al, district, Tripoli, North Africa, XXIII. 575. 241. XXII. 291. Hernando de, Spanish navigator, I. 442. AK-SU, town, Chinese Turkestan, I. 437; ALARCON, XXIII. 638. AK-TUBE, town, Asiatic Russia, XXIII. Y MENDOZA, Juan Ruiz de, Spanish dramatist, I. 442; VII. 421; XXII. 359. ALARIC, king of the West Goths, 1. 442; X. 849; destruction of Athens by, III. 10; in Italy, XX. 780; his relations to Stilicho, XXII. 550. II., king of the Goths, I. 443ALARUM CLOCK, VI. 24. ALASCO, John, Polish theologian, I. 443. ALA-SHEHR, town, Asia Minor, I. 443. ALASKA, Territory, U.S.A., 1. 443; area and population, XXIII. 802; purchased from Russia, I. 711; XXIII. 782; birds of, III. 752; seal fisheries of, XXI. 583. ALATAU, mountains, Central Asia, XXI. 64; XXIII. 633, 637. ALATRI, town, Italy, I. 444. ALATYR, town, Russia, XXII. 77. ALACHUN DAGH, mountain range, Cau- ALAUDA, genus of birds, XIV. 314. ALAVA, province, Spain, I. 444; XXII. 298. casus, V. 255. ALACRANES, islands, Gulf of Mexico, I. 440. - Miguel Ricardo d', Spanish general, ALA-DAGH, mountains, Asia Minor, II. ALAGHÖZ, mountain, Transcaucasia, ALB, ecclesiastical vestment, I. 445; VI. 461. ALBA, town, Italy, I. 445. or Alba Longa (q.v.), ancient town, Italy, XIV. 344. or Alva (q.v.), Duke of, I. 647. ALAI, plateau and mountains, Central ALBACETE, province, Spain, I. 445; XXII. Asia, XVIII. 103; XXII. 3. 298; town, I. 446. ALAIN DE LILLE, theologian, I. 440; ALBACORE, fish, XXIII. 625. XXI. 325. ALAIS, town, France, I. 440. AKHISSAR, town, Asiatic Turkey, I. 436. | ALAJUELA, town, Costa Rica, I. 441. AKHMIN, town, Upper Egypt, vII. 794. Russia, XXIV. 279. AKHTYRKA, town, Russia, I. 436. AKIBA, Ben Joseph, rabbi, 1. 436. (1826), XXI. 20. ALA-KUL, lake, Central Asia, XXI. ALALITE, mineral, XVI. 416. AKIERMAN, or Akerman, convention of ALAMANNIC LAW, XXI. 215. ALAMO, town, Texas, U.S.A., XXI. 254. ALAMOS, Los, town, Mexico, I. 441. DE BARRIENTOS, Balthazar, Spanish philologist, I. 441. ALAMUT, mountain fortress, Persia, II. 723. ALAN, William, cardinal, I. 441. ALAND ISLANDS, Gulf of Bothnia, I. 441. ALANG-ALANG, grass, in Java, XIII. 602; in Sumatra, XXII. 639. ALANS, or Alani, Eastern tribes, I. 441; in Spain, XX. 780; XXII. 308; their inroads on Persia, XVIII. 602; on Rome, XX. 780. ALANTIKA, mountain, Soudan, Africa, XXII. 248, 277. ALANUS AB INSULIS, theologian, I. 440. AKSA, El-, mosque, Jerusalem, XIII. 642. | ALAOTRA, lake, Madagascar, XV. 169. ALBA LONGA, ancient town, Italy, I. 445; XII. 166; XIV. 344; XVIII. 489. ALBAN, St, British martyr, I. 446. HILLS, Rome, xx. 807. ALBANI, Francesco, Italian painter, I. 446; XX. 396. Giovanni Francesco (Pope Clement XI.), v. 822. ALBANIA, ancient country, Asia, I. 448. Scottish kingdom, XXI. 477. province, Turkey in Europe, 1. 446; XXIII. 653. ALBANIAN LANGUAGE, XVIII. 784; dictionaries of, VII. 189. ALBANIANS, in Greece, XI. 83. ALBAN MOUNT, Jupiter worshipped on, XIII. 780. ALBANO, town and lake, Italy, 1. 448. -, Francesco, Italian painter, I. 446; XX. 396. ALBANY, town, New York, U.S.A., 1. 448; XVII. 454, 457; State library at, XIV. 535, 550. 508. town, Western Australia, XXIV. Louisa of Stolberg, countess of, I. 449; XXII. 99; her relations with Alfieri, I. 502. of ALBANY, Dukes of, regents of Scotland, | ALBINUS, Bernard Siegfried, anatomist, | ALCANTARA, town, Spain, I. 458. 449; II. 751; XVI. 596; XXIII. 561. ALBAZIN, town, Asiatic Russia, I. 747. George Monk, duke of, XVI. 751. island, Galapagos, Pacific, X. 17. ALBERIC, patrician of Rome, XX. 787. ALBERONI, Giulio, cardinal and Spanish minister, I. 450; IX. 584; XXII. 337. ALBERT I.-V., dukes of Austria, I. 450. -, Achilles, elector of Brandenburg, XX. 4. the Bear, margrave of Brandenburg, 1. 451; XX. 2. I., king of Germany, I. 450; X. 493; his rule in Switzerland, XXII. 782. II., of Germany, I. 450; X. 496. cardinal, elector of Mainz, I. 451. first duke of Prussia, I. 451. king of Saxony, XXI. 356. king of Sweden, XXII. 746. 451. prince consort, of England, 1. of Saxony, monk, on floating in the air, 1. 186. of Stade, romancist, XX. 639. ALBERT HALL, London, XIV. 836. ALBERTINI, Ippolito Francesco, Italian J. B., Swiss poet, XXII. 799. I. 455, 814. Clodius, Roman general, XXI. 699. ALBIS (Elbe), river, Germany, VII. ALBITE, mineral, XVI. 419. ALBIZZESCHI, St Bernardino, Sienese Knights of, I. 458; XXII. 316. ALCAYDE, Spanish officer, I. 457. DE SAN JUAN, town, Spain, I. KEBIR, town, Morocco, I. 459. ALBIZZI, their contests with the Medici, ALCEDO, genus of birds, XIV. 81. ALCELAPHUS CAAMA, species of ante lopes, XI. 496. ALBOIN, king of the Lombards, I. 455; musician, I. 455. ALBRECHTSBURG Saxony, XV. 831. 379. ALBRET, Henri d', king of Navarre, XV. | ALCHERIUS, Jehan, early writer on ALBUERA, village, Spain, 1. 456. DE VALENCIA, lagoon, Spain, I. ALBUMAZAR, Arabian astronomer, 1. ALBUMEN, I. 456; in milk, XVI. 303; dyeing, VII. 571. ALCHRED, Northumbrian king, XVII. ALCHUKU (Ajeho), town, Manchuria, I. ALCIATI, Andrea, Italian jurist, 1. 467. ALCIDAMAS, Greek political sophist, XXII. 265. ALCIMUS, Jewish high priest, XIII. 422. PROCESS, in photography, XVIII. ALCINOUS, of Greek mythology, 1. 468; 824. ALBUMINOID SUBSTANCES, of animal in ALBUMINOUS DEGENERATION, Alphonso d', Portuguese governor Juan Alonzo de, minister of Pedro ALBERTRANDY, John Christian, Polish ALCA, genus of birds, X. 78; XX. 302. historian, I. 453. ALBERTUS MAGNUS, scholastic philo- ALBIN, Eleazar, on birds, XVIII. 5. ALCEUS, Greek poet, I. 457. ALCALA DE HENARES, town, Spain, I. 458; birthplace of Cervantes, V. 347. ALCALDE, Spanish official, 1. 458. ALCAMO, town, Sicily, I. 458. ALCANTARA, seaport, Brazil, I. 458. Greek philosopher, 1. 468. ALCIPHRON, Greek letter-writer, I. 468; ALCIRA, town, Spain, I. 469; XXIV. 33. critic, I. 469; ancient MS. of his writ- 123. Methyl, XVI. 194. statesman, I. 471; XIX. 550; XXII. 342. |