deaf mutes, in Italy, II. 722. ASSASSINATION, thuggee, in India, XXIII. 327. guay, II. 825; XVIII. 244. OF MOSES, Jewish apocalyptic book, II. 177. ASMONEANS, or Hasmoneans, Jewish | ASSAROTTI, Ottavio G. B., teacher of | ASSUMPTION (Asuncion), town, Parafamily, II. 714; XIII. 421; XV. 131. ASMONEUS, or Asamonæus, ancestor of the Maccabees, II. 714; XV. 131. ASMUS, Matthias Claudius, German poet, v. 817. ASNYK, Adam, Polish poet, XIX. 306. ASOKA, Buddhist lawgiver, XII. 784; inscriptions of, XIII. 118; XVIII. 183; XXI. 272. ASSASSINS, Moslem sect, II. 722; XVI. 594; XVII. 771. ASSAULT, in law, II. 724; on a wife, XXIV. 642. ASSAYE, India, Battle of (1803), II. 724; XXIV. 495. ASOLANUS, Andrea, Venetian printer, XV. ASSAYING, in metallurgy, II. 724; XVI. 513. ASOLO, town, Italy, II. 714. Asov (Azoff), town, Russia, III. 169. ASP, poisonous snake, II. 714. 63; by blowpipe, XIX. 213; muffle furnace for, IX. 843; of coal, VI. 80; | of gold, X. 751; of gold and silver plate, XIX. 186; of silver, XXII. 72. ASPALATHUM (Spalato), ancient town, ASSELYN, Hans, Dutch painter, II. ASPAR, Byzantine soldier, XIV. 452. ASPARAGIN, in chemistry, XV. 335; XVII. 519. ASPARAGUS, vegetable, II. 714; XII. 278. 728. ASSEMANI, family of Oriental scholars, ASSENS, town, Denmark, II. 728. ASPASIA, of Miletus, Athenian hetæra, ASSEN, town, Holland, II. 728. 714. of Ravenna, rhetorician, II. 714. ASPEN, tree, II. 715; XIX. 511; in Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., XXIII. 810. ASPENDUS, ancient town, Asia Minor, II. 715; XVIII. 207; Greek theatre at, XXIII. 223. ASPER, Hans, Swiss painter, II. 715. Aspergillum, genus of Mollusca, XVI. 687. ASPERN, Austria, Battle of (1809), III. 133; XIV. 289. ASPHALT, or Asphaltum, mineral, 11.715; ASPIRATES, I. 609; XX. 663; XXII. 382; in Aryan languages, XVIII. 787; hieroglyphic, XI. 796; in ancient MSS., XVIII. 165. ASPIRATOR, ventilator in mines, XVI. 461. ASPOREÆ, group of Schizomycetes, XXI. 405. ASPREDO, fish, XIX. 481. ASPUZI, town, Asia Minor, XV. 320. ASSAI, Brazilian beverage, XVIII. 234. ASSAM, province, British India, II. 717; XII. 744; tea culture in, XII. 750; XXIII. 98. borne, England, II. 728. ASSESSOR, in law, II. 728. ASSETS, in law, II. 729. ASSHUR, Assyrian god, III. 193; XXIII. 237. ASSIDEANS, or Asidæans, Jewish party, II. 729; XIII. 421, 422. ASSIGNATS, French, IX. 601, 606, 608. | ASSIGNMENT, in law, II. 729. ASSURANCE, Life, XIII. 168. ASSUS, ancient town, Asia Minor, XVII. 122; XXIII. 579. ASSYNT, Loch, Scotland, XXII. 726. ASSYRIA, II. 734; III. 183; contests of, with Israel, XIII. 412; with the Phonicians, XVIII. 808; architecture of, II. 397; coins, XVII. 650; glass-making X. 648; language, III. 192; XXI. 650; dictionaries of language, VII. 189; libraries, XIV. 509; pottery, XIX. 604; religions, XX. 361; XXIII. 237. ASSYRIAN ALPHABETIC SYMBOLS, I. 604. ASSYRIAN INSCRIPTIONS, XIII. 114. ASSYRIAN MURAL DECORATIONS, XVII. 34. ASSYRIANS, II. 698. ASSYTHMENT, in Scots law, XVIII. 272. AST, George A. F., German philosopher and philologist, II. 735. ASTA, town, Madura, Indian Archipelago, XV. 194. ASTARTE, Phoenician goddess, II. 735; XVIII. 803; her relation to Aphrodite, II. 172; worship of, in Israel, 1. 421. ASSINI, English settlement, West Africa, ASTAUENE, Parthian kingdom, XVIII. tional, Scottish Seceders, XV. 132; XXIII. 728. ASSOCIATE REFORMED CHURCH, in U.S.A., XIX. 698. ASSOCIATE SYNOD, Scottish Seceders, XXIII. 728. ASSOCIATE SYSTEM, in prison discipline, XIX. 755. ASSOCIATION, Working Men's International, XIII. 189. OF IDEAS, in philosophy, II. 730; VIII. 607; XX. 60; in dreaming, VII. 458; Dr Thomas Brown on, IV. 388; Hartley's theory of, XI. 498. ASSOCIATIONS, guilds, XI. 259. 592. ASTELL, Mary, English authoress, II. ASTENBERG, mountain, Germany, XXIV. ASTER, garden plant, II. 735; XII. 250. ASTERIDEA, order of Echinodermata, of Cappadocia, Arian writer, II. ASTEROIDS, minor planets, II. 736, 806. Scientific and literary, XXII. 221. Assos, or Assus, ancient town, Asia ASTIBAS (Istib), ancient town, Asia Minor, XIII. 433. ASTIGMATISM, defect of the eye, VIII. 819; XVII. 785; spectacles for, XXII. 373. ASSAMONEUS (Asamonæus), ancestor of ASSUMPTION, church festival, II. 734; ASTOR, John Jacob, American fur the Maccabees, II. 714; XV. 131. XV. 592. merchant, II. 737. ASTOR, William C., Bunsen's connexion with, IV. 522. FUR COMPANY, U.S.A., XXIV. 387. ASTORGA, town, Spain, II. 737; XXII. 307. Emanuel d', Italian musical composer, II. 737. ASTURIAN DIALECT, XXII. 350. ASTURIAS, province, Spain, II. 824; XXII. 298; kingdom of, XXII. 311. Prince of, son of John of Gaunt, XXII. 321. ASTURICA AUGUSTA (Astorga), ancient ASTORIA, town, Oregon, U.S.A., II. 737; ASTYAGES, Median king, XVIII. 564. XVII. 825. ASTOR LIBRARY, New York, II. 737; ASTRABAD, province and town, Persia, ASTRÆIDÆ, family of corals, VI. 376. TARTARS, XXIII. 70. A STRANGE TRUTH, Ford's drama, IX. 395. ASTROLABE, instrument used in navigation, X. 181; XVII. 251. French ship, voyages of, VII. 530. ASTROLOGY, II. 738; VII. 294; XXIV. 795; its relation to magic, XV. 201; among the Parsees, XVIII. 325; Cardan's work on, v. 90; Kepler's relations to, XIV. 46; Lilly's contributions to, XIV. 642; Napier's belief in, XVII. 183; Michael Scot's contributions to, XXI. 470. ASTRONOMICA, Manilius's poem, XV. 489. ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS, Pond's, XIX. 452; Roemer's, XX. 620; micrometer, XVI. 242; sextant, XXI. 724; telescope, XXIII. 135; transit circle, XXIII. 515. ASTRONOMICAL RING, Gemma's, XVII. 251. ASTRONOMY, II. 744 (index, 823); applications of, in geodesy, VII. 597; X. 165; XXII. 696; in measurement of time, XXIII. 392; musical analogies with, XVII. 78; Assyrian, III. 191; Babylonian, III. 190; Hindu, XXI. 294; Moslem, XVI. 596; Pythagorean, XX. 139; contributions to, by Herschel, XI. 766; by Kepler, XIV. 46; by Lagrange, XIV. 210; by Laplace, XIV. 301; by Leverrier, XIV. 486; by Maskelyne, XV. 609; by Newton, XVII. 447; by Pond, XIX. 452; Ptolemy's system of, XX. 89; by Thales, XXIII. 218; Delambre's history of, VII. 41; works on, by Longomontanus, XIV. 866; by Regiomontanus, XX. 342; astronomical societies, XXII. 225. ASTROPHOTOMETER, XXIV. 798. ASTROPHYLLITE, mineral, XVI. 413. ASTRORHIZIDEA, order of Protozoa, XIX. 846. ASTRUC, Jean, French physician, II. 824; XV. 815; on the Pentateuch, XVIII. 505. ASTUR, genus of birds, x. 788. | ASUA, affluent of the Nile, Africa, XVII. 506, 507. XXI. 343. ASUNCION (Assumption), town, Para- ATHALIA SPINARUM, turnip saw-fly, ASWAN, town, Egypt, vII. 783. X. 398; XIII. 25; XXII. 671. AS YOU LIKE IT, Shakespeare's play, XXI. 764. ASYUT (Asioot), town, Upper Egypt, VII. 775; XXII. 103. ATA (Al-Mokanna), veiled prophet of Khorasan, XVI. 608. ATABAPO, town, Venezuela, XVII. 843. ATACAMA, department, Bolivia, II. 825; IV. 11; XVIII. 670. province, Chili, 11. 825; v. 617. ATACAMITE, mineral, VI. 347; XVI. 385. ATACAZO, mountain, Ecuador, VII. 645. ATAHUALLPA, Inca prince of Peru, II. 825; XVIII. 677. ATAKOR, plateau, Sahara, Africa, XXI. 149. ATALA, Chateaubriand's work, V. 437. ATALANTA, in Greek legend, 11. 826. ATALANTIS, in Greek legend, III. 27. ATHALIE, Racine's drama, XX. 208. ATHANASIUS, St, bishop of Alexandria, II. 828; at council of Nicæa, VI. 560; his canon, V. 10. of Balad, Syriac writer, XXII. 840. ATHAPESCOW (Athabasca), river and lake, North America, II. 827. ATHAR, collection of Moslem legal decisions, XVI. 594. (Attar), Ferid Eddin, Persian poet, IX. 89; XVIII. 658. ATHARVA-VEDA, sacred book of Brahmanism, XXI. 279. ATHECA, suborder of Chelonia, XXIII. 456. ATHEISM, XXIII. 234; of Holbach, XII. 53. ATHELING, Edmund, king of Mercia, VII. 669. ATHELSTAN, or Æthelstan, Saxon king of England, 11. 830; VIII. 285; union of Anglo-Saxons under, XVII. 570. ATHENA, or Athene (q.v.), Greek goddess (the Roman Minerva), II. 830; XVIII. 295. NIKE, Temple of, III. 7. POLIAS, Temple of, at Pergamum, XVIII. 527. PROMACHUS, Statue of, at Athens, Mrs Manley's novel, XV. 492. XIII. IOI. III. 5. 831. physician, in Rome, XV. 803. ATBARA, affluent of the Nile, Africa, I. ATHENAGORAS, Christian apologist, II. ATCHAFALAYA, river, Louisiana, U.S.A., II. 827. ATCHINSK, town, Siberia, XXIV. 743. ATCHISON, town, Kansas, U.S.A., XIII. 844. ATE, in Greek mythology, II. 827. ATEAS, Scythian king, XXI. 578. ATELES, genus of apes, 1. 681; II. 153. ATELIER, artist's work-room, XVIII. 137. ATELLA, town, Italy, II. 827. ATELLANE, Roman comedies, VII. 409. ATELORNIS, genus of birds, XX. 627. ATERNO, river, Italy, XIII. 439. ATESTE, town, Italy, VIII. 558. Syracusan demagogue, XXII. 814. ATHENAIS (Eudocia), wife of Theodosius II., VIII. 659. ATHENE, or Athena (q.v.), Greek goddess (the Latin Minerva), II. 830; XVII. 138; XVIII. 295; feast of, at Sais, XIX. 91; brazen house of, at Sparta, XXII. 370. ATHENRY, town, Ireland, 11. 832; X. 56. | ATJEH (Acheen), government, Sumatra, | ATRACHELIA, group of beetles, VI. ATHENS, ancient town, Greece, III. 1; XI. 100, 113; plain of, III. 60; antiquities of, II. 444; coins of, XVII. 642; public finance of, IX. 171; early history of, XI. 95; orders of nobility at, XVII. 526; its school of sculpture, II. 351; slaves in, XXII. 130; Dionysiac theatre at, III. 3; XXIII. 223; water-works of, II. 219; its supremacy in Greece, XI. 100; in Peloponnesian War, XI. 101; relations with Persia, XI. 98; xvIII. 570, 574; under the Romans, XI. 107; connexion with Sicily, XXII. 17; its relations with Sparta, XXII. 370; siege of Syracuse, XXII. 814; in time of Demosthenes, VII. 68; of Herodotus, XI. 757; of Justinian, XI. 113; of Pericles, XVIII. 529; of Pisistratus, XIX. 130; of Plato, XIX. 194; of Solon, XI. 96; XXII. 254; of Themistocles, XXIII. 250; of Thucydides, XXIII. 322; St Paul's visit to, XVIII. 420. capital of modern Greece, III. 11; XI. 85; library at, XIV. 549; observatory, XVII. 714; university, XXIII. 852. -, town, Georgia, U.S.A., 111. 11. town, Ohio, U.S.A., III. 11. ATHERIS, genus of vipers, XXIV. 248. ATHERSTONE, town, England, XXIV. 379. ATHERTON, town, England, III. II. ATHIAS, Joseph, Jewish rabbi and III. II. XXII. 639. ATKARSK, town, Russia, XXI. 305. ATLANTICA, in Greek mythology, III. 27. ATLANTIC OCEAN, III. 15; XVI. 132; 133. ATRACTASPIDIDÆ, family of snakes, ATRÆ, ancient town, Mesopotamia, XVI. ATRAI, river, India, XX. 261. river, Colombia, 480; treasury of, at Mycenæ, 11. 346, ATRI, or Atria, town, Naples, 111. 50. VESTE, Rome, XX. 819. ATLANTIS, island, in Greek mythology, ATROPATENE, Græco-Persian kingdom, III. 27. ATLAS, in Greek mythology, III. 27. mountains, Africa, III. 27; 1. 563; ATLI, in Nibelungenlied, XVII. 474. OF THE SUN, XXII. 645; X. 215. X. 63; XVII. 766. ATMOSPHERIC RAILWAY, III. 36. ATHLETIC SPORTS, contemporary, III. Earl of (Ginckell), general, x. 602. ATHOLE, district, Scotland, XVIII. 667. Dukes of, their connexion with the Isle of Man, XV. 454. ATHOR, Egyptian divinity, III. 13; VII. 717; temple of, in Upper Egypt, VII. 77. ATHOS, peninsula and mountain, Turkey in Europe, III. 14; XV. 140; monastery of St Laura at, I. 11; pilgrimages to, XIX. 95. ATHTAR, Sabæan god, XXIV. 741. ATHY, town, Ireland, III. 15; XIV. 73. III. 13. ancient province, Persia, XVIII. 626. ATROPATES, Persian chief, XV. 143. ATROPHY, disease, III. 50; XVIII. 256, 392; in Mollusca, XVI. 644. Acute yellow, of liver, XVIII. 386; ATTACUS, genus of silkworms, XXII. 211. ATTAGAS, or Attagen, genus of birds, ATTAGIS, genus of birds, XIX. 228. ATTAINT, obsolete writ, in English law, VI. 378; XIV. 27; XVI. 257; XIX. 418, 420; Murray's theory of origin of, XVIII. 128; in Maldive Islands, xv. 328; in Tahiti Archipelago, XXIII. 22; in Tuamotu Archipelago, XXIII. 602. ATOM, III. 36; XVI. 610. ATOMIC THEORY, in chemistry, v. 465; ATTALUS, king of Pergamum, XV. 143; VI. 785. Sacrificial, XXI. 136. 208. XVIII. 527. ATTAR, Farid-Uddin, Persian poet, OF ROSES, perfume, III. 52; XX. ATTEMPERATOR, brewing utensil, IV. 275. ATTENTION, in psychology, III. 52; XX. 41. ATOOI, island, Sandwich Islands, Pacific, ATTERBOM, Per Daniel A., Swedish III. 49. ATITLAN, lake and volcano, Guatemala, ATRA, or Atræ, ancient town, Meso ATTICUS, Titus Pomponius, friend of AUCKLAND, province, New Zealand, III. 67; town, III. 68. AUGITE-ANDESITE, mineral, X. 235. 202. AUGURY, in divination, VII. 293. Earl of, governor-general of India, AUGUSTA, town, Georgia, U.S.A., 111. III. 68; XII. 807. ATTIS, or Atys, in Greek mythology, AUDÆUS, Syrian reformer, III. 69. III. 65; XV. 99. ATTIUS, Lucius, Latin poet, 1. 83. -, Power of, III. 62. ATTORNEY-GENERAL, III. 63. AUDE, department, France, III. 69. AUDIGIER, early French satire, IX. 642. ATTRACTION, in magnetism, XV. 219, AUDITA QUERELA, obsolete writ, in ATTRUCK (Atrek), river, Persia, III. 50; AUDIUS (Audæus), Syrian reformer, III. 73. town, Maine, U.S.A, III. 73. (Agosta), town, Sicily, 1. 285. Cæsarea (Zaragoza), ancient town, Spain, XXII. 307; XXIV. 770. AUSCORUM (Auch), ancient town, France, III. 67. EMERITA (Merida), ancient town, Spain, XVI. 36; XXII. 307. PRÆTORIA (Aosta), ancient town, AUGUSTAN AGE, III. 79; XX. 721. AUGUSTI, John Christian William, Ger- and CESARES, at Rome, XX. 777. ATTWOOD, Thomas, English musical AUDOENUS (John Owen), Latin epigram- AUGUSTINE, St, bishop of Hippo, III. ATURES, tribe of American Indians, AUDOUIN, Jean Victor, French natural- -, cataract, South America, XVII. ATYS, in Greek mythology, III. 65; xv. 75; his conference with the Donatists, VII. 360; influence of Neoplatonism on, XVII. 339; as Biblical interpreter, XI. 745; his canon of Scripture, V. II; his ethics, VIII. 592; on baptism, III. 349; on the beautiful, I. 216; on monachism, XVI. 702; on predestination, XIX. 669. Jean, French engraver, III. 70. AUDUBON, John James, American naturalist, III. 70; on American birds, XVIII. 11, 12, 16, 25, 27, 28. AUE, Hartmann von der, German poet, X. 5I8, 523; XI. 499. AUENBRUGGER, Leopold, Austrian physician, III. 145; XV. 815; his method of auscultation, III. 100. AUERBACH, F., his experiments in AUGUSTOBONA (Troyes), ancient town, magnetism, XV. 259. St, first archbishop of Canterbury, III. 78; XVI. 707. AUGUSTINIANS, or Austin Canons, order of monks, I. 19; III. 78; XVI. 702. AUGUSTINUS, The, Jansen's work, XIII. 566. France, XXIII. 590. France, XXI. 664. AUERSPERG, Count von (Anastasius | AUGUSTOMAGUS (Senlis), ancient town, AUBERT, David, Frankish romancist, AUFIDUS (Ofanto), river, Italy, XIII. 440. Stephen (Pope Innocent VI.), XIII. AUGEAN STABLES, in Greek legend, III. 71; XI. 726. 84. AUBERVILLIERS, town, France, XXI. AUGEIAS, or Augeas, in Greek legend, 624. III. 71. AUBIN, town, France, III. 66. (1691), I. 282. AUBURN, town, New York, U.S.A., III. AUGITE, mineral, X. 228; XV. 217; XVI. 416. 66; XVII. 457. AUGUSTOVO, or Augustowo, town, AUGUSTUS (C. Julius Cæsar Octavianus), Roman emperor, III. 79; XX. 769; in I.-III., kings of Poland, XIX. 297. III., of Saxony, III. 85. AULDJO VASE, ancient glass vessel, X. 649. AULIC COUNCIL, court of the empire, III. 85. AULIE-ATA, town, Syr-Daria, Russia, AULIS, ancient town, Greece, III. 85. AULUS GELLIUS, Roman author, X. 135; AUMA, town, Germany, XXI. 349. AUNGERVYLE, Richard (Richard de Delhi, III. 99; XII. 795. AURATUS, Jean Daurat, French poet, VI. 835. AURAY, town, France, III. 86. AUREA CHERSONESUS, or Malay Peninsula, XV. 321. AUREATUM (Ingolstadt), ancient town, Bavaria, XIII. 74. AURELIAN, Roman emperor, XVIII. 202; XX. 773, 776; walls of, at Rome, XX. 832. AURELIANUS, Cælius, Roman physician, AURELIUS ANTONINUS (Caracalla), AURICULAR CONFESSION, VI. 257. Joannes, of Breslau, Lutheran divine, III. 90. BOREALIS, or Northern Lights, III. 90; XVI. 177, 183; its connexion with sun spots, II. 787. XIX. 578; railways, XX. 252; rainfall, XVI. 151; universities, XXIII. 856; wine industry, XXIV. 611. AUSTRALIA DEL ESPIRITU SANTO, island, New Hebrides, XVII. 395. AUSTRALIAN REGION, in zoology, VII. 272. AUSTRALIOID TYPE, of man, II. 113; in Asia, 11. 697. AUSTRASIA, country of the Franks, IX. 530; X. 477; under Charles Martel, v. 427. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, European empire, III. 115; struggles of Austria with the Swiss, XXII. 784; its relations with the papacy, VI. 242; its share in the partition of Poland, XIX. 298; under Joseph II., XIII. 750; Napoleon's invasion of (1805), XVII. 209; under Metternich's policy, XVI. 200; its rule in Italy, XIII. 486; war with Prussia, (1866), X. 508, 511; army, II. 604, 660, 666; arsenals, II. 634; coalfields, VI. 57; forests, IX. 401; foundling hospitals, IX. 483; Jews in, XIII. 685; libraries, XIV. 527, 547; mines, XVI. 468; national debt, XVII. 246; navy, XVII. 300; newspapers, XVII. 429; observatories, XVII. 713; police system, XIX. 343; post office, XIX. 582; prison system, XIX. 758; railways, XX. 251; university statistics, XXIII. 849; weights and measures, XXIV. 490; wine industry, XXIV. 610. AUSTRU, scorching wind, XXI. 15. AUTHARI, Flavius, king of the Lombards, XIV. 814. AUTHIE, river, France, XXII. 261. AUTHONNE, river, France, XVII. 749. AUTHORITY, Sovereign, its source, XIV. 356. town, France, III. 143. AUTOCHTHONES, in Greek mythology, AUTO-DA-FE, III. 141; XIII. 94. CANONS, order of monks, 1. 19; AUTOLYCUS, Greek astronomer, III. 142; XVI. 709. AUSTIN'S ARTIFICIAL STONE, VI. 243. AUSTRALASIA, III. 102; statistics of immigration to, VIII. 177. AUSTRALIA, III. 103; aborigines, III. 112; their languages, XVIII. 780; dictionaries of languages, VII. 192; their myths, XVII. 147; their religions, XX. 365; totemism among them, XXIII. 467; birds, III. 741; XVIII. 16; coalfields, VI. 59; colonization of, x. 190; convict settlements, XIX. 750; explorations of, IX. 324; X. 186, 195; fishes, XII. 674, 676, 681; flora, VII. 289; forests, IX. 406; gold in, X. 744; libraries, XIV. 534, 550; mineral products, XVI. 471; observatories, XVII. 716; opium cultivation, XVII. 792; pearl fisheries, XVIII. 447; post office, II. 748. AUTOLYTUS, genus of Annelida, 11. 67. AUTOMATISM, Descartes on, VII. 125. AUTOMATON, self-moving machine, III. 142; as used in conjuring, XV. 208. AUTOPHRADATES, satrap of Lydia, XVIII. 579. AUTOS SACRAMENTALES, Spanish religious dramas, IV. 660; VII. 421; XXIV. 124. AUTUN, town, France, III. 142. Henri de la Tour d' (Turenne), |